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This review article summarizes the development of different kinds of materials that evolved interest in all field of science particularly on new nano-materials which possess both electric and magnetic properties at the nanoscale. Materials of such kind possessing both magnetic and electric properties have tremendous applications and own an intensiv...
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... orbital motion around the nucleus. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic moments are randomly oriented but when a field is applied, these spins are locked into a particular order and small group of spins to form domain-like structures. The structures and the typical hysteresis loop of these magnetic materials are shown in Fig. 1. Transition metals like nickel, cobalt, chromium, and iron have magnetic moments originating from spin orientations and also have an orbital contribution to the magnetic field [7]. These interactions among the spins aligned in one particular order at a certain temperature below the Curie temperature (T c ) and above this temperature ...
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The realization of multiferroicity in 2D nanomaterials is crucially important for designing advanced nanoelectronic devices such as non-volatile multistate data storage. In this work, the coexistence of ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity is reported in monolayer SnTe system by transition metal (TM) doping. Based on first-principles calculations, t...
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... Consequently, the transport, magnetic, and optical properties can be tuned by, e.g., doping, strain, temperature or external fields, which bring about their functionalities. Their wide applications include catalysis [11][12][13] , energy storage 14 , and electronic devices 15,16 to name a few. ...
The wide tunability of strongly correlated transition metal (TM) oxides stems from their complex electronic properties and the coupled degrees of freedom. Among the perovskite oxides family, LaMO3 (M = Ti-Ni) allows an M-dependent systematic study of the electronic structure within the same-structure-family motif. While most of the studies have been focusing on the 3d TMs and oxygen sites, the role of the rare-earth site has been far less explored. In this work, we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the lanthanum N4,5 edges and density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the hybridization mechanisms in LaMO3. We link the spatial-overlap-driven hybridization to energetic-overlap-driven hybridization by comparing the RIXS chemical shifts and the DFT band widths. The scope is extended to highly covalent Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite La2CuO4 by intercalating lanthanum atoms to rock-salt layers. Our work evidences an observable contribution of localized lanthanum 5p and 4f orbitals in the band structure.
... A recent review by Lone et al. summarized the current developments in multiferroic materials and highlighted their potential applications in microelectronic devices, sensors, storage devices (e.g. hard disk platters and magnetic read heads), as well as magnetoelectric sensors, magnetometers, antennas, and even extensions to magnetic anomaly detection, navigation, and biomagnetic sensing [7]. Therefore, significant research efforts have been focused on the development of multiferroic materials with a profound impact on various aspects of life, from academia to a joint industry and the start-up of new businesses [7]. ...
... hard disk platters and magnetic read heads), as well as magnetoelectric sensors, magnetometers, antennas, and even extensions to magnetic anomaly detection, navigation, and biomagnetic sensing [7]. Therefore, significant research efforts have been focused on the development of multiferroic materials with a profound impact on various aspects of life, from academia to a joint industry and the start-up of new businesses [7]. ...
The role of complex surface defect on the magnetic at the (110) surface of bismuth sodium titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3) was discussed based on the first-principles calculation. The first-principle calculations for various types of surface defects exhibited the existence of magnetic moments for selected chemical and position defects. Specifically, Na and Bi vacancies induced large magnetic moments of 0.52 µB/f.u and 0.50 µB/f.u, respectively, which were larger than that of Ti vacancies of 0.01 µB/f.u. Interestingly, oxygen vacancies did not induce local magnetic moments. Furthermore, significant magnetic moments of 0.50 µB/f.u and 0.49 µB/f.u were obtained for Na and Bi interstitial defects, while the local magnetic moments were slightly achieved around 0.03 µB/f.u and 0.04 µB/f.u for Ti and O interstitial defects, respectively. Anti-site defects between Bi and Na at A-site in perovskite ABO3 structure exhibited magnetic moments of 0.55 µB/f.u for Na anti-site at Bi-site and 0.39 µB/f.u for Bi anti-site at Na-site. Interestingly, anti-site defects between the A-site and B-site in perovskite ABO3 structure resulted in larger magnetic moments, with values of 0.57 µB/f.u and 0.53 µB/f.u obtained for Ti anti-site defects at the Bi-site and Na-site, respectively. Additionally, magnetic moments of 0.50 µB/f.u and 0.54 µB/f.u were achieved for Bi and Na anti-site defects at the Ti-site, respectively. We expected that our work further contributed to the understanding of the role of surface defects in the magnetism of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 materials in integrating ferromagnetic properties into lead-free ferroelectric materials for smart electronic device applications.
... Multiferroics are rare materials, which combine ferroelectric and magnetic properties [1] and are interesting for memory devices [2], sensors [3], phase shifters [4], and energy harvesting [5]. According to Khomskii [6], two types of multiferroics exist. ...
Multiferroics are rare materials that exhibit an interaction of ferroelectricity and magnetism. One such multiferroic material is the Mn-based mullite YMn2O5. YMn2O5 undergoes several low-temperature phases, and the origin of ferroelectricity in the commensurate phase remains open. Changes in the Mn spin configuration are believed to be the main driving force, which can be induced by magnetostriction caused by symmetric exchange, the antisymmetric inverse Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, or a combination of both. These mechanisms are accompanied by specific displacements of ions in the structure. The space group Pbam(55) of the paraelectric phase does not allow polar displacements. Moreover, conventional structure analysis has been unsuccessful in refining the charge structure in a lower symmetric phase due to its limited sensitivity in resolving the expected positional displacements. To shed light on this controversial discussion, our goal was to resolve potential ionic displacements within a polar space group by employing the new resonantly suppressed diffraction method, which is highly sensitive to minuscule structural changes in the (sub)picometer range. In this paper, we present the first refined structure model of the commensurate phase in YMn2O5 using the lower symmetric space group Pb21m, allowing polarization in the b direction. We observed a significant displacement of the Mn ions and the partial structure of oxygen, resulting in a calculated spontaneous polarization PS=(1.3±0.4)mCm−2, which is in good agreement with our measured value PS=(0.88±0.06)mCm−2. Importantly, we confirm that PS predominantly arises from an ionic contribution induced by magnetostriction. These results hold great interest not only for all multiferroic Mn-based mullites, but also for other multiferroic materials where ferroelectricity arises from their magnetic order. Furthermore, a precise understanding of the ionic movement induced by magnetism will aid in the material tuning process to enhance or create multiferroic properties.
... The manganites and the ferrites, presenting both a perovskite structure and an orthorhombic symmetry, have been of interest in condensed matter studies because the links between their magnetic and electronic properties lead to results like ferroelectricity (Lone et al. 2019;Erchidi Elyacoubi et al. 2022;Yan et al. 2013) semiconductivity and superconductivity, piezoelectricity (Bellaiche 2002). Colossal magnetoresistance (Tokura 2000;Millis et al. 1996), and thermoelectricity (Ziati and Ez-Zahraouy 2021;Ito and Matsuda 2009). ...
In this paper, we study the structural, magnetic, electronic, optical, thermoelectric, and thermodynamic properties of the perovskite ErMn0.5Fe0.5O3. The Wien2K code's implementation of density functional theory (DFT) was used to perform the first principle calculations for this compound utilizing the full potential linearized augmented plane wave form with Total Potential (FP-LAPW) approach. The GGA-PBE and the exchange–correlation potential with Hubbard correction (GGA+U) were used to calculte the bulk modulus, its first derivative, and the optimal lattice parameters. The compounds display metallic nature in the NM and FM states. While in the AFM state, the compound behaves as a half-metal. The electronic transport coefficients have been calculated. The entropy, thermal expansion coefficient, Debye temperature, and heat capacity Cv are calculated. The Monte-Carlo calculation method shows that the magnetization of this material undergoes a second-order transition at a temperature of Néel, TN = 248 K.
... Multiferroic materials simultaneously exhibit different primary ferroic properties, including ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, and ferroelasticity, rendering them multifunctional materials. [1][2][3][4] Of particular interest is the coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic properties, which has received considerable attention. The ability to manipulate both ferroelectric and magnetic properties in a single phase presents numerous opportunities for the development of nonvolatile memory devices, 5 transducers, 6 magnetic field sensors, 6 and other applications. ...
... 6 The two mechanisms involved in this process are ferroelectricity, which arises from transition ions with empty d shells, and magnetism, which requires transition metal ions with partially filled d shells. 1,2,9 Many multiferroic materials encounter limitations, such as a low Néel temperature, which restricts their suitability for room temperature applications. 10,11 Consequently, there exists a demand to explore novel multiferroics or enhance the existing ones. ...
Multiferroic materials, which exhibit simultaneous ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, and ferroelasticity, have attracted significant attention due to their multifunctional properties. Coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic properties has led to the development of non-volatile memory devices, transducers, magnetic field sensors, and other applications. Pb2Fe2O5 (PFO) is a promising multiferroic material due to its coexistence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism at room temperature. Doping with aliovalent ions such as Cr3+ has been proposed as an effective method to enhance the multiferroic properties. The investigation shows that the lead ferrite phase (220) was present in all samples, but its intensity reduced with increasing synthesis temperature due to lead desorption. Dielectric measurements revealed that PFO films with highest Cr concentration had the highest polarization (Pr) of 72,2 µC/cm2. The study also found that the magnetization of PFO films was up to 9,5⸱10-7 Am2 at an ambient temperature of 5 K, and the orientation temperature of the magnetic properties was 363 K, corresponding to the magnetic orientation temperature of chromium oxides. The morphology of Cr doped PFO films changed with increasing chromium content, resulting in a decrease in grain size and an increase in the dimensions of the structures.
... In the past decade, nanocrystalline multiferroic oxides have received considerable scientific attention as they exhibit remarkably unique properties, including solar cells, photoelectrochemical cells, photocatalysts and spintronic devices [1][2][3]. Manganese-based perovskite semiconductor nanoparticles and thin films are renowned for their capacity to encompass a wide range of desirable traits, including exceptional structural flexibility, outstanding stability, advantageous optical properties, luminescent characteristics, and magnetic behavior [4][5][6]. Recently, the exploration of multiferroic perovskite oxide nanoparticles has gained growing significance in scientific inquiry, primarily driven by their potential to manifest novel characteristics and broaden the range of possible applications [7][8][9][10]. ...
In this study, complex BiMn2O5 (BMO) nanoparticles, well known for their applications in photocatalysts, magnetoelectric sensors, actuators, non-volatile information storages, and electrochemical supercapacitors, were synthesized through novel ultra-sonication assisted sol–gel synthesis route. The corresponding Rietveld refinement confirms the monophasic nature of composition in Pbam space-group symmetry with orthorhombic structure. The morphological study examines the average grain size determined to be approximately around ∼ 64.50 nm, whereas, EDAX gives the elemental analysis. The vibrational modes of Mn–O and presence of other functional groups have been explored. The coexistence of the multivalency in Mn4+ and Mn3+ valence states, which are associated with the chemical stoichiometry of the synthesized compound is confirmed. The optimization of energy band-gap was attributed to influence the disordered crystal lattice and oxygen vacancies. The interesting Photoluminescence response of BiMn2O5 NPs in visible region indicates strong purple-blue emission under excitation wavelength λex ~ 370 nm and CIE parameters. BMO nanoparticles have been evaluated as a photocatalyst for the decomposition of Rhodamine B dye under visible light illumination because of their low bandgap. In contrast, the presence of smaller nanoparticles and uncompensated spins depict M-H plot shows no saturation at high magnetic field, which manifest non-ferromagnetic correlation. The thermomagnetic study in field-cooled/zero-field-cooled modes also indicates an antiferromagnetic Neel transition at around 41 K. The results obtained from measurements and associated properties of nanoparticles give an insight of BiMn2O5 nanoparticles for possible applications.
... Moreover, there are only a few materials that have two or more ferroic properties; therefore, multiferroic materials are rare [3]. The scarce existence of multiferroics and their potential applications in small, multifunctional, low-power consumption, and environmentally friendly devices make this field of research challenging and justifies the attention given to its development [4,5]. ...
... Bismuth ferrite, BiFeO 3 , has a perovskite structure and is one of the rare multiferroics in which ferroelectricity and magnetism coexist at room temperature. BiFeO 3 has a ferroelectric phase transition Curie temperature, T C , of 1103 K and a G-type antiferromagnetic phase transition Neel temperature, T N , of 643 K. Due to the high T C and T N , well above room temperature, BiFeO 3 is considered the most promising and widely known multiferroic material [4][5][6]. ...
BiFeO3 fibers were prepared by the Laser Floating Zone (LFZ) technique using different growth speeds. The structural characterization of the samples was undertaken using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, the morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrical characterization by impedance spectroscopy. The XRD patterns showed that BiFeO3 was the major phase in all the samples. Fibers grown at 10 mm/h showed more promising structural and morphological properties. The dielectric characterization revealed that all samples have at least one dielectric relaxation phenomenon that is thermally activated. It was also verified that the dielectric constant is higher at a growth pull rate speed of 10 mm/h.
... There is rare existence of crystalline multiferroic compounds in which ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity coexist at room temperature 1 . Due to their potential application in the developing field of information storage, spintronics, and multiple-state memory storage devices, such compounds are currently under intensive study 2,3 . Enormous attempts were made to improve the room temperature ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in perovskite ceramics. ...
Talented di-phase ferrite/ferroelectric BaTi0.7Fe0.3O3@NiFe2O4 (BFT@NFO) in oval nano-morphology was chemically synthesized using controlled sol–gel processes and calcined at 600 °C. The effects of shielding using NiFe2O4 (NFO) nanoparticles on the microstructure, phase transition, thermal, and relative permittivity of BaTi0.7Fe0.3O3 (BTF) nano-perovskite were systematically explored. X-ray diffraction patterns and Full-Prof software exhibited the forming of the BaTi2Fe4O11 hexagonal phase. TEM and SEM images demonstrated that the coating of BaTi0.7Fe0.3O3 has been successfully controlled with exquisite nano-oval NiFe2O4 shapes. The NFO shielding can significantly promote the thermal stability and the relative permittivity of BFT@NFO pero-magnetic nanocomposites and lowers the Curie temperature. Thermogravimetric and optical analysis were used to test the thermal stability and estimate the effective optical parameters. Magnetic studies showed a decrease in saturation magnetization of NiFe2O4 NPs compared to their bulk system, which is attributed to surface spin disorder. Herein, characterization and the sensitive electrochemical sensor were constructed for the evaluation of peroxide oxidation detection using the chemically adjusted nano-ovals barium titanate-iron@nickel ferrite nanocomposites. Finally, The BFT@NFO exhibited excellent electrochemical properties which can be ascribed to this compound possessing two electrochemical active components and/or the nano-ovals structure of the particles which can further improve the electrochemistry through the possible oxidation states and the synergistic effect. The result advocates that when the BTF is shielded with NFO nanoparticles the thermal, dielectric, and electrochemical properties of nano-oval BaTi0.7Fe0.3O3@NiFe2O4 nanocomposites can be synchronously developed. Thus, the production of ultrasensitive electrochemical nano-systems for the determination of hydrogen peroxide is of extensive significance.
... There is an increased interest in strongly correlated materials that exhibit coupled electronic, magnetic, and lattice degrees of freedom leading to fascinating physics and practical applications [1][2][3][4][5]. Among those materials, the multiferroic BiFeO 3 (BFO) is unique because it exhibits spontaneous ferroelectric (Curie temperature T c = 1033 K) and antiferromagnetic (Néel temperature T N = 643 K) orders over a broad temperature range while adopting the same rhombohedral space group (S.G.) R3c structure [6][7][8][9][10][11], providing an opportunity to control the electric properties by magnetic field, and vice versa. The structure features a perovskite-type lattice of corner sharing Fe-O 6 octahedra with Bi atoms occupying the cavities between the octahedra [ Fig. 1(a)]. ...
Chemical compression effects on the ferroic orders in La substituted BiFeO3 are studied by atomic pair distribution function analysis and structure modeling. While rhombohedral BiFeO3 exhibits ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism (AF) with a cycloidal Fe spin arrangement leading to zero magnetization, La substituted BiFeO3 exhibits a reduced lattice polarization, strengthened AF order, and an apparently suppressed spin cycloid leading to nonzero magnetization. The observed changes in the ferroic orders arise from the chemical compression induced changes in the octahedral rotation and ferroelectric displacement of Bi atoms, which appear as lattice degrees of freedom entangling the electronic and magnetic orders in BiFeO3.
... Strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) has a perovskite structure (ABX 3 ) in which cubic structure is formed with strontium element at the cube corner position, titanium element at the body-centred position and oxygen atoms are at face-centred position [1]. It has earned great interest from the research point of view because of its fundamental and technical properties. ...
Strontium Titanate (SrTiO 3) nanoparticles were synthesized using solid-state method. Rietveld refinement using FullProf tool of x-ray diffraction data revealed the cubic structure with Pm-3 m space symmetry is present in SrTiO 3-NPs. Williamson-Hall analysis with size-strain plots were used to examine the impact of crystallite size and lattice strain on the physical phenomenon of SrTiO 3 nanoparticles. Different models like uniform density model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM), and the size-strain plot (SSP) were used to estimate the strain, stress, and energy density parameters using shape profile of the X-ray diffraction peaks. FESEM microscopy is used to investigate the surface morphology as well as the particle size of the crystalline material. The particle size is obtained to be 66 nm.
