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Female genitalia of Hystrichophora bopprei. Larva Head pale brown, prothoracic plate pale brown with a white central division. Body and anal plate white. Lives within a domatium of Acacia zanzibarica or A. seyal var. fistula, feeding on its lining. Pupa within the domatium.
Source publication
The contents of swollen-thorn domatia of three Acacia species are given. Lepidoptera bred from swollen thorns of Acacia are listed; two new genera, Endotera gen. nov. and Kenyatta gen. nov., and six new species: Phthoropoea chalcomochla sp. nov., Endotera nodi sp. nov., Hystrichophora vittana sp. nov., Hystrichophora griseana sp. nov., Hystrichopho...
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A new genus, Afroasca gen. n. (type species: Suphalomitus buyssoni Weele, 1909), and a new species, Afroasca doboszi sp. n. are described from Kenya and compared to Afroasca buyssoni (Weele, 1909) comb. n. With 13 figures.
A new species of Klyxum from Kenya, K. adii, is described and depicted. Its unique features include an encrusting growth form, short lobes, which are knob-shaped or flattened-laterally low crests and large branched spindles, thus making it different from the previously described Klyxum species.
Citations
... The tortricid fauna of the Afrotropical Region has been the focus of considerable systematic work over the past two decades, with significant contributions by Aarvik (2004aAarvik ( , b, 2005Aarvik ( , 2008aAarvik ( , b, 2010, Aarvik & Agassiz (2014a, b), Aarvik & Karisch (2009), Aarvik et al. (2012), Agassiz (2011), Agassiz & Aarvik (2014), Razowski (2005aRazowski ( , b, 2006aRazowski ( , b, 2008aRazowski ( , b, 2012aRazowski ( , b, c, d, 2013Razowski ( , 2014Razowski ( , 2015, Razowski & Brown (2009, 2012, Razowski & Krüger (2007, 2013, Razowski & Trematerra (2008, 2010, 2012, Razowski & Wojtusiak (2012, 2014, Timm & Brown (2014a, b), and others. Nonetheless, our knowledge of this fauna lags considerably behind that of the Nearctic, Palaearctic, and Australian Regions; it is likely that the tortricid fauna of even the vast and diverse Neotropical Region is better known than that of the Afrotropical region. ...
Gibbalaria Brown and Aarvik, new genus, is described to accommodate the following species: G. divergana Brown and Aarvik, new species (TL: South Africa); G. occidentana Brown and Aarvik, new species (TL: South Africa); G. chiloanei Brown and Aarvik, new species (TL: South Africa); G. scabellana Zeller, 1852, new combination (TL: South Africa); G. mabalingwae Razowski, 2008, status revised, new combination (TL: South Africa); G. longiphallus Brown and Aarvik, new species (TL: South Africa); G. bagamoyo (Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2014), new combination (TL: Tanzania); and G. analcis (Razowski, 2015), new combination (TL: Republic of Cameroon). Gibbalaria sistrata (Meyrick, 1911), new combination (TL: South Africa), is synonymized with G. scabellana, new synonymy. Although the male genitalia of Gibbalaria form two moderately divergent groups, the two groups share extremely similar female genitalia, which feature a broad, somewhat cylindrical antrum, followed immediately anterad by a conspicuously elbowed region of the ductus bursae forming a weak diverticulum on the left side, and a signum in the form of a patch of small arrowhead-shaped sclerites, usually with a shallow pocket. Male genitalia morphology shows many similarities with the Neopotamia group (Olethreutini), Afroploce Aarvik in particular. The monophyly of Gibbalaria is supported by the raised, curled, opalescent scales on the forewing in both sexes, which occurs in a few other genera scattered through the subfamily (e.g., Thylacandra Diakonoff in Grapholitini; Astronauta Diakonoff and Cosmopoda Diakonoff in Olethreutini); the angled diverticulum in the ductus bursae in the female genitalia; the subrectangular flange from the lower margin of the valva immediately basal to the cucullus; and the setose, protruding ridge immediate above the basal cavity, which appears to be homologous with the subbasal process of the valva in many members of the Neopotamia group of genera. In addition, Diakonoffiana graziani Razowski, 2015 (TL: Republic of Cameroon) is transferred to Cosmopoda Diakonoff, resulting in C. graziani (Razowski), new combination.
... These domatia are usually inhabited by ants, which has been shown to have a positive effect on the plant by reducing the abundance of herbivores (Pringle and Gordon 2013). Use of domatia by lepidopteran larvae was previously reported only in trees of Acacia Martius (Fabaceae) (Agassiz 2011). ...
Salmwood (Cordia alliodora (Ruiz and Pav.) Oken) (Boraginaceae) is used as a shade plant for cacao and coffee agroforestry systems in Colombia. In 2016 these trees were severely defoliated by insects on a farm in northeastern Colombia. One hemipteran and one lepidopteran were found to be associated with the damage, and one hymenopteran was found to parasitize the hemipteran. The hemipteran was Edessa panamensis Fernandes von Doesburg and Greve (Pentatomidae), a new record for Colombia and the first record of this species as a parasitoid host. A parasitoid wasp, Neorileya albipes Girault (Eurytomidae), emerged from E. panamensis eggs, and is recorded for the first time from Colombia. The lepidopteran feeding on salmwood was Paridnea squamicosta (Walker) (Pyralidae). The larva takes refuge from natural enemies in domatia on salmwood branches and emerges to feed on leaves. The larval leaf consumption was estimated to be 134.1 cm2 with a larval duration of 15.64 days; the pupal stage was 20.44 days. We also report for the first time another host for this larva, the moncoro tree (Cordia gerascanthus L.), which was affected to a lesser degree. Photographs of insect adults, larvae, eggs, and morphological structures are provided. El nogal cafetero Cordia alliodora (Ruiz y Pav.) Oken (Boraginaceae) es usado como una planta de sombro en sistemas agroforestales en Colombia, en 2016 estos arboles fueron severamente defoliados por insectos en una finca al noroeste de Colombia. Un hemptero y un lepidptero fueron asociados con el dao, adems un himenptero fue encontrado parasitando el hemptero. El hemptero fue identificado como el chinche Edessa panamensis Fernandes von Doesburg and Greve (Pentatomidae), un nuevo registro para Colombia. La avispa parasitoide, Neorileya albipes Girault (Eurytomidae), emergi de huevos de E. panamensis y es registrada por primera vez para Colombia. El lepidoptero que se alimenta de hojas de nogal cafetero fue identificado como Paridnea squamicosta (Walker) (Pyralidae). La larva se refugia de sus enemigos naturales en los domacios en las ramas de nogal, desde all sale a consumir hojas. En la fase de larva el consumo de hojas fue estimado en 134,1 cm2 con una duracin de 15,64 dias, la duracin de la etapa de pupa fue 20,44. Tambin se reporta por primera vez otro hospedero para esta larva, el arbol de moncoro (Cordia gerascanthus L.), el cual es afectado en menor grado. Se presentan fotografas de insectos adultos, larva, huevo y estructura morfolgicas.
... Eighteen species of Lycaenidae, some attended by ants, were documented on these ant-plants at field sites in Kenya and Tanzania over a 5-year period ( Fig. 1) (Baker et al. 2016;Martins et al. 2013;Whitaker et al. 2019). Numerous species of Tineidae, Tortricidae, Sesiidae, Blastobasidae, Gelechiidae, and Geometridae have been reared from the swollen thorn ant domatia of V. drepanolobium, and many others feed in the tree canopy (Adamski 2017;Agassiz 2011;Agassiz and Bidzilya 2016;Agassiz and Harper 2009;Agassiz and Kallies 2018;Baker et al. 2016;Hocking 1970). Some of these species are polyphagous and have been described as having greater abundance in the absence of ants (Agassiz 2011), and we would not describe these ones as being ant-associated. ...
... Numerous species of Tineidae, Tortricidae, Sesiidae, Blastobasidae, Gelechiidae, and Geometridae have been reared from the swollen thorn ant domatia of V. drepanolobium, and many others feed in the tree canopy (Adamski 2017;Agassiz 2011;Agassiz and Bidzilya 2016;Agassiz and Harper 2009;Agassiz and Kallies 2018;Baker et al. 2016;Hocking 1970). Some of these species are polyphagous and have been described as having greater abundance in the absence of ants (Agassiz 2011), and we would not describe these ones as being ant-associated. The majority are not sufficiently well known to be able to characterize them as ant-associated or not. ...
... A few specialist myrmecophiles have nonetheless been documented on antplants. For example, larvae of Hystrichophora (Tortricidae) build strong, membranous, dome-like shelters within hollowed-out V. drepanolobium domatia that are frequently shared with ants ( Fig. 2) (Agassiz 2011). Caterpillars of H. griseana are common on trees inhabited by colonies of Crematogaster mimosae or C. nigriceps, but they are almost never found on trees inhabited by colonies of Tetraponera penzigi (Baker et al. 2016). ...
“The Natural History of Caterpillar-Ant Associations” was previously published non-open access. It has now been changed to open access under a CC BY 4.0 license and the copyright holder updated to ‘The Author(s)’. The book has also been updated with this change.
... Eighteen species of Lycaenidae, some attended by ants, were documented on these ant-plants at field sites in Kenya and Tanzania over a 5-year period ( Fig. 1) (Baker et al. 2016;Martins et al. 2013;Whitaker et al. 2019). Numerous species of Tineidae, Tortricidae, Sesiidae, Blastobasidae, Gelechiidae, and Geometridae have been reared from the swollen thorn ant domatia of V. drepanolobium, and many others feed in the tree canopy (Adamski 2017;Agassiz 2011;Agassiz and Bidzilya 2016;Agassiz and Harper 2009;Agassiz and Kallies 2018;Baker et al. 2016;Hocking 1970). Some of these species are polyphagous and have been described as having greater abundance in the absence of ants (Agassiz 2011), and we would not describe these ones as being ant-associated. ...
... Numerous species of Tineidae, Tortricidae, Sesiidae, Blastobasidae, Gelechiidae, and Geometridae have been reared from the swollen thorn ant domatia of V. drepanolobium, and many others feed in the tree canopy (Adamski 2017;Agassiz 2011;Agassiz and Bidzilya 2016;Agassiz and Harper 2009;Agassiz and Kallies 2018;Baker et al. 2016;Hocking 1970). Some of these species are polyphagous and have been described as having greater abundance in the absence of ants (Agassiz 2011), and we would not describe these ones as being ant-associated. The majority are not sufficiently well known to be able to characterize them as ant-associated or not. ...
... A few specialist myrmecophiles have nonetheless been documented on antplants. For example, larvae of Hystrichophora (Tortricidae) build strong, membranous, dome-like shelters within hollowed-out V. drepanolobium domatia that are frequently shared with ants ( Fig. 2) (Agassiz 2011). Caterpillars of H. griseana are common on trees inhabited by colonies of Crematogaster mimosae or C. nigriceps, but they are almost never found on trees inhabited by colonies of Tetraponera penzigi (Baker et al. 2016). ...
The caterpillars of many Lepidoptera are neither attacked nor tended by ants but nevertheless appear to be obligately ant-associated and benefit from the enemy-free space created by ants. Obligate myrmecophiles that do not attract ants through stridulatory or chemical signaling are limited to habitats where ants are reliably present for other reasons, either among ant-attended hemipterans, on ant-plants, or around ant nests. Particularly in the tropics, obligate ant associates that passively coexist with ants are more diverse than previously recognized, including, for example, hundreds of African species in the lycaenid subfamily Poritiinae. Mutualists and parasites of ants have been reported in eleven families: Tineidae, Tortricidae, Cyclotornidae, Coleophoridae, Crambidae, Erebidae, Notodontidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, and Riodinidae. Altogether, myrmecophily has originated at least 30 times in Lepidoptera, and many groups may remain undiscovered. The butterfly families Lycaenidae and Riodinidae contain the vast majority of ant-associated species: larvae of at least 3841 (71%) of the ~5390 described Lycaenidae and 308 (20%) of the ~1562 described Riodinidae are known or inferred to be ant-associated, and both families possess specialized, convergently developed exocrine glands and stridulatory devices to communicate with ants. Many caterpillar-ant relationships previously characterized as mutualisms may actually be parasitic, as caterpillars can manipulate ants and ultimately exert a fitness cost. In the family Lycaenidae, highly specialized and obligate ant associations are found largely in the Old World tropics, Australia, and Southern Africa, where the stoichiometry of soil micronutrients, particularly sodium and phosphorus, climate, host plants, and geography may all selectively shape caterpillar-ant associations.
... Hosts: Larvae live inside of the galls of cynip wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Quercus and Castanea (Fagaceae), feeding on gall tissue and the larvae of the wasps (Abe 1990;Abe & Sanari 1992;Komai 1992). Illustrations: Adult and genitalia (Clarke 1958: 452;Obraztsov 1968a: 178;Byun et al. 1998;Lv et al. 2014: 489, 490 Hosts: Larvae have been reared from the rolled leaves and flowers of Acacia catechu, Acacia pennata, Acacia tomentosa, Dichrostachys cinerea, and Pithecellobium dulce (all Fabaceae) (Meyrick 1912(Meyrick , 1933Fletcher 1921Fletcher , 1932Agassiz 2011;Agassiz & Aarvik 2014). Illustrations: Adult (Nedoshivina 2013: 232) and genitalia (Clarke 1958: 391;: 1761 (Diakonoff 1976;Robinson et al. 1994;Pinkaew 2006;. ...
We present a catalogue of the species of Tortricidae Latreille, 1802 recorded from India. The documented fauna consists of 487 species belonging to 168 genera in three subfamilies: Chlidanotinae (14 species), Tortricinae (175 species), and Olethreutinae (298 species). Five species included in the catalogue were previously “named” but not properly described and are considered nomen nuda. We include these species because they are almost certainly distinct taxa and represent a part of the tortricid fauna. The catalogue is based primarily on literature in which Indian tortricid species have been described or mentioned. For each species the type locality, geographic distribution (within and outside of India), known host plants, and references to illustrations are provided.
... Vachellia drepanolobium (Harms ex Sjöstedt) P.J.H.Hurter (Fabaceae). This sesiid was reported as Osminia Le Cerf, 1917 species in an earlier study that reviewed the moth species associated with domatia in East Africa (Agassiz 2011). However, closer examination of the specimens revealed that despite superficial similarity with species of the tribe Osminiini, the new species belongs to a new genus in the tribe Synanthedonini. ...
... The specimens were collected and reared following the methods described in Agassiz (2011). The habitats of the new genus and species represent savannah biotopes. ...
... Several species of Tortricidae of the genera Hystrichophora Walsingham, 1879, Endotera Agassiz, 2011and Kenyatta Agassiz, 2011, and a Tineidae in the genus Phthoropoaea Walsingham, 1896 live within domatia of Vachellia drepanolobium and other Vachellia species (Agassiz 2011). Some of them also live beneath a membrane which serves to protect them from ants, but the relationship with the ants is not understood. ...
A new genus, Osmanthedon Kallies gen. nov., in the tribe Synanthedonini and a new species, Osmanthedon domaticola Agassiz & Kallies spec. nov., are described. This is the first record of a sesiid species associated with ant galls (domatia) found on whistling thorn Acacia, Vachellia drepanolobium (Harms ex Sjöstedt) P.J.H.Hurter (Fabaceae), in East Africa.
... , and species inhabiting domatia were treated by Agassiz (2011). Jennifer Marohasy reared some species from acacia in 1990-1992, but the tortricids were neither identified nor included in her publication (Marohasy 1995). ...
... n. As listed by Agassiz (2011). The holotype of cyphospila in MNHN was examined and found to be identical with the species recently described as nodi Agassiz. ...
... 19. Kenyatta iodes Agassiz, 2011 As listed by Agassiz (2011) Description. Adult (Fig. 1). ...
Species of Tortricidae whose larvae feed on acacia are listed, including five new species: Hystrichophora bussei Agassiz, Endotera cyaneana Agassiz, Paraeccopsis variegana Agassiz & Aarvik, Coniostola flavitinctana Agassiz & Aarvik, and C. rufitinctana Agassiz & Aarvik. Six additional species related to the aforementioned, whose life histories are not known, also are described: Paraeccopsis tanzanica Aarvik, P. addis Aarvik, P. turi Aarvik, P. botswanae Aarvik, P. pseudoinsellata Aarvik, and Coniostola laikipiana Agassiz & Aarvik. Endotera nodi Agassiz is synonymised with Endotera cyphospila (Meyrick), comb. n.; and Coniostola omistus Diakonoff is synonymised with Coniostola stereoma (Meyrick). Paraeccopsis inflicta (Meyrick) and Paraeccopsis atricapsis (Meyrick) are removed from the synonymy of Paraeccopsis insellata (Meyrick). Eucosma pharangodes Meyrick is transferred to Eucosmocydia Diakonoff. Age onychistica Diakonoff is recorded from Africa for the first time.
... The life histories of many East African lycaenids, especially in seasonal savannahs and drylands, remain largely unknown (Larsen, 1991). In addition, recent work rearing Lepidoptera (Tortricidae and Pyralidae) from ant-acacias has yielded interesting new records and species (Agassiz, 2011). The data on antdependent oviposition indicate that ant-associated acacias may be an important component of host plant-host ant diversity, contributing to the patterns observed not only in lycaenids (Table 2), but also in other myrmecophilic groups. ...
The African lycaenid butterfly, Anthene usamba, is an obligate myrmecophile of the acacia ant, Crematogaster mimosae. Female butterflies use the presence of C. mimosae as an oviposition cue. The eggs are laid on the foliage and young branches of the host plant, Acacia drepanolobium. Larvae shelter in the swollen thorns (domatia) of the host tree, where they live in close association with the acacia ants, and each larva occupies a domatium singly. Anthene usamba are tended by ants that feed from the dorsal nectary organ at regular intervals. Larvae also possess tentacle organs flanking the dorsal nectary organ and appear to signal to ants by everting these structures. Larvae were observed to spend most of their time within the domatia. Stable isotope analysis of matched host plant–ant–butterfly samples revealed that Anthene usamba are d 15 N enriched relative to the ants with which they associate. These data, based on the increase in d 15 N through trophic levels, indicate that the caterpillars of these butterflies are aphytophagous and either exploit the ant brood of C. mimosae within the domatia, or are fed mouth to mouth by adult workers via trophallaxis. This is the first documented case of aphytophagy in African Anthene. Pupation occurs inside the domatium and the imago emerges and departs via the hole chewed by the larva. The adult females remain closely associated with their natal patch of trees, whereas males disperse more widely across the acacia savannah. Females prefer to oviposit on trees with the specific host ant, C. mimosae, an aggressive obligate mutualist, and avoid neighbouring trees with other ant species. Adult butterflies are active during most months of the year, and there are at least two to three generations each year. Observations made over a 5-year period indicate that a number of different lycaenid species utilize ant-acacias in East Africa, and these observations are summarized, together with comparisons from the literature.
Calosima smithi n. sp. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Blastobasidae) is described from specimens reared in Kenya from swollen thorn domatia of Vachellia drepanolobium (Fabaceae). Illustrations of the adult and male genitalia are provided.
Seventy-six species and 53 genera of Afrotropical Tortricidae are treated. Three genera (Phalarotortrix gen. n., Darmana gen. n., Malolotia gen. n.) and 39 species (Eugnosta umtamvuna sp. n., Hectaphelia wintertonia sp. n., Epichoristodes kangoana sp. n., Epichoristodes bispina sp. n., Eccopsis pollens sp. n., Afroploce analcis sp. n., Nepheloploce prodroma sp. n., Diakonoffiana graziani sp. n., Lobesia dorsiscopa sp. n., Astronauta gnophera sp. n., Darmana mandaranae sp. n., Bactra pallidior sp. n., Bactra botswanae sp. n., Hystrichophora kwazuluana sp. n., Gypsonoma penthestes sp. n., Gypsonoma brunnhimation sp. n., Melolotia melolotiana sp. n., Thiodia gracilia sp. n., Epiblema didimum sp. n., Xenosocia kilimanjaro sp. n., Cosmetra mafikana sp. n., Strepsicrates badplaasia sp. n., Herpystis pleinocolor sp. n., Endotera subseparata sp. n., Fulcrifera incrassa sp. n., Fulcrifera boavistae sp. n., Fulcrifera namutomi sp. n., Amabrana yauonde sp. n., Thylacogaster primaria sp. n., Selania leptota sp. n., Selania micula sp. n., Cydia marientali sp. n., Lathronympha oios sp. n., Thaumatotibia adidacta sp. n., Grapholita gameae sp. n., Grapholita sabieae sp. n., Microsarotis arushae sp. n., Parapammene acutapex sp. n. are described. Forty-nine genera are characterized. The following new combinations are proposed: Clepsis intensa (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Epichoristodes pleuroptila (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Phalarotortrix phalarocosma (MEYRICK), comb. n.; P. ergastularis (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Melolotia niphaspis (MEYRICK), comb. n.; M. galactitis (MEYRICK), comb. n.; M. albocellus (RAZOWSKI & TREMATERRA), comb. n.; Eccopsis petromacha (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Thiodia actuosa (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Gypsonoma projecta (MEYRICK, 1921), comb. n.; Cosmetra accipitrina (MEYRICK), comb. n.; C. anepenthes (RAZOWSKI & TREMATERRA), comb. n.; C. latiloba (RAZOWSKI & WOJTUSIAK), comb. n.; C. calliarma (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Strepsicrates melanastrapis (DIAKONOFF), comb. n.; Endotera areata (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Leguminivora anthracotis (MEYRICK), comb. n.; Fulcriphera phruda (RAZOWSKI & WOJTUSIAK), comb. n.; Acanthoclita pectinata (DIAKONOFF), comb. n.; Stenentoma monitrix (MEYRICK), comb. n.; and Grapholita euclera (MEYRICK), comb. n. The following new synonymies are proposed: Clepsis monochroa RAZOWSKI, 2006 is a synonym of C. intensa (MEYRICK, 1921); Lobesia oluducha RAZOWSKI, 2012 of L. vanilliana (JOANNIS, 1900); Eucosma calculosa MEYRICK, 1913 of Coniostola stereoma (MEYRICK, 1913); Laspeyresia malesma MEYRICK, 1920 and Laspeyresia platydryas MEYRICK, 1932 of Cydia campestris (MEYRICK, 1914); Mesotes DIAKONOFF, 1988 of Acanthoclita DIAKONOFF, 1982; and Muhabettina KOÇAK, 2006 of Acanthoclita DIAKONOFF, 1982.
