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Indoor navigation is a fast developing area, but researchers are facing various challenges. One of them is the 3D model that could support the navigation. After reviewing current development of models for indoor navigation, in this paper we generalize essential emergency phases of buildings and clarify requirements for indoor navigation models. The...
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The transportation navigation map is increasingly used in various transportation network modeling applications such as navigation or traffic assignment. A typical navigation map contains all detailed facility layers and may not be as computationally efficient for path finding as a lower resolution map. A lower resolution transportation routing map...
In the field of pedestrian navigation indoor areas take up a
special position, as indoor maps are rarely available, footpaths usually
have a high branching degree and users often lack an overview of the
environment. To overcome this problems we created a web toolkit that
assists with the creation of path networks. This lays the foundation for
prefe...
In the field of pedestrian navigation indoor areas take up a
special position, as indoor maps are rarely available, footpaths usually
have a high branching degree and users often lack an overview of the
environment. To overcome this problems we created a web toolkit that
assists with the creation of path networks. This lays the foundation for
prefe...
Citations
... Such an extension of the view graph is required to support complex tasks of pedestrian navigation. However, this requires further research on how views can be derived from 3D indoor and outdoor representations including building information models such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), and outdoor 3D city models such as CityGML (Kutzner et al. 2020), as well as how to address the integration of new concepts such as stairs and elevators into the view graph model (Liu and Zlatanova 2011b). ...
This paper presents a graph model that simultaneously stores route and configurational information about indoor spaces. Existing indoor information models either capture route information to compute shortest paths and to generate route descriptions (i.e., answering how-to-get-to questions), or they store configurational information about objects and places and their spatial relationships to enable spatial querying and inference (i.e., answering where-questions). Consequently, multiple representations of an indoor environment must be stored in information systems to address the various information needs of their users. In this paper, we propose a graph that can capture both configurational and route information in a unified manner. The graph is the dual representation of connected lines of sight, or views. Views can represent continuous movement in an indoor environment, and at the same time, the visible configurational information of each view can be explicitly captured. In this paper, we discuss the conceptual design of the model and an automatic approach to derive the view graph from floorplans. Finally, we demonstrate the capabilities of our model in performing different tasks such as calculating shortest paths, generating route descriptions, and deriving place graphs.
... The indoor navigation network is crucial for many application scenes like indoor routing and emergency evacuation, and the research results from these studies could significantly reduce the total evacuation time and egress routes' length (Scholz and Schabus, 2014, Liu and Zlatanova, 2011, Krūminaitė and Zlatanova, 2014, Gozick et al., 2011, Kirkko-Jaakkola et al., 2013. Therefore, many researchers committed contributions to investigate the robustness for this specific type of navigation networks (Freitas and Chau, 2020, Alattas et al., 2017, Fellner et al., 2017, Snelder et al., 2012, Santos et al., 2010. ...
... Using the generator and discriminator, we can identify fake objects like pictures that are very like the actual pictures generated by a selected optimizer. For our purpose, we use the generator and discriminator function as the attacking and defending of the critical nodes of the navigation networks (Freitas and Chau, 2020, Duan and Lu, 2014, Liu and Zlatanova, 2011, Krūminaitė and Zlatanova, 2014. ...
Evacuation research relies heavily on the efficiency analysis of the study navigation networks, and this principle also applies to indoor scenarios. One crucial type of these scenarios is the attacker and defender topic, which discusses the paralyzing and recovering operations for a specific indoor navigation network. Our approach is to apply the Generative-Adversarial-Neural network (GAN) model to optimize both reduction and increase operations for a specific indoor navigation network. In other words, the proposed model utilizes GAN both in the attacking behavior efficiency analysis and the recovering behavior efficiency analysis. To this purpose, we design a black box of training the generative model and adversarial model to construct the hidden neural networks to mimic the human selection of choosing the critical nodes in the studying navigation networks. The experiment shows that the proposed model could alleviate the selection of nodes that significantly influence network transportation efficiency. Therefore, we could apply this model to disaster responding scenarios like fire evacuation and communication network recovery operations.
... Most of the research on indoor emergency evacuation are concentrated on finding the direction and navigation to the exit doors in the building (Kwan and Lee, 2005;Lee, 2007;Liu and Zlatanova, 2012;Vanclooster et al., 2013). Previous research has addressed various aspects of discharge, including low-risk routes (Vanclooster et al., 2013), evacuation monitoring (Alattas et al., 2020), route simplicity (Duckham and Kulik, 2003), improved navigation network (Kwan and Lee, 2005;Lee, 2007) and even models for seamless indoor-outdoor navigation (Yan et al., 2019;Zlatanova et al. 2020). ...
One of the main problems of rescue workers in confrontation of fired complex buildings is the lack of sufficient information about the building indoor environment and their emergency exit ways. Building information modeling (BIM) is a database for building a 3D model of building information to create a 3D building geometry network model. This paper has implemented some GIS and BIM integration analyses to determine the shortest and safest paths to people under fire risk and simulate their movement in the building. Plasco building was a multi-story shop in Tehran which has been fired in 2017 and destroyed. This paper attempts to simulate the firefighting and rescue operations in Plasco Building using an integration of BIM and GIS. There is no detailed information about the building and the fire incident, therefore the developed BIM and corresponding geometric network might differ slightly. The shortest and safest paths to the exit door or windows where the fire ladders are located are computed and analyzed. As a result of 15 scenarios developed in this paper, it was found that at 87% of the cases, the safest paths for the emergency exit of the people at risk were longer than the shortest paths. This study has evaluated different scenarios for the shortest and safest paths using Dijkstra algorithm considering different origins and destination points in the 3D indoor environment to assist the rescue operations.
... Unlike an outdoor space, an indoor space is relatively closed, narrow, and private; the space structure is complex, and movement within is in 3D [15]. Many studies have proposed different indoor space models, each within their applicable field [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Different models have differences in aspects like spatial topology, location reference, model accuracy, routing algorithm, and visualization of the path [15]. ...
... Researchers have argued that, in order to improve the efficiency, capacity, and safety of indoor emergency evacuation, a simulation model must be quantitatively correct to match human motion in the real world [29][30][31]. Most indoor space models are 2.5D approaches representing 3D spaces as multiple layers of a 2D plan with non-level paths such as elevators and stairs, which are usually represented as vertical paths [13,17,18,23,28]. This type of 2.5D model is not suitable for emergency response applications and urgently needs improvement. ...
... Moreover, not only will the stair steps change their orientation with height, but the shape and size of the steps may also not be consistent. These features undoubtedly increase the difficulty of algorithm design [18,32]. This study proposes an entirely new algorithmic logic that is not only applicable to all straight stairs supported by the i-GIT algorithm, but also supports two new types of stairs, spiral and winder stairs. ...
The indoor space model is the foundation of most indoor location-based services (LBS). A complete indoor space model includes floor-level paths and non-level paths. The latter includes passages connecting different floors or elevations such as stairs, elevators, escalators, and ramps. Most related studies have merely discussed the modeling and generation of floor-level paths, while those considering non-level paths usually simplify the formation and generation of non-level paths, especially stairs, which play an important role in emergency evacuation and response. Although the algorithm proposed by i-GIT approach, which considers both floor-level and non-level paths, can automatically generate paths of straight stairs, it is not applicable to the spiral stairs and winder stairs that are common in town houses and other public buildings. This study proposes a novel approach to generate high-accuracy stair paths that can support straight, spiral, and winder stairs. To implement and verify the proposed algorithm, 54 straight and spiral stairs provided by Autodesk Revit’s official website and three self-built winder stairs are used as test cases. The test results show that the algorithm can successfully produce the stair paths of most test cases (49/50), which comprehensively extends the applicability of the proposed algorithm.
... Most of research on emergency evacuation in a building environment is focused on rescue and evacuation, which are related to path finding and indoor navigation (Kwan & Lee, 2005;Lee, 2007;Liu & Zlatanova, 2012;Vanclooster et al., 2014). Different researchers focus on different aspects of evacuation: least risk paths (Vanclooster et al., 2014), path simplicity (Duckham & Kulik, 2003), navigable network improvement (Kwan & Lee, 2005;Lee, 2007), more detailed routes (Liu & Zlatanova, 2012), and human behaviour (Choi & Lee, 2009). ...
... Most of research on emergency evacuation in a building environment is focused on rescue and evacuation, which are related to path finding and indoor navigation (Kwan & Lee, 2005;Lee, 2007;Liu & Zlatanova, 2012;Vanclooster et al., 2014). Different researchers focus on different aspects of evacuation: least risk paths (Vanclooster et al., 2014), path simplicity (Duckham & Kulik, 2003), navigable network improvement (Kwan & Lee, 2005;Lee, 2007), more detailed routes (Liu & Zlatanova, 2012), and human behaviour (Choi & Lee, 2009). Evacuation routes for both patrons and library staff were generated with shortest distance and time to reach an exit point as the parameters for the creation of the routes (Gelido et al., 2018). ...
Building Information Model (BIM) is a database, which makes a detailed 3D geometrical model with rich semantic information of building, go beyond the standard Computer-Aided Design approach. BIM could be as an ideal source to store, formation model and analyses spatial information of internal environments. GIS is an effective tool for analysing the constant and dynamic variables in small areas such as indoor environments. Therefore, integration of the BIM and GIS is useful for integrating the internal environment and networks for designing optimal routes in emergency evacuation problems. Increasing complexity of high-rise buildings and underground structures lead to much more complication in urban disaster management. One of the main challenges in disaster management and emergency evacuation is to guide people in optimal routes to reach safe areas. In this paper, in order to create optimal routes in internal environments and create an internal geometric network model based on the internal nodes and edges, BIM of a 3D commercial building located in the 8th district of Tehran, was made and transferred to the ARCGIS that enables us to use routing algorithms to find the optimize routes between both internal positions. Flammability, occupancy load, width of exit access and distance of fire point criteria were considered to find the safest routes in emergency evacuation times. Network Analysis and Ant Colony's algorithm were applied for finding the safest routes. The results indicated that the Network Analysis was better in terms of processing time and finding short and safe paths related to the Ant Colony's algorithm.
... In our opinion, set-based symbolic models have an important priority amongst the other models, as the other models (with the exception of the layout-independent graph models) can be derived from the physical building structure (set-based symbolic model) through algorithms (Geometric: e.g., [21,22]; Graph-based: e.g., [23][24][25][26][27]). ...
... There are already some standards for building modelling available at national and international level with the aim to facilitate data exchange. In Austria, for example, there are at least three different frameworks to be considered: In our opinion, set-based symbolic models have an important priority amongst the other models, as the other models (with the exception of the layout-independent graph models) can be derived from the physical building structure (set-based symbolic model) through algorithms (Geometric: e.g., [21,22]; Graph-based: e.g., [23][24][25][26][27]). ...
... The node-relation structure is based on the Poincaré Duality Theory. According to the authors of [23] the dual graph has benefits, such as: (a) geometry and topology are part of the model (b) an automated generation is possible (c) indoor route calculation can be conducted (d) the model supports dynamic changes as well. Nevertheless, the dual graph has some drawbacks that should be addressed. ...
While most things happen indoors, buildings still are one of the remaining “white spots” in today’s maps as we don’t have much information on the indoors. The reason for this is that exchanges of information from the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) domain into a GIS environment are often not possible or simply not done. Nevertheless, planning of new constructions are done by users of the AEC domain and it makes sense to reuse available information.
In the AEC domain, the new paradigm for planning is called BIM, which means that planning is done in 3D, but more importantly, it is done collectively by all people involved in the planning processes. Many approaches work on integrations from BIM into GIS, but in Austria, like in many other European countries, up to 75% of all buildings were built before the 1990s. As BIM modelling was only started to be used in first projects in the 2000s, most buildings have no documentation in BIM format (Volk, Stengel, & Schultmann, 2014). Newer buildings should at least be documented in form of CAD plans as this is part of the construction approval. Still, we have to deal with buildings that do not have information at all or only in “inadequate” forms such as analog plans or PDFs.
To overcome this current status, we collected five main requirements to build a 3D geodata infrastructure to enable the organization of 3D large-scale geoinformation. Based on the key requirements, we defined three ways on how to make use of the available data through translations from 2D, 3D, and “inadequate” data into one combined “intermediate model”. This intermediate model consists of eight core elements and can be extended to fit further use cases without losing its “lightweight character” for exchange purposes. The intermediate model can directly be used as a “working model” for analyses and visualizations, but also for translating the collected information from the three information sources (2D, 3D, inadequate)
into (de facto) standardized formats such as CityGML, ArcGIS Indoors and INSPIRE Annex III Theme Buildings to be available for further tasks. The translations also have to be automated in some way for updating purposes as buildings are dynamic environments that need frequent updating.
Thus, this thesis is a first step into a holistic integration of different building models pushing the edge that still exists between AEC and GIS today.
... This leads to great difficulty in the repair work (Canto-Perello et al. 2013). The geometry network model (GNM) is a classical indoor network model, which can make full use of the acquired information and limited social resources to speed up the decision-making process of an emergency team and shorten the response time (Liu and Zlatanova 2011). Therefore, much research has integrated emergency response information into GNM. ...
... Although there are some limitations in the model structure and extraction methods for emergency response planning using GNM, the application of GNM for indoor emergencies has been widely recognized (Liu and Zlatanova 2011). Hence, some researchers have tried to avoid the inefficiency of traditional emergency response by using GNM in utility tunnels. ...
... In 1960's, the concept of healing there is a collective understanding that a healing environment is beneficial for patients and for healthcare staff. Healing principles [9] and evidence based design [12] are applied to augment and optimize the outcomes of care quality. The user's instinctive healing ability is developed by incorporating specified aspects of architectural design in healing spaces [4]. ...
The built environment of hospital buildings are generally not accepted to be pleasant. In the design of healthcare facility, it is quite important that its design, spatial arrangement and areal distribution must respond to curative needs of people so as the outcome emerge in the form of healing environment in the physical spaces.This kind of healing environment is quite adequately available in the developed countries of the global north. However; in developing countries of the global south like Pakistan, the healing environment in healthcare facilities is neither documented nor evident in any available published literature. Whereas, it needs to be well documented and analyzed. Thus, this study aims to identify the healing environment in two selected hospital buildings in Pakistan that is ICP (Peshawar Institute of Cardiology) and FCP (FC Hospital Peshawar) by determining the percentage of wasted spaces within the building. The selected buildings are analyzed from the following aspects; circulation pattern in the hospital, accessibility, connectivity and barrier free movement within buildings, along with the walkability status of over stressed staff inside the hospital building while navigating, functionality of the schematic designs, the problem of the users concerning repetitiveness in their circulation pattern and the way to increase the efficiency of spaces, their spread and flow in the hospital building. In general, three key factors were investigated in this study, therefore, design determinents, areal distribution and adequate spatial organization. In this regard, total eight design determinants were investigated, i.e. entry, parking, waiting area, connectivity, visibility, walkability, accessibility, and way finding. Study approached the spatial simulation method therefore 3M analysis which is a Japanese model referred as Muda (waste), Muri (over burden), Mura (unevenness) based on the Kaizen theory for eliminating wasted spaces from Hospital buildings. Based on the findings and through the approached tools, the waste spaces within the hospital buildings were removed up to 40%.
... And the few ones that use 3D models consider empty buildings (Khan and Kolbe, 2013) and are mostly 2.5D rather than real 3D. Recent works have drawn the attention to the advantages of 3D models and the need of refining the spatial subdivision of the models in order to provide more advanced navigation networks and systems (Liu and Zlatanova, 2011;Zlatanova et al., 2014). This has been also considered in the OGC standard for indoor navigation, IndoorGML (Lee et al., 2014). ...
Indoor navigation can be a tedious process in a complex and unknown environment. It gets more critical when the first responders try to intervene in a big building after a disaster has occurred. For such cases, an accurate map of the building is among the best supports possible. Unfortunately, such a map is not always available, or generally outdated and imprecise, leading to error prone decisions. Thanks to advances in the laser scanning, accurate 3D maps can be built in relatively small amount of time using all sort of laser scanners (stationary, mobile, drone), although the information they provide is generally an unstructured point cloud. While most of the existing approaches try to extensively process the point cloud in order to produce an accurate architectural model of the scanned building, similar to a Building Information Model (BIM), we have adopted a space-focused approach. This paper presents our framework that starts from point-clouds of complex indoor environments, performs advanced processes to identify the 3D structures critical to navigation and path planning, and provides fine-grained navigation networks that account for obstacles and spatial accessibility of the navigating agents. The method involves generating a volumetric-wall vector model from the point cloud, identifying the obstacles and extracting the navigable 3D spaces. Our work contributes a new approach for space subdivision without the need of using laser scanner positions or viewpoints. Unlike 2D cell decomposition or a binary space partitioning, this work introduces a space enclosure method to deal with 3D space extraction and non-Manhattan World architecture. The results show more than 90% of spaces are correctly extracted. The approach is tested on several real buildings and relies on the latest advances in indoor navigation.
... In other studies [27,30,31], solutions involving TIN and VD structures were used to develop networks based on polygon nodes and midpoints of TIN edges or based on VD edges only. Despite the achieved progress, new attempts are being made to find more effective methods for the automatic generation of networks in large multi-planar spaces, such as shopping centers, airports, and sports stadiums [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. The developed solutions will facilitate the automatic generation of networks that meet the relevant requirements. ...
Automatic methods for constructing navigation routes do not fully meet all requirements. The aim of this study was to modify the methodology for generating indoor navigation models based on the Medial Axis Transformation (MAT) algorithm. The simplified method for generating corridor axes relies on the Node-Relation Structure (NRS) methodology. The axis of the modeled structure (corridor) is then determined based on the points of the middle lines intersecting the structure (polygon). The proposed solution involves a modified approach to the segmentation of corridor space. Traditional approaches rely on algorithms for generating Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs) by Delaunay triangulation or algorithms for generating Thiessen polygons known as Voronoi diagrams (VDs). In this study, both algorithms were used in the segmentation process. The edges of TINs intersected structures. Selected midpoints on TIN edges, which were located in the central part of the structure, were used to generate VDs. Corridor structures were segmented by polygon VDs. The identifiers or structure nodes were the midpoints on the TIN edges rather than the calculated centroids. The generated routes were not zigzag lines, and they approximated natural paths. The main advantage of the proposed solution is its simplicity, which can be attributed to the use of standard tools for processing spatial data in a geographic information system.
