Deep drawing operation; (a) direct drawing, (b) reverse redrawing [4, 5]

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Context 1

... engineering parts with particular shapes through major plastic deformation of completely flat metal sheets [1]. It is most effective with ductile metals, such as aluminum, brass, copper, and mild steel. In deep drawing, a tool pushes downward on the sheet metal, forcing it into a die cavity in the shape of the desired part as depicted in Fig. (1-a). The tensile forces applied to the sheet cause it to plastically deform into a shaped part. Deep drawn parts are characterized by a depth equal to more than half of the diameter of the part. These parts can have a variety of cross sections with straight, tapered, or even curved walls, but cylindrical or rectangular parts are most ...

Context 2

... to form cylindrical cups with greater drawing depths. In the reverse redrawing (within the second stage), the punch moves in the opposite direction to fit the shape of a hollow die. The process reverses the direction of the material flow. Returning the inside of the cup to the outside, a second cup with new dimensions is then obtained as shown in Fig. (1-b) [5]. ...