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Feeding systems, slaughter age and other production techniques notably influence the nutrient content of red meat. The modernization of the different South African production systems since the previous nutrient composition studies, justifies the necessity to update existing knowledge on the nutritional profile of South African produced beef. In add...
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... trimmed of the subcutaneous (outside) fat cover after cooking, culled, grain-finished, age C animals had significantly more fat than young grain-finished age A animals ( Table 7). When trimmed of all visible fat, i.e. trimmed of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat with only marbling (intramuscular fat) remaining, young animals from feedlots (age A) contained significantly less fat (P = 0.007) than the other groups (Table 8). Translated to human consumption, a 100 g portion of trimmed beef from young age A animals from grain-based feeding systems would contain between 3 g and 4 g less fat per 100 g than beef from grass-or forage-based feeding systems. ...
Context 2
... evaluating specific fatty acids, no statistically significant differences are seen for either total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content between untrimmed edible portions of South African beef from different production systems or age groups (Table 6). However, when fully trimmed (Table 8) significantly differences were noted. Not only is total fat content lower, but the total saturated fat content is significantly lower in fully trimmed age A, grain-fed animals (P = 0.003) compared to animals from the other groups (Table 8). ...
Context 3
... when fully trimmed (Table 8) significantly differences were noted. Not only is total fat content lower, but the total saturated fat content is significantly lower in fully trimmed age A, grain-fed animals (P = 0.003) compared to animals from the other groups (Table 8). A 100 g fully trimmed serving of South African age A beef from grain-based feeding will deliver at least 1 g less saturated fat than the same serving of grass-fed beef. ...
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Citations
... Therefore, an imbalance or low in mineral level is effective on microbial activity and rumen fermentation (Singh, 2021). In addition, minerals play a very important role in meat quality, as they affect some characteristics such as color and texture of red meat, (Schönfeldt andHall, 2015, Domaradzki et al., 2016). Regarding energy production, besides the role in ...
In this study, the effects of boron sources such as colemanite, ulexite and etibor-48 supplementation on meat quality and fatty acid composition of Akkaraman lambs weaned at 2.5 months of age were investigated. In the study, 50 single Akkaraman male lambs weaned at the age of 2.5 months were used as animal material. Concentrated containing (17.56% CP and 2600 Kcal/kg ME) and forage (meadow hay) were used as feed material. Colemanite (50.8% B2O2, Ca2B6O11.5H2O), ulexite (43% B2O3, NaCaB5O9.8H2O) and etibor-48 (48%, Na2(OH)2.8H2O) as boron sources were used. The highest protein content of Akkaraman lamb meat was obtained from C and S groups, and the lowest in L group (P
... The mineral profile of beef is affected by a wide range of intrinsic factors such as muscle type (Czerwonka and Szterk, 2015), animal breed (Valaitienė et al., 2016;Patel et al., 2019), sex and age (Giuffrida-Mendoza et al., 2007;Schönfeldt and Hall, 2015); extrinsic factors such as diet (de Freitas et al., 2014;Schönfeldt and Hall, 2015) and processing protocol (Ramos et al., 2012) also play considerable roles. The only difference observed in mineral concentrations of beef across the three pastures was for numerically significant elevations, but biologically small differences, in Mg and Na for PP and MG finished beef, respectively, which are likely related to intake differences (Mg was higher in PP silage and Na was higher in MG pasture). ...
... The mineral profile of beef is affected by a wide range of intrinsic factors such as muscle type (Czerwonka and Szterk, 2015), animal breed (Valaitienė et al., 2016;Patel et al., 2019), sex and age (Giuffrida-Mendoza et al., 2007;Schönfeldt and Hall, 2015); extrinsic factors such as diet (de Freitas et al., 2014;Schönfeldt and Hall, 2015) and processing protocol (Ramos et al., 2012) also play considerable roles. The only difference observed in mineral concentrations of beef across the three pastures was for numerically significant elevations, but biologically small differences, in Mg and Na for PP and MG finished beef, respectively, which are likely related to intake differences (Mg was higher in PP silage and Na was higher in MG pasture). ...
The role of beef in human diets has been questioned over the last few decades, due largely to its typically high mass-based carbon footprint. However, recent advancements in sustainability literature challenge this paradigm based on the new theory that climate impacts of food commodities should be measured relative to their overall nutritional value rather than their nominal mass. This shift has opened a new opportunity for the global beef industry, and especially for pasture-based systems that can avoid food-feed competition for land and other resources, as beef is a nutritionally dense food. Nonetheless, the sector’s true capability to supply a wide range of nutrients for humans, consistently across multiple systems under multiple weather patterns, has not been well-documented. Using whole-system datasets from the North Wyke Farm Platform in the South West of England, we investigated the nutritional value of beef produced from the three most common pasture systems in temperate regions: permanent pasture (PP), grass and white clover (GWC) and a short-term monoculture grass ley (MG). Beef produced from these three pasture systems was analysed for key nutrients (fatty acids, minerals and vitamin E) over three production cycles (2015–2017) to determine potential differences between systems. Fatty acid, mineral and vitamin E profiles of the pasture and silage fed to each group were also assessed, with subtle differences between pastures reported. For beef, subtle differences were also observed between systems, with GWC having higher omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations than PP and MG. However, the overall nutritional quality of beef was found to be largely comparable across all systems, suggesting that temperate pasture-based beef can be classified as a single commodity in future sustainability assessments, regardless of specific sward types. A 100 g serving of temperate pasture-based beef was found to be a high source (>20% recommended daily intake: RDI) of protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, vitamins – B2, B3, B12 and minerals – Fe, P, Zn; a good source (10–19% RDI) of vitamin – B6 and mineral – K; and a complementary source (5–9% RDI) of omega-3 PUFA, vitamin – B9 and minerals – Cu, Mg, Se. The nutritional value of a food item should be used in defining its environmental cost (e.g. carbon footprint) to make fair comparisons across different food groups (e.g. protein sources). Here, we showed that pasture-based beef had a nutrient indexed carbon footprint of between 0.19 and 0.23 Kg CO2-eq/1% RDI of key nutrients.
... Therefore, minerals are relevant, so their characterization in beef and exploring their relation with animal performance and beef quality becomes important. However, as several studies have shown that type and concentrations of minerals in beef are affected by several factors, such as the animal's breed, sex, age, diet and water intake, farm management system, environmental conditions [5][6][7], muscle type and cooking procedure [8]. The mineral content of beef has been studied in particular in relation to its value as a nutrient for humans [9,10] and, although less frequently, in relation to the adequacy of the animals' dietary mineral supply [1]. ...
Minerals in meat vary with different extrinsic and intrinsic sources; therefore, we aimed to quantify different sources of variation in mineral profile of beef. Longissimus thoracis muscle (N.182) from young bulls and heifers was analysed using ICP‐OES for 6 macrominerals, 5 essential microminerals and 9 environmental microminerals. Results of mixed models show that breed and sex have little effect on mineral profile. Major sources of variation, such as farm, individual animal within farm and side/sample within animal, differed markedly from mineral to mineral, affecting reproducibility coefficients. Multivariate factor analysis revealed that five latent factors explained 69% of the co‐variance of 20 minerals. The first was a quantitative factor, followed by others based on Na‐Fe‐Cu, on K‐B‐Pb, on Fe‐Mn and on Zn content, respectively. In conclusion, minerals’ major source of variation depends on complex relationships between the animal’s genetics, physiology, farm environment, management and feeding, whose understanding is favoured by latent factor analyses.
... Therefore, minerals are relevant, so their characterization in beef and exploring their relation with animal performance and beef quality becomes important. However, as several studies have shown that type and concentrations of minerals in beef are affected by several factors, such as the animal's breed, sex, age, diet and water intake, farm management system, environmental conditions [5][6][7], muscle type and cooking procedure [8]. The mineral content of beef has been studied in particular in relation to its value as a nutrient for humans [9,10] and, although less frequently, in relation to the adequacy of the animals' dietary mineral supply [1]. ...
The mineral profile of beef is a subject of human health interest, but also animal performance and meat quality. This study analyzes the relationships of 20 minerals in beef inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with three animal performance and 13 beef quality traits analyzed on 182 samples of Longissimus thoracis. Animals’ breed and sex showed limited effects. The major sources of variation (farm/date of slaughter, individual animal within group and side/sample within animal) differed greatly from trait to trait. Mineral contents were correlated to animal performance and beef quality being significant 52 out of the 320 correlations at the farm/date level, and 101 out of the 320 at the individual animal level. Five latent factors explained 69% of mineral co-variation. The most important, “Mineral quantity” factor correlated with age at slaughter and with the beef color traits. Two latent factors (“Na + Fe + Cu” and “Fe + Mn”) correlated with performance and beef color traits. Two other (“K-B-Pb” and “Zn”) correlated with beef chemical composition and the latter also with carcass weight and daily gain, and beef color traits. Beef cooking losses correlated with “K-B-Pb”. Latent factor analysis appears be a useful means of disentangling the very complex relationships that the minerals in beef have with animal performance and beef quality traits.
... Therefore, minerals are relevant, so their characterization in beef and exploring their relation with animal performance and beef quality becomes important. However, as several studies have shown that type and concentrations of minerals in beef are affected by several factors, such as the animal's breed, sex, age, diet and water intake, farm management system, environmental conditions [5][6][7], muscle type and cooking procedure [8]. The mineral content of beef has been studied in particular in relation to its value as a nutrient for humans [9,10] and, although less frequently, in relation to the adequacy of the animals' dietary mineral supply [1]. ...
Mineral profile of beef interests human health, but also animal performance and meat quality. This study analyzes the relationships of 20 minerals in beef (ICP-OES) with 3 animal performance and 13 meat quality traits analyzed on 182 samples of Longissimus thoracis. Animals’ breed and sex showed limited effects. The major sources of variation (farm/date of slaughter, individual animal within group and side/sample within animal) differed greatly from trait to trait. Mineral contents were correlated to animal performance and meat quality being significant 52 out of the 320 correlations at the farm/date level, and 101 out of the 320 at the individual animal level. Five latent factors explained 69% of mineral co-variation. The most important, “Mineral quantity” factor correlated with age at slaughter and with the meat color traits. Two latent factors (“Na+Fe+Cu” and “Fe+Mn”) correlated with performance and meat color traits. Two other (“K-B-Pb” and “Zn”) correlated with meat chemical composition and the latter also with carcass weight and daily gain, and meat color traits. Meat cooking losses correlated with “K-B-Pb”. Latent factor analysis appears be a useful means of disentangling the very complex relationships that the minerals in meat have with animal performance and meat quality traits.
... Therefore, minerals are relevant, so their characterization in beef and exploring their relation with animal performance and beef quality becomes important. However, as several studies have shown that type and concentrations of minerals in beef are affected by several factors, such as the animal's breed, sex, age, diet and water intake, farm management system, environmental conditions [5][6][7], muscle type and cooking procedure [8]. The mineral content of beef has been studied in particular in relation to its value as a nutrient for humans [9,10] and, although less frequently, in relation to the adequacy of the animals' dietary mineral supply [1]. ...
The investigation aimed to carry out the In-vitro antimicrobial activities of the benzene and chloroform extract of Mucuna pruriens seeds. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined by the agar well diffusion method against various gram positive, gram negative and spore forming microorganisms and fungi. The chloroform and benzene extract of M. pruriens shown antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms E.coli, Candida albicans, Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Arthrobacter protothormiae but chloroform extract shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Arthrobacter protothormiae. The results obtained in the study shows that chloroform extract of M. pruriens has more antimicrobial activity against Arthrobacter protothormiae because it shown large diameter of Zone of Inhibition (ZI).
... Therefore, minerals are relevant, so their characterization in beef and exploring their relation with animal performance and beef quality becomes important. However, as several studies have shown that type and concentrations of minerals in beef are affected by several factors, such as the animal's breed, sex, age, diet and water intake, farm management system, environmental conditions [5][6][7], muscle type and cooking procedure [8]. The mineral content of beef has been studied in particular in relation to its value as a nutrient for humans [9,10] and, although less frequently, in relation to the adequacy of the animals' dietary mineral supply [1]. ...
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm that are utilized as drug delivery agents. The blood brain barrier represents an insurmountable obstacle for a large number of drugs including antibiotics, antineoplastic and a variety of CNS active drugs especially neuropeptides. One of the possibilities to overcome this barrier is a drug delivery to brain using nanoparticles. The use of nanoparticles to deliver drugs to the brain across the blood brain barrier may provide a significant advantage to current strategies. The primary advantage of nanoparticles carrier technology is that nanoparticles mask the blood brain barrier limiting the characteristics of the therapeutics, drug molecules and it also decreasing peripheral toxicity by causing slow drug release in the brain. The nanoparticles may be especially helpful for the treatment of the disseminated and very aggressive brain tumors. The mechanism of nanoparticles mediated transport of drugs is mostly endocytosis by endothelial cells lining the brain blood capillaries. Physiological factors such as phagocytic activity of reticulo endothelial system and opsonization may limit the amount of brain delivered drug.
... Therefore, minerals are relevant, so their characterization in beef and exploring their relation with animal performance and beef quality becomes important. However, as several studies have shown that type and concentrations of minerals in beef are affected by several factors, such as the animal's breed, sex, age, diet and water intake, farm management system, environmental conditions [5][6][7], muscle type and cooking procedure [8]. The mineral content of beef has been studied in particular in relation to its value as a nutrient for humans [9,10] and, although less frequently, in relation to the adequacy of the animals' dietary mineral supply [1]. ...
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently used for many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The high demand for these biopharmaceuticals has led to the development of large-scale manufacturing processes, with productivity improvements being mainly achieved by optimization of bioreactor systems. However, more recently, the early steps of production, previous to bioreactor culture, have been presented as alternative areas where productivity enhancements can be achieved. Selection of the most suitable clones is also a critical step that can be improved, by including variables other than the expression level, which is still the common practice. Furthermore, strategies of cell engineering, although still mostly based on trial-and-error experimentation and not in standard protocols, hold great interest to improve cell growth and productivity, as well as product quality in the future. Monoclonal antibodies can be designed that have customized affinityand specificity against drugs of abuse,in vivo pharmacokineticcharacteristics can be tailored to suit specific clinicalapplications (eg, long-acting for relapse prevention, or short-acting for overdose). Passive immunization with antibodies against drugs of abuse has several advantages over active immunization, but because large doses of monoclonal antibodies may be needed for each patient, efficient antibody production technology is essential.
... Therefore, minerals are relevant, so their characterization in beef and exploring their relation with animal performance and beef quality becomes important. However, as several studies have shown that type and concentrations of minerals in beef are affected by several factors, such as the animal's breed, sex, age, diet and water intake, farm management system, environmental conditions [5][6][7], muscle type and cooking procedure [8]. The mineral content of beef has been studied in particular in relation to its value as a nutrient for humans [9,10] and, although less frequently, in relation to the adequacy of the animals' dietary mineral supply [1]. ...
Aquasomes are one of the most recently developed delivery system for bioactive molecules like peptide, protein, hormones, antigens and genes to specific sites. Aquasomes are spherical in shape with 60-300 nm particles size. Aquasomes are called as "bodies of water" their water like properties protect and preserve fragile biological molecules. Its high degree of surface exposure is used in targeting of bio-active molecules to specific sites. Three types of core materials are mainly used for producing aquasomes: Tin oxide, Nanocrystalline carbon ceramics and Brushite. Calcium phosphate is the core of interest, due to its natural presence in the body. The brushite is unstable and converts to hydroxyapatite upon prolong storage and seems a better core for the preparation of aquasomes. The delivery system has been successfully utilized for the delivery of insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes like serratiopeptidase etc. Conformational integrity of aquasomes exploited as a red blood cell substitutes, vaccines for delivery of viral antigen to evoke correct antibody. Aquasome deliver their content through specific targeting, molecular sheiling and slow sustained release process.
The objective of this review was to determine whether the current South African red meat classification system still needs to be revised and changed or maintained. It also gives insight into the most significant challenges related to meat quality evaluation in this system. Red Meat Research and Development South Africa (RMRD SA) was requested to lead an investigation into the relevance of the current South African red meat classification system. A final decision was made to maintain the system as it was in 2016. Nonetheless, it is still unclear whether consumers buy meat according to the standards set by the system, since it is mostly understood and practised efficiently by middlemen, especially abattoir operators. The general perception that this system is not quality based, but descriptive, has resulted in seeming non-transparency among some red meat industry stakeholders. Although the red meat industry is emphasizing that a quality assurance system remains too expensive to be implemented in South Africa and that the current system should be sustained, there is still room for revising it. All predictions in this review indicate that the present system cannot satisfy all the needs of the current consumer. The system seems to be inclined towards meat traders, since it is value based and may not reflect the expectations and needs of consumers in terms of meat quality. This paper therefore concluded that the South African red meat classification system still needs to be revised and more research should be done for it to become more effective.
