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The Brazilian bioenergy matrix is based on four platforms: ethanol, energy forests, residues and co-products and biodiesel. The food-energy dichotomy in the use of edible oils is one factor which has stimulated the search for non-edible oleaginous energy crops, such as many native palms. By the year 2000 Brazil had an annual deficit of 80 thousand...
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Context 1
... factor most discouraging regarding the increase of the castor crop is its low price and productivity and of course its toxicity. Castor seeds contain 45 to 52% of oil but the high viscosity of the oil (and consequently of its esters) due to the ricinoleic acid content does not impart to the oil good characteristic for bio- diesel performance (table 5). Breeding studies apart from looking for improving agronomical characteristics also take in account the search for material containing less ricinoleic acid as the oil from a wild material that has been reported by Rojas-Barros [3] exhibiting only 10% of rici- noleic acid. ...
Similar publications
Ricinoleic acid (RA), a hydroxyl fatty acid, is suitable for medical and industrial uses and is produced in high-oil-accumulating organisms such as castor bean and the ergot fungus Claviceps. We report here the efficient production of RA in a transgenic diatom Chaetoceros gracilis expressing the fatty acid hydroxylase gene (CpFAH) from Claviceps pu...
Castor plant is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family that spreads
throughout the tropical regions of the world. Increasing demand of biodiesel
and other medicinal and industrial applications for vegetable oil have
increased processing and production of castor oil worldwide. Ricinoleic acid
is the most important component of castor oil. It has a var...
Abstract: Lesquerella is a potential industrial oilseed crop that makes hydroxy fatty acid (HFA).
Unlike castor its seeds are not poisonous but accumulate lesquerolic acid mostly at the sn-1 and
sn-3 positions of triacylglycerol (TAG), whereas castor contains ricinoleic acid (18:1OH) at all
three positions. To investigate whether lesquerella can be...
This work deals tribological characterization of a variety of estolides, obtained from both oleic and ricinoleic acids, using different acid-catalysed synthesis protocols, and their blends with vegetable (high-oleic sunflower, HOSO, and castor, CO) oils. Estolides were added at concentrations of 15% w/w. A homogenous blend was obtained in all cases...
In the perspective to valorize Cameroonian castor bean (Ricinus communis L), physico-chemical properties of oil and cake from seeds of three accessions of this plant originated from the Sudano-sahelian and Sudano-guinean zones of Cameroon were assessed. Seeds oil extracted by soxhlet method using hexane exhibited contents varying significantly (p<0...
Citations
... Because of the -OH group and the extra double bonds, HFAs are high-value oleochemicals with broad industrial applications, such as surfactants, lubricants, cosmetics, and antibacterial agents, and are the precursors for the synthesis of biodegradable bioplastics, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and additives for enhancing lubricity of biodiesel (Carlsson et al., 2011;Beaudoin et al., 2014;Aznar-Moreno and Durrett, 2017). However, much of the HFAs used in industry are sourced from oil from the seed of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis), which contains highly toxic compounds (ricin and agglutinin) and strong allergens (2S albumin and 11S globulin) (Lago, 2009;Ashraf Ashfaq et al., 2018). Because of this, the production of castor oil is banned in the United States, and the U.S. imports many thousands of tons of castor oil from developing countries such as India (over 60,789 tons of castor oil in 2017, worth $96 million U.S. dollars (FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database)). ...
... Because of the -OH group and the extra double bonds, HFAs are high-value oleochemicals with broad industrial applications, such as surfactants, lubricants, cosmetics, and antibacterial agents, and are the precursors for the synthesis of biodegradable bioplastics, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and additives for enhancing lubricity of biodiesel (Carlsson et al., 2011;Beaudoin et al., 2014;Aznar-Moreno and Durrett, 2017). However, much of the HFAs used in industry are sourced from oil from the seed of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis), which contains highly toxic compounds (ricin and agglutinin) and strong allergens (2S albumin and 11S globulin) (Lago, 2009;Ashraf Ashfaq et al., 2018). Because of this, the production of castor oil is banned in the United States, and the U.S. imports many thousands of tons of castor oil from developing countries such as India (over 60,789 tons of castor oil in 2017, worth $96 million U.S. dollars (FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database)). ...
Paysonia auriculata (Brassicaceae) produces multiple hydroxy fatty acids as major components of the seed oil. We tracked the changes in seed oil composition and gene expression during development, starting 14 days after flowers had been pollinated. Seed oil changes showed initially higher levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) but little accumulation of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs). Starting 21 days after pollination (DAP) HFA content sharply increased, and reached almost 30% at 28 DAP. Total seed oil also increased from a low of approximately 2% at 14 DAP to a high of approximately 20% by 42 DAP. We identified almost all of the fatty acid synthesis and modification genes that are known from Arabidopsis, and, in addition, a strong candidate for the hydroxylase gene that mediates the hydroxylation of fatty acids to produce valuable hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) in this species. The gene expression network revealed is very similar to that of the emerging oil crop, Physaria fendleri, in the sister genus to Paysonia. Phylogenetic analyses indicate the hydroxylase enzyme, FAH12, evolved only once in Paysonia and Physaria, and that the enzyme is closely related to FAD2 enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses of FAD2 and FAH12 in the Brassicaceae and outgroup genera suggest that the branch leading to the hydroxylase clade of Paysonia and Physaria is under relaxed selection, compared with the strong purifying selection found across the FAD2 lineages.
... Renewable energy research is receiving increasing attention in the last decade. It is reported that the consumption of petroleum is 105 times faster than what nature can provide and until now the world's fossil fuel reserves will decrease until 2050 [1], [2]. Meanwhile, fuel consumption is expected to increase by 60% or more over the next 25 years. ...
... d. Renewable resources: This is related to the use of renewable materials in the production process [2], [14]- [18]. ...
This mini review discusses the roles of intensification process in biodiesel production. Due to the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry as a foundation for sustainability, the shorter time and efficient energy consumption highlighted the use of microwave and ultrasound irradiation for increasing conversion of biodiesel. The principles and some examples for the process are exhibited. It can be summarized that the intensifications are important innovations, but some optimization and life cycle analysis are required in applicable scales.
... In Mexico, there have been some studies focusing mainly on theoretical models for the optimization of supply chains, trying to position biorefineries in areas with higher concentration of air transport, however, it has not been possible to reach an optimal location because some factors are hypothetical values (Lago, 2009). ...
This paper aims to analyze the current state of the main actors involved in the liquid biofuels supply chains, specifically biodiesel, in the southeast of Mexico with the goal of identifying the feasibility of establishing biofuel supply chains in the country. A brief description of the production process of biodiesel from castor oil seed is also included. In this case, the management of the supply chain is described, from the organization of the farmers to the refinement of biodiesel and its sale to the end consumer.
... These wastes cannot be utilized as food or feed for animals due to the presence of different antinutritional and toxic (potentially fatal) components, such as karanjin, pongamol (Pongamia), ricin (castor), and phorbol ester (Jatropha). 39,40 Furthermore, the utilization of these biowastes (generated during the conversion of nonedible oilseeds to biodiesel) is also necessary to improve the economic and environmental scenario for downstream application. It is seen that the chemical composition of solid residues obtained from oilseeds are comparable to various biomass feedstocks. ...
Rural India generates a large amount of biomass wastes and a significant portion of these wastes are cleared by burning, which releases various environmental pollutants. The use of technologically advanced methods holds great potential for converting waste biomass into various forms of energy in a sustainable manner. Biorefineries based on thermochemical platforms (especially pyrolysis) maximize the value generated from heterogeneous feedstock as they can convert almost all types of feedstocks into various biofuels and chemicals. Some major issues plaguing rural India, energy security, unemployment, water purification, and restoration of natural resources like soil, can be partially resolved using these biomass wastes in a biorefinery approach. Government schemes/policies also play a major role in the establishment of rural biorefineries in areas with high biomass resources/wastes. In this chapter, the generation potential of biomass wastes with special reference to agricultural wastes in rural India, the suitability of thermochemical technologies for the conversion of these wastes in a biorefinery approach, and their implementation in the sustainable development of these areas are reviewed.
... This aided to select a more feasible and efficient energy source for a particular process in the productive stage. Table 1 shows that enthalpy from vegetable oils is relatively small when compared to other technical energy sources, therefore, it is more useful to utilize the vegetative oil without any processing, i.e. using it as biomaterial is energetically more fuctional as it express its highest efficirncy (Lago, 2009). While, when vegetative oil is transformed into biodiesel around 27%, of energy is utilized just for moving forward the required procedures for the conversion. ...
Introduction:
Energy balance trial allows to carefully allocating any inputs for field production of the crop as well as, dosing precisely the amount of energy required for each process, thus determining the efficiency when energy transformation inside the crop is required for a certain task.
Method:
Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) as an energetic crop was field drillet and cultural practices were undertaken for crop growth and at harvest, the whole plant was collected where each constituent was tested for its energy concentration. Thus, to reach for an energy balance calculation; bilological energy figures from higuerilla plant were compared with technical and physical energy application for crop cultivation and processing.
Results:
Entire energy applied for crop growth is 28% higher that energy obtained from higuerilla plant. Also, biomass of whole castor oil plant except seeds generates twice energy than oil from seeds, so whole crop harvesting has to be promoted.
Conclusion:
Oil from sedes should de used as biomaterial, since there is a positive balance by 15%.
... Chemical analyzes made on JKM showed that it mainly consist of crude protein and EE (580 g/kg in DM). The levels of crude protein and ash were similar with those obtained by Aderibigbe et al. (1997); Makkar et al. (1997); Makkar et al. (1998); Achten et al. (2008) and Lago (2009), but the values in EE and especially in crude fiber were higher. ...
Jatropha curcas is a drought-resistant shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The kernel contains approximately 60 % lipid in dry matter, and the meal obtained after oil extraction could be an exceptional source of protein for family poultry farming, in the absence of curcin and, especially, some diterpene derivatives phorbol esters that are partially lipophilic. The nutrient digestibility of J. curcas kernel meal (JKM), obtained after partial physicochemical deoiling was thus evaluated in broiler chickens. Twenty broiler chickens, 6 weeks old, were maintained in individual metabolic cages and divided into four groups of five animals, according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design where deoiled JKM was incorporated into grinded corn at 0, 4, 8, and 12 % levels (diets 0, 4, 8, and 12 J), allowing measurement of nutrient digestibility by the differential method. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of diets was affected to a low extent by JKM (85 and 86 % in 0 J and 81 % in 12 J, respectively) in such a way that DM and OM digestibility of JKM was estimated to be close to 50 %. The ether extract (EE) digestibility of JKM remained high, at about 90 %, while crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) digestibility were largely impacted by JKM, with values closed to 40 % at the highest levels of incorporation. J. curcas kernel presents various nutrient digestibilities but has adverse effects on CP and CF digestibility of the diet. The effects of an additional heat or biological treatment on JKM remain to be assessed.
Castor plant is one of the potential plants producing oil that was commercially used by chemical industries. Castor plant is widely cultivated all around the world, especially in some countries like India, China, and Brazil, with the seed yield averages of around 700–1100 kg/ha. The oil has been produced approximately 1400 years ago and was considered as an important natural chemical resource for manufacturing lubricant, coating, toiletries, biodiesel, etc. Up to now, the oil is increasingly consumed worldwide from year to year, so the castor oil production is not sufficiently meet with world demand. Refer to these facts, the interdisciplinary approach for castor oil production and future perspective is an interesting topic. This chapter discusses many aspects of castor oil, including the cultivation, technical processing, chemical and physical quality, and its economic potency in the scheme of renewable chemicals and energy.
Burning of fossil fuels is one of the main drivers accelerating the climate change. COP21 agreement adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference has addressed the climate change. In order to comply with the targets the countries need to implement energy transition from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. Biofuels are one of the alternatives for fossil fuels in transportation. Though the constraints for their deployment include the low commercialization level, limited resource availability, uncertainty regarding cost competitiveness with fossil fuels, sustainability concerns and better alternatives in the future such as synthetic fuels. The objective of the thesis is to assess the biofuels contribution towards the global energy transition from the different perspectives such as technology, resources, economics, sustainability and alternative options. The work is based on secondary data, which was collected and analyzed. The cost calculations were done by means of levelized cost of fuel formula. The cost projections for biofuels were done based on the feedstock cost estimations for the future. The findings have shown that there are many types of biofuels but only conventional biofuels, which are generally associated with sustainability constraints, are commercially available. Nowadays the United States corn and Brazilian sugarcane ethanol are the major biofuels on the market. Sugarcane ethanol has excellent emission reduction, good energy return on energy investment as well as dramatically decreasing costs in the future. Whereas corn ethanol has average emission reduction performance and energy return on energy investment as well as its costs slightly grow in the future. Therefore it is clear that sugarcane ethanol will stay on the market long time in the future while corn ethanol will be extruded by a cheaper and more sustainable alternative. Biofuels cannot satisfy the global transportation demand alone so their contribution towards global energy transition is limited. Thus, there should be an energy mix of conventional and advanced biofuels, synthetic fuels and electrification of transport aimed at satisfying the demand of different transportation sectors.
