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Continuity of service of wind energy conversion systems as well as their reliability and performances are some of the major concerns in this power generation area. Six-legs AC/DC/AC converters are normally used in modern wind energy systems like as in the system with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). A sudden failure of the converter can lea...
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... AC-DC-AC converter. It is based on a classical back- to-back converter and uses a common redundant leg for both three-phase power converters. The redundant leg composed of the switches S 7 and S 8 and will replace the faulty one of the other legs under any power switch failure in the Grid Side Converter (GSC) or the Rotor Side Converter (RSC). Fig. 2 shows the fault tolerant system. In healthy condition, the FPGA-based fault detection and compensation block directly applies the switching patterns, determined by the RSC and GSC controllers, to the power converters. In faulty case, the fault detection scheme detects the fault (in the RSC or the GSC) and the control orders of the two ...
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Small wind turbine systems offer services to critical loads during grid faults and also connected back to grid in normal condition. The connection of a wind energy conversion system to the grid requires a robust phase locked loop (PLL) and continuous monitoring of the grid conditions such as overvoltage, undervoltage, overfrequency, underfrequency,...
Citations
... In brief, in a fault case on the leg number k (k = 1, 2, 3), the compensation is achieved by the following steps [22]: ...
... In this study, the fault detection method is based on the comparison between measured and estimated pole voltages of converter, v k0m and v k0es (k = 1, 2, 3), respectively [22,23]. The estimated voltages v k0es can be expressed by the fol- ...
... In this hypothesis, the previous analytical study demonstrated that the possible fault of a switch can be detected by a simple comparison between the measured voltage vk0m and the estimated voltage v k0es . However, in real case, because of turn-off and turn-on propagation time and interlock dead time generated by the switches drivers, the voltage error ε k0 is not null and constituted of peaks during switching time [22,23]. In fact, to avoid the detections errors due to semiconductor switching, the absolute value of the voltage error |ε k0 | is firstly compared with the threshold value 'h', to determine if the difference between the measured and estimated voltages is large enough to be considered a fault as shown in Fig. 8. ...
Inverter is an essential component of a grid connected PV system. In fact, an open-switch fault in this power converter could result an important system malfunction and consequently leads to system disconnection. In this context, this paper focuses on the fault-tolerant control of PWM-inverter with redundancy leg for grid-connected PV system. In addition, a fast method of fault detection and compensation is used to maintain the continuous operation of the converter when there is a half-leg open-circuit fault (IGBT+ anti-parallel diode) on one of PWM-inverter legs. Therefore, it can detect this type of fault and compensate it in less than 50 μs by using a time criterion instead of voltage criterion. Also, the fuzzy logic technique is employed to control the active and reactive power injected into the network without exceeding the whole system power capacity limits. Note that, in this study, the active and reactive power references of the chosen operating point (the reactive-to-active power ratio: tgφ = Q/P = 0.19) are based on experimental tests. Simulation results show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method in terms of fault detection and service continuity in presence of a half-leg open-circuit fault in PWM-inverter without any over-rating of the PV system components or instability.
... The service continuity of wind power conversion systems and their reliability and performance are some of the main concerns in the electricity generation field, particularly on wind energy conversion systems (WECS) based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Because of this, six-legged fault-tolerant AC/DC/AC PECs have been suggested [29,30], and these can also be used for OBCs. The topology described in Figure 12 is based on a classical DC back-to-back converter with a redundant joint leg on both sides. ...
Onboard charging systems (OBCs) convert AC power from an external charging source into a DC voltage used to charge the battery pack of an electric vehicle (EV). OBCs are versatile since they can convert energy from almost every AC source, including standard household electrical receptacles, without needing wall chargers or charging stations. Since the same motor-drive electronics are reconfigured for onboard charging, weight and cost barely increase. However, the power quality and reliability of the OBCs are essential elements for proper grid interconnection. This article reviews the failures of power electronic converters that can be used for onboard charging and their most prominent fault-tolerance techniques. The various fault-tolerance methods are evaluated and compared in terms of complexity, cost, and performance to provide insights for future developments and research directions.
... Recent versions use an electric motor inside each wheel. This approach provides more traction strength and more mobility on the roads [5], [6]. It also provides more room inside the vehicle. ...
... It is possible that each motor has its unique converter, or it is possible that every two motors have their proportional converter. Different architectures were exposed to literature in order to facilitate the electronic equipment inside the vehicle [3]- [5]. Three, four, six, or twelve legs based on DC/AC converter have appeared in order to facilitate such a problem like it is in figure (1.a) and figure (1.b), where two or more than motor was installed. ...
... However, with some special engine designs, it is conceivable that only one engine provides power equal to the sum of two different engines. Also, some special devices can offer more room inside the EV, and this is guaranteed by the required traction power [5], [6]. Double stator and double rotor machines have recently been used for friction systems, and this is due to their favorable feature of the traditional model. ...
The transportation systems around the world are drastically going electrified as a trend because of inevitable heed being paid towards global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions. A variety of equipment is contained inside these modern versions of the electrified vehicles, and many appear to be similar in types. The internal electric motor and battery power used in these designs are largely responsible for their robustness and durability in transportation systems. The energy conservation problem, on the other hand, is a vital factor that must be handled in order to ensure overall performance and cost-effectiveness. This paper provides a thorough examination of the internal equipment needed to facilitate and optimize the transportation system’s energetic global success with these critical parameters. In the present study, a specific investigation is emphasized which mainly aims to recognize a new electric motor within the propulsion system. The same type of machine is discussed by elaborating internal designing through the implementation of the corresponding mathematical model and along with the corresponding electronic inverter. The associated control system is also established and implemented. Therefore, a significant theoretical contribution, made in this paper, can be used to examine the performance of a particular electrical machine for EV applications. A robust FOC-based control application confirmed this analysis. When a vehicle’s power needs to be increased rapidly, this one-of-a-kind electrical machine proves its worth. Using the MATLAB simulation method, the robustness of this system’s control has been demonstrated in this special mode.
... Back-to-Back converters are widely used in various industrial areas such as electric machine drives, uninterruptible power supply, unified power quality conditioner and gridconnected renewable energy systems [1,2]. A research survey has reported that the failure rates of these converter are 30 %, 26 %, 21 % and 13 % due to their capacitors, printed circuit boards, semiconductors, and soldering, respectively [2,3]. ...
... Back-to-Back converters are widely used in various industrial areas such as electric machine drives, uninterruptible power supply, unified power quality conditioner and gridconnected renewable energy systems [1,2]. A research survey has reported that the failure rates of these converter are 30 %, 26 %, 21 % and 13 % due to their capacitors, printed circuit boards, semiconductors, and soldering, respectively [2,3]. Therefore, the reliability and performance of PWM converters has been paid a great deal of attention. ...
... These failures can cause serious system malfunctions. Indeed, it would endanger the system in some cases if the defect is not detected quickly and compensated [2,10]. ...
The purpose of this paper is the study by simulation of a fault tolerant control with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) AC-DC-AC converter supplying a three-phase rotor field oriented induction motor. The back to back converter, is supplied with three-phase network and composed of a PWM rectifier and a voltage source inverter. Fault tolerant topology of AC-DC-AC converter that without redundancy have been studied and associated with affective and fast method of fault detection and compensation to guarantee the continuity of service, in the presence of a possible open circuit failure on the level of one of their legs. Although of the presence of open circuit on the level of one of the converter legs the control based on the Zero Sequence Signal (ZSS) assure the service continuity, the simulation results obtained prove that it is possible to maintain the good performance of the drive without redundancy leg (6/5 topology).
... Nowadays, continuity of service and security of energy conversion systems are the major concerns in the wind energy field. 6 As known, the fault-tolerant control (FTC) is an effective solution to guarantee the continuity of service. 7,8 The use of converters has some drawbacks because the power electronic converters came with an increased possibility of component failures. ...
The wind energy conversion systems (WECS) require continuous and safer conditions during operations. In this context, the fault diagnosis of the electric generator and even the power converter are needed to improve the reliability and the availability of the WECS with low costs. This article proposes a new algorithm for real‐time open‐circuit fault diagnosis in power converter for a WECS based on permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). So, an easy and fast approach for fault detection and isolation (FDI) is developed. The proposed fault diagnosis algorithm only uses real‐time measurements of the phase currents. Indeed this approach detects simple and multiple open‐circuit switch faults and ensures immunity to false alarms when the PMSG rotation speed changes. Experimental results are presented using a 1.57 kW four poles pairs three‐phases PMSG which is directly coupled to a servomotor to emulate the wind speed. These results show that the proposed FDI approach is able to detect, to identify and to isolate the open‐phase fault in power converter connected with PMSG.
... Other faults include IGBT open and short circuits. An open circuit outcomes in fluctuations in both reactive and active power outputs [35,36]. Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) fire-through, where a switch conducts before the time decided by the switching control system, forms an intermittent short circuit that negatively influences the terminal voltage [37]. ...
There is augmented global wind power generation, a huge percentage of which is grid connected. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS) has lots of merits and, as a consequence, large numbers have been installed to date. The doubly fed induction generator wind energy conversion system operation, under both fault and steady state conditions, is of huge curiosity since it impacts on grid recital. This review research paper presents a strong look at the a variety of applied solutions to the defies of the doubly fed induction generator wind energy conversion system together with maximum power point tracking, common mode voltages, sub-synchronous resonance, modulation, losses, power quality, and faults both internal and from the grid. It also looks at move towards used to meet the more and more stringent grid codes necessities for the doubly fed induction generator wind energy conversion system to not only ride through faults but also offer voltage support. These are features of the doubly fed induction generator wind energy conversion system that are serious for system operators and prospective financiers and can also dole out as an introduction for novel entrants into this study area.
... The security of these systems, their reliability, performance, power quality and continuity of service are today the major concerns in the field of energy (Shahbazi et al., 2013b). PWM-induction motors are usually more reliable than those supplied directly online. ...
... Several researchers in the fault tolerant converter applications have obtained promising results by using an additional leg to guarantee the continuity of service, in Shahbazi et al. (2013b), the authors studied the fault tolerant six-leg converter for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). In Kong et al. (2014) and Karimi and Gaillard (2008), the authors treated the fault detection, isolation and compensation as an open-circuit and short-circuit tolerant motor drive system and (Gaillard, 2010(Gaillard, , 2008 discusses about fault tolerant AC-DC-AC single-phase to three-phase converter. ...
... In Kong et al. (2014) and Karimi and Gaillard (2008), the authors treated the fault detection, isolation and compensation as an open-circuit and short-circuit tolerant motor drive system and (Gaillard, 2010(Gaillard, , 2008 discusses about fault tolerant AC-DC-AC single-phase to three-phase converter. In the present work, we studied the same converter proposed in Shahbazi et al. (2013b) to control an electromechanical system which is induction machine. Thus, we integrate fault detection, isolation and compensation as an open-circuit tolerant induction machine and we note that how the presence of faulty switches effects on the machine function. ...
The purpose of this paper is the study of fault tolerant control with pulse large modulation (PWM) AC-DC-AC converter for supplying a three-phase rotor field oriented induction motor. The back to back converter is supplied with three-phase network and composed of a PWM rectifier and a voltage source inverter. Fault tolerant topology of AC-DC-AC converter with redundancy have been studied and associated with affective and fast method of fault detection and compensation to guarantee the continuity of service, in the presence of an open circuit failure possibility on the level of one of their legs. Although of the presence of open circuit on the level of the converter legs, the obtained simulation results show that the proposed method has the ability to maintain the good performance of the drive.
... The security of these systems, their reliability, performance, power quality and continuity of service are today the major concerns in the field of energy (Shahbazi et al., 2013b). PWM-induction motors are usually more reliable than those supplied directly online. ...
... Several researchers in the fault tolerant converter applications have obtained promising results by using an additional leg to guarantee the continuity of service, in Shahbazi et al. (2013b), the authors studied the fault tolerant six-leg converter for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). In Kong et al. (2014) and Karimi and Gaillard (2008), the authors treated the fault detection, isolation and compensation as an open-circuit and short-circuit tolerant motor drive system and (Gaillard, 2010(Gaillard, , 2008 discusses about fault tolerant AC-DC-AC single-phase to three-phase converter. ...
... In Kong et al. (2014) and Karimi and Gaillard (2008), the authors treated the fault detection, isolation and compensation as an open-circuit and short-circuit tolerant motor drive system and (Gaillard, 2010(Gaillard, , 2008 discusses about fault tolerant AC-DC-AC single-phase to three-phase converter. In the present work, we studied the same converter proposed in Shahbazi et al. (2013b) to control an electromechanical system which is induction machine. Thus, we integrate fault detection, isolation and compensation as an open-circuit tolerant induction machine and we note that how the presence of faulty switches effects on the machine function. ...
... Faults could originate internally from the machine or externally from the grid. Table 1 gives a summary of the internal faults, their effects, and solutions proposed [6,7,19,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Over 50% of internal faults are attributed to the PEC with 30% being from the DC-link capacitor. ...
The increase in wind power penetration, at 456 GW as of June 2016, has resulted in more stringent grid codes which specify that the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) must remain connected to the system during and after a grid fault and, furthermore, must offer grid support by providing reactive currents. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) WECS is a well-proven technology, having been in use in wind power generation for many years and having a large world market share due to its many merits. Newer technologies such as the direct drive gearless permanent magnet synchronous generator have come up to challenge its market share, but the large number of installed machines ensures that it remains of interest in the wind industry. This paper presents a concise introduction of the DFIG WECS covering its construction, operation, merits, demerits, modelling, control types, levels and strategies, faults and their proposed solutions, and, finally, simulation. Qualities for the optimal control strategy are then proposed. The paper is intended to cover major issues related to the DFIG WECS that are a must for an overview of the system and hence serve as an introduction especially for new entrants into this area of study.
... Other faults include IGBT open and short circuits. An open circuit results in fluctuations in both active and reactive power outputs [35,36]. IGBT fire-through, where a switch conducts before the time determined by the switching control system, forms an intermittent short circuit that negatively affects the terminal voltage [37]. ...
There is increased worldwide wind power generation, a large percentage of which is grid connected. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS) has many merits and, as a result, large numbers have been installed to date. The DFIG WECS operation, under both steady state and fault conditions, is of great interest since it impacts on grid performance. This review paper presents a condensed look at the various applied solutions to the challenges of the DFIG WECS including maximum power point tracking, common mode voltages, subsynchronous resonance, losses, modulation, power quality, and faults both internal and from the grid. It also looks at approaches used to meet the increasingly stringent grid codes requirements for the DFIG WECS to not only ride through faults but also provide voltage support. These are aspects of the DFIG WECS that are critical for system operators and prospective investors and can also serve as an introduction for new entrants into this area of study.
