Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Laying pullets were fed a diet supplemented with three percent of either high-erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil or low-erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil for 39 weeks. Egg production for the period was 78.8 and 80.1% by the birds fed the respective oils. Average egg weights were 56.8 and 58.7 g. respectively. Gains in body weight, liver weight and adren...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In thi...
This study was carried out to determine the extend of changes in erucic acid concentration of rapeseeds which were grown in Carsamba and Bafra Plains of Central Blacksea Region. In addition to field experiments, the same experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to avoid polen transfer from other sources. The first material used was 00 type rapese...
Rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) are major source of edible oil-consumed in daily life. However, the high erucic acid content in some rapeseeds is harmful to the human health. So it is essential to explore a convenient and rapid method to identify which content of erucic acid is less than 5 %. Since the derivation procedure of traditional identificati...
Naehanyuchae and Youngsanyuchae were originated from the cross between "Erra(female)" and "Tower(male)". The cultivars were made at Bioenergy Crop Research Center, National Institute of crop science, Rural Development Administration, Korea in order to develop the high cold tolerant and yielding rapeseed variety with non-erucic acid and non-glucosin...
Intense selection for specific seed qualities in winter oilseed rape breeding has had an inadvertent negative influence on seed germination performance. In a panel of 215 diverse winter oilseed rape varieties spanning over 50 years of breeding progress in winter-type rapeseed, we found that low seed erucic acid content and reduced seed glucosinolat...
Citations
... Although numerous experiments have been conducted on the feeding of rapeseed meal to laying birds, the effect on mortality cannot be evaluated from many of them because the numbers of birds per treatment were insufficient or because the test period was inadequate. Both goitrogens and erucic acid have been suggested as responsible for increased mortality when rapeseed meal is fed (Vogt et al, 1969;March and Soong, 1976). The availability of meal manufactured from Brassica napus (cv Tower), which is low in both glucosinolates and erucic acid, made possible the following experiment. ...
White Leghorn pullets of two strains were fed 20% of Tower rapeseed meal in the laying diet for one year. The rapeseed meal was manufactured with and without addition of 2% of either Tower or Midas gums. Control birds were fed a soybean meal diet. Each diet was fed to 1018 birds of two commercial lines. Rate of production during a one-year period was similar on all diets. Gums were without effect on any aspect of production. Overall mortality in the experiment was 11.7%, or 6.5% when neoplasms were excluded. There was a strain difference in the rate of mortality which was not due to any single cause. The birds fed the rapeseed meal with Midas gums had the highest mortality. The incidence of haemorrhagic lesions in various tissues was significantly affected by diet, being lowest in the birds fed the soybean meal diet and highest in the birds fed the rapeseed meal with added Midas gums.
As a class, the unsaturated carboxylic acids have been subjected to an extensive battery of studies, including acute, short‐term, and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity tests and reproductive and developmental toxicity and genotoxicity tests. Overall, these acids have a low level of mammalian toxicity, although they are strong skin and eye irritants in animal tests and are irritating to mucosal membranes in humans. For those acids for which adequate studies have been conducted, there is no evidence that they are reproductive or developmental toxicants or carcinogens. Mutagenicity and clastogenicity studies suggest that this group of acids is devoid of genotoxic activity. The biochemistry of many of these acids can be found in general textbooks. Rapid metabolism to other fatty acids may explain their general low degree of toxicity.
The poisonous plant literature is voluminous and global, with most reports centering on plant toxicoses in livestock (cattle, sheep, and horses) that cause significant annual economic losses. However, poultry can be poisoned following plant ingestion when given access to outdoor environments, or via consumption of toxin-containing cultivars of cereal grains, legumes, oilseed meals, roots and tubers, and seeds (contaminants) that can potentially be incorporated into their diets. This chapter will provide an overview of the effect of plant toxins in pullets, laying hens, and breeder hens as well as any associated effects on egg quality and reproduction. An attempt also was made to provide an historical perspective when discussing various toxicoses. Reports of poisonings in broilers, immature birds, or “chickens” or “poultry” (i.e., strain or species were not identified), or layer studies where a plant toxicant was unknown, generally will not be discussed.
The alkenoic series of carboxylic acids are obtained from such natural sources as animal tallows and greases, and vegetable, coconut, palm, and marine oils. Several have also been produced synthetically from petroleum sources. They are frequently referred to as fatty acids (C 6 –C 24 ) and have important commercial applications in plastics, coating materials, fungicides, food preservatives, lubricants, and perfumes. They have been used as softening agents for rubber and as pharmaceuticals in medicine and dentistry. Acids of this type are unstable and polymerize readily, hence offering important chemical and physical properties for use in producing esters, acid halides, acid amides, and acid anhydrides.
As a class, the unsaturated carboxylic acids have been subjected to an extensive battery of studies, including acute, short‐term, and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity tests and reproductive and developmental toxicity and genotoxicity tests. Overall, these acids have a low level of mammalian toxicity, although they are strong skin and eye irritants in animal tests and are irritating to mucosal membranes in humans. For those acids for which adequate studies have been conducted, there is no evidence that they are reproductive or developmental toxicants or carcinogens. Mutagenicity and clastogenicity studies suggest that this group of acids is devoid of genotoxic activity. The biochemistry of many of these acids can be found in general textbooks. Rapid metabolism to other fatty acids may explain their general low degree of toxicity. The physical properties and acute toxicity of saturated monocarboxylic acids are provided.
Dietary trans fatty acids are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and have been implicated in the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trans fatty acids from industrial sources (i.e., partially hydrogenated vegetable oil) have been associated with several chronic human diseases, especially coronary heart disease.
Rapeseed oilmeal (RSM) is used as a protein supplement for poultry feeds although its use has been limited because of the presence of antinutritional or toxic factors.
A total of 252, 50 week-old Isa-brown laying hens were randomly allotted to 7 groups of 3 replicates. Mustard meal (MM) which is a by-product from mustard processing plant, was dried under the sun or in a gas heated pan. It contained on DM basis 30-32% CP, 19-22% EE and 12-13% CF. The meal from either drying method was incorporated into the diets at 0, 10, 20 and 30% which was equivalent to the substitution levels for soybean meal at 0, 31, 63 and 94%, respectively. All birds were individually kept in battery cages where feed and water were freely accessed throughout 84 days experimental period. It was found that egg production, feed intake, body weight gain and egg weight significantly decreased with the increased MM level. The inclusion of 20% MM did not show a significant difference in egg production and quality from the control, but produced 6-8% lower egg production. Feed intake was linearly decreased with the MM levels, except the 10% sun dried MM group. Fat deposition of the birds fed MM diets significantly decreased, while kidney weight increased when compared with the control group. However, the weight of thyroid glands and spleen trended to be heavier in the MM groups, but this was not significantly different among dietary treatments. It was concluded, MM from both drying methods could be incorporated in laying hen diets at the level of 10% without any adverse effect.
Male broiler chickens were offered diets containing up to 30% Tower rapeseed meal, with these diets being prepared in mash or steam pelleted (crumble) form. In 4 experiments, birds receiving a maize and soya bean meal control diet showed a significant improvement in weight gain when crumbles, rather than mash diets, were used. With isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets containing rapeseed meal, no such improvement in growth rate was observed. Steam pelleting exerted no consistent effect on feed conversion. There was no significant difference in the growth rate of birds receiving mash diets irrespective of composition, while for crumbled diets, birds consuming the maize and soya bean control diet were heavier than comparable rapeseed-fed birds, with this difference being significant in 2 experiments. By adding fat, necessary to maintain rapeseed diets isocaloric, after the pelleting process, it was shown that fat per se was not responsible for failure to elicit a growth response with pelleted rapeseed meal diets. The response to pelleting was similar with diets prepared in an experimental pelleting machine at the university or by a commercial feed mill. Reduction in amino acid availability, in particular of arginine, is tentatively discussed in relation to the non-improved growth rate observed with pelleted diets containing rapeseed meal. Improvement in growth rate with pelleted vs. mash diets containing whole, raw rapeseeds is interpreted as a response to the heat treatment involved with the pelleting process.
