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CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing. (A) Gene targeting and sgRNA construction. sgRNA expression constructs with 20bp target sequence (B) Expression construct for Cas9 and sgRNA (C) CRISPR/Cas9 system-based genome editing is DNA, DSBs (double-strand breaks) at target loci. DSBs induced genetic medication by two pathways: homology-directed mediated repair (HDR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The NHEJ process results in mutation and deletions.
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Commercially important palms (oil palm, coconut, and date palm) are widely grown perennial trees with tremendous commercial significance due to food, edible oil, and industrial applications. The mounting pressure on the human population further reinforces palms’ importance, as they are essential crops to meet vegetable oil needs around the globe. V...
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Coconut (Cocos nuciferaL.) is a multipurpose plantation crop with versatile uses, including as a refreshing drink, edible oil, and, nutraceuticals. Its nutraceutical properties have increased demand in global markets. However, coconut productivity remains low owing to inadequate improved planting materials. This challenge has created a high demand...
Citations
... CRISPR/Cas9 technology has marked a transformative era in conservation and sustainability, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency in genetic editing [94]. This technology has emerged as a cornerstone in addressing some of the most pressing environmental challenges, from preserving biodiversity [95,96]. CRISPR/Cas9 has been applied in various iconic cases for conservation and sustainability, including enhancing conservation, advancing fish aquaculture, and addressing extinction challenges through gene editing [97][98][99]. ...
... The positive reception of CRISPR/Cas9 among farmers, especially in developing blast-resistant rice, reflects the agricultural community's acknowledgment of its potential to foster sustainable 15 agricultural systems [102]. The idea is similarly reflected in the examination of CRISPR/Cas9 for breeding maize and wheat and in developing resistance against Cotton leaf curl virus in model plants [96], highlighting its role in promoting sustainable agriculture. ...
CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as the predominant method for genome editing due to its cost-effectiveness and broad applicability, playing a crucial role in advancing sustainable practices across various sectors. This systematic review leverages the PRISMA methodology to explore CRISPR/Cas9's impact on environmental protection, thereby supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Analyzing data from the Web of Science, the review found significant growth in related publications, with a 30% increase since 2014, predominantly from the US, China, Germany, and the UK. The study categorizes the scientific developments into three trends: advancements in agriculture, gene editing techniques, and biofuel production. Key discussions include the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in developing fourth-generation biofuels and environmental biosensors, as well as its applications in enhancing genetic resilience and controlling invasive species. These innovations highlight CRISPR/Cas9's potential in promoting sustainable resource management and energy generation, marking a pivotal contribution to ecological conservation and sustainability efforts.
... CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a valuable tool for genetic improvement in woody perennials (Khan et al. 2022b), and targeted sequence insertion or deletion can modify the expression patterns of TFs. A functional comparison of the WOX orthologs in diverse plant species and its application in constructing WOX mutants by CRISPR/ Cas9-based genome editing will help achieve sustainable production goals. ...
The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors (TFs) belong to the homeodomain (HD) family. WOX TFs are involved in various regulatory pathways related to plant growth and development. In addition to their recognized role in various development processes, many reports suggest that they play a key role in abiotic stress perception in plants. However, their underlying molecular mechanisms have rarely been studied in horticultural crops. WOXs govern the transcription of the target genes through specific binding to the cis-regulatory elements present in their promoters. Additionally, they associate with other factors to form a specific pathway regulating numerous abiotic stress responses. Here, we review the recent advances in the multifaceted functions of WOXs in the complex, developmental, and abiotic stress-sensing networks, with particular emphasis on regulating the related genes and other TFs. In addition, we suggest that WOXs are essential components of the gene regulatory networks involved in the response of plants to abiotic stress tolerance and aim to provide a reference for future research.
... Additionally, the applicability of somatic embryogenesis goes beyond clonal multiplication of superior genotypes. This approach opens the possibility of obtaining oil palm plants using modern biotechnological techniques such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which raises expectations of producing new genetic variants (Bortesi and Fischer 2015;Khan et al. 2022) that are more productive and adapted to changing agroclimatic conditions. Several studies on somatic embryogenesis in oil palm can already be found in the literature (Gomes et al. 2017;Almeida et al. 2019;Silva-Cardoso et al. 2022a). ...
In oil palm, somatic embryogenesis is one of the few methods available for clonal propagation of elite individuals that have already been phenotyped in the field. In this study, we evaluated somatic embryogenesis in immature leaves of adult oil palm plants, with particular focus on the use of temporary immersion systems, and analyzed the genetic and epigenetic fidelity of the resulting clones. Leaf segments identified as belonging to regions L1 to L8 of the heart of palm were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 450 µM Picloram, 0.5 g L− 1 glutamine, 30 g L− 1 sucrose, and 2.5 g L− 1 activated charcoal to induce callogenesis. The resulting calli were then multiplied using different culture systems: semi-solid, stirred liquid, recipient for automated temporary immersion (RITA®), and twin flask bioreactor. Subsequently, differentiation of somatic embryos was carried out in MS medium supplemented with 12.3 µM 2-iP and 0.54 µM NAA. The regeneration phase involved culturing calli with clusters of somatic embryos in the torpedo stage using semi-solid, RITA®, and twin flask systems. At the end of the culture, the genetic and epigenetic fidelity of the regenerated plants was evaluated by ISSR and MS-AFLP markers, respectively. The analysis revealed that callus formation occurred in all leaves except L1. However, leaves collected at L4, L5, and L7 showed significantly higher callus formation rates, averaging around 10%. Stirred liquid medium and the RITA® system exhibited the highest rates of fresh biomass and dry biomass growth for callus multiplication. In terms of regeneration, the best results were obtained with RITA® bioreactors, which led to an average of 14.1 plants per gram of inoculated material. With this system, no variations were observed in the DNA sequence of the regenerated plants, and indices of epigenetic methylation pattern changes as well as DNA hypomethylation rates were lower than in other tested systems.
... On the other hand, the increase in market demand for coconut products has been noticed in recent years. Therefore, replanting with genetically improved coconut cultivars is urgently required to maintain supply to meet the growing demand for coconut products [15,16]. At a meeting of the International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT), it was decided to replant coconut palms on a large scale to fulfill the growing demands [17]. ...
... The availability of draft nuclear genome sequences of dwarf and tall coconut types provides an excellent opportunity to understand the gene regulatory mechanism involved in somatic embryogenesis [139,140]. The Coconut Research Institute at the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS) has been working on the construction of a mutant library via CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing to reveal gene functioning in coconut [16]. The palm family multiomics database (Arecaceae) is available online through Hainan University; Arecaceae MDB: Arecaceae Multiomics Database (http://arecaceae-gdb.com/, ...
The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial, cross-pollinated, oil-bearing tropical forest tree. Recently, the demand for coconut goods has surged to 5 to 10 times its former value; however, coconut production is in jeopardy. Coconut senility is one of the most apparent factors that influence productivity. Adequate replanting is urgently required to maintain the growing demand for coconut products. However, coconut palm mass replanting might not be possible with traditional approaches. To overcome this snag, micropropagation via somatic embryogenesis (SE) has enormous potential for proficient clonal propagation in the coconut palm. During SE, the stimulation of cell proliferation, acquisition of embryogenic cell competence, and induction of somatic embryos undergo a series of developmental events. This phenomenon requires regulation in gene expression patterns and the activation of specific signaling pathways. This review summarizes gene regulatory mechanisms involved in the cell cycle, dedifferentiation, totipotency, embryo initiation, and meristem development during somatic embryo formation. Plant hormonal signal transduction is also highlighted during the formation of SE in coconut.
Oil crops are the second most cultivated economic crop in the world after food crops, and they are an important source of both edible and industrial oil. The growth of oil crops is limited by biotic and abiotic stresses, which hinder their yield and quality. Among all the agronomic measures, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) play a crucial role in improving the yield, quality, and adaptability of oil crops. In this review, we considered the recent research on the sources of beneficial bacteria and their interactions with and influences on host plants, with a focus on summarizing the important roles and molecular mechanisms of PGPB in promoting growth and resisting biotic and abiotic stresses in oil crops. Finally, we outlined the current opportunities and challenges of microbial strategies for the improvement of the yield, quality, and adaptability of oil crops, providing a theoretical basis for the future use of microbial inoculants in these crops.
Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) is a soil-borne fungus threatening oil palm at the present. It causes basal stem rot disease on oil palm. Within six months, this fungus can cause an oil palm plantation to suffer a significant 43% economic loss. The high persistence and nature of spread of G. boninense in soil make control of the disease challenging. Therefore, controlling the pathogen requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that underlie pathogenicity as well as its interactions with host plants. In this paper, we present the general characteristics, the pathogenic mechanisms, and the host’s defensive system of G. boninense. We also review upcoming and most promising techniques for disease management that will have the least negative effects on the environment and natural resources.
Plants evolve stress-specific responses that sense changes in their external environmental conditions and develop various mechanisms for acclimatization and survival. Calcium (Ca2+ ) is an essential stress-sensing secondary messenger in plants. Ca2+ sensors, including calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calmodulins (CaMs), CaM-like proteins (CMLs), and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), are involved in jasmonates (JAs) signaling and biosynthesis. Moreover, JAs are phospholipid-derived phytohormones that control plant response to abiotic stresses. The JAs signaling pathway affects hormone-receptor gene transcription by binding to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. MYC2 acts as a master regulator of JAs signaling module assimilated through genes. Ca2+ sensor CML regulates MYC2 and is involved in a distinct mechanism mediating JAs signaling during abiotic stresses. This review highlights the pivotal role of the Ca2+ sensors in JAs biosynthesis and MYC2-mediated JAs signaling during abiotic stresses in plants.
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is the highest oil-yielding commercially grown perennial tree. Oil palm germplasm conservation and in vitro clonal propagation strengthened the world’s efforts to ensure future food security. Cryopreservation provides long-term storage for germplasm. The storage of plant material at cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C) following dehydration causes cryoinjury. The cryotolerance mechanism has rarely been studied in oil palm zygotic embryos (ZE) and embryogenic calli (EC). A simple and effective cryopreservation method was established for ZE. ZE surrounded by endosperm was air-dried for 3 days without any complicated chemical pre-treatments before cryopreservation, while the viability rate and following germination rate could reach up to 96.67% and 90.88%, respectively. As for EC, the preferred method could be pre-culture in liquid MS medium with 0.3 M sucrose for 12 h and PVS2 treatment for 5 min prior to cryopreservation, and the viability rate reached 68.33%. SSR markers were used to verify the genetic stability after cryopreservation. In addition, changes in enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD) showed a consistent trend with H2O2 production among ZE samples, indicating that these antioxidants were involved in ROS scavenging. Furthermore, differently expressed genes (DEGs) related to ROS, osmotic, and cold stress responses were selected for correlation network analysis. Most genes involved in ROS production (RBOH, PAO, and PRX) and ROS scavenging (APX, PER, SOD, CAT, GPX, and AOX) showed higher expression levels in EC, suggesting that EC was more sensitive to oxidative stress than ZE. The cryotolerance mechanism was further summarized accordingly. These results contributed to cryopreservation methods and provided a better understanding of cryotolerance in oil palm.
