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Factorial design plots of rhodamine B adsorption. a Pareto chart of the standardized effect, b normal plot of the standardized effects, and c main effects.
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Diatomite (D) as a low-cost and eco-friendly clay was modified by ethylene diamine (EDA)-trimesoyl chloride (TMC) polymer to achieve a novel adsorbent for efficient removal of rhodamine B dye (RB) from wastewater samples. The EDA-TMC polymer was grafted to the surface of diatomite by in situ interfacial polymerization. The prepared p(EDA-TMC)/D ads...
Citations
... Despite these shortcomings, adsorption is a method adopted and often used because of its ease of use, general cost, utility, exceptional efficacy, eco-friendliness, low cost, and flexibility (El-Kammah et al., 2022;Jamwal et al., 2023). Various materials are commonly used as adsorbents for wastewater cleaning, with activated carbon being the most prevalent kind employed in industrial settings (Altıntıg et al., 2017(Altıntıg et al., , 2021Saleh et al., 2021). Nevertheless, it is imperative to find alternative materials, as these adsorbents are combined with labor-intensive and economically burdensome production processes. ...
The production and consumption of almonds occur in several locations worldwide, yielding immense volumes of trash, mainly skin. The current study evaluated the adsorptive manners of almond skin (AS) without modification for clearing Basic Red 46 dye (BR46) from water. XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, BET, and pHpzc are among the many analytical tools used to investigate AS’s surface features. BR46 adsorption over AS was efficient at pH 8 and 2 g/L of AS, conferring 57.45 mg.g⁻¹ within 120 min. The Langmuir was seen to accurately present the equilibrium curves, exhibiting qmax = 66.90 mg.g⁻¹, whereas the PSO model precisely resembled the empirical results. The thermodynamic results proclaimed that BR46 adsorption was favorable, with spontaneity (ΔG° < 0) and endothermicity ΔH° (5.03 kJ.mol⁻¹). Further, the AS reusability prospect was investigated, revealing excellent regeneration potential even after 4 adsorption/desorption runs. These findings suggest the potential of valorizing almond skin as a sustainable resource, which could be a promising prospect for environmental remediation.
... 28,36−38 Numerous advantageous characteristics for drug carriers have been discovered to be present in diatomite, including high porosity, low density, nontoxicity, high loading capacity, thermal stability, mechanical stability, and chemical resistance. 16,28,39,40 To improve drug loading and release properties, as well as ensure safety, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, diatomite was functionalized or modified with various groups of chemicals, prevalent biopolymers, and nontoxic inorganic compounds. 32,38,41−43 Chitosan, a well-established biopolymer, has significant importance in diverse fields, such as pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and medicine. ...
The current work involves the modification of diatomite’s biosiliceous frustules employing chitosan polymer chains (CS/Di) to serve as low-cost, biocompatible, multifunctional, and enhanced pharmaceutical delivery systems for 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) together with oxaliplatin (OXPL). The CS/Di carrier displayed strong loading characteristics, notably at saturation (249.17 mg/g (OXPL) and 267.6 mg/g (5-Fu)), demonstrating a substantial 5-Fu affinity. The loading of the two types of medications onto CS/Di was conducted based on the kinetic behaviors of the conventional pseudo-first-order theory (R2 > 0.90). However, while the loading of OXPL follows the isotherm assumptions of the classic Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99), the loading of 5-Fu displays Fruendlich isotherm properties. Therefore, the 5-Fu loading displayed physical, heterogeneous, and multilayer loading properties, whereas the loading of OXPL occurred in homogeneous and monolayer form. The densities of occupied active sites of CS/Di were 37.19 and 32.8 mg/g for the sequestrations of OXPL and 5-Fu, respectively. Furthermore, by means of multimolecular processes, each loading site of CS/Di can bind up to 8 molecules of OXPL and 9 molecules of 5-Fu in a vertical orientation. This observation explains the higher loading capacities of 5-Fu in comparison to OXPL. The loading energies, which exhibit values <40 kJ/mol, provide confirmation of the dominant and significant consequences of physical processes as the regulating mechanisms. The release patterns of OXPL and 5-Fu demonstrate prolonged features over a duration of up to 120 h. The release kinetic simulation and diffusion exponents which are more than 0.45 provide evidence of the release of OXP and 5-Fu via non-Fickian transportation characteristics and the erosion/diffusion mechanism. The CS/Di carrier exhibited a substantial enhancement in the cytotoxicity of OXPL and 5-Fu against HCT-116 carcinoma cell lines, resulting in a reduction in cell viability by 4.61 and 2.26% respectively.
... Treatment of colored wastewater has included the use of physical and chemical processes such as coagulation and flocculation, adsorption, photocatalytic processes, advanced oxidation precipitation, electrochemical techniques, and biological treatments [14][15][16]. In comparison to the other methods, adsorption is widely adopted because of its efficiency, operational method, and simple and costeffective preparation processes [5,[17][18][19][20]. ...
This article describes an easy and simple method to remove a toxic Acid Red dye from an aqueous solution. Ternary poly(O-oluidine)/ graphene oxide/chitosan P(OT)/GO/CS nanocomposites (NCs) were fabricated by an oxidative polymerization technique to remove Acid Red (A.R.) dye from aqueous solutions using solid-phase extraction. The P(OT)/GO/CS NCs exhibit a metal sieve-like structure consisting of GO nanosheets and a core shell-shell porous structure, which provides several adsorption sites and channels for the transport of dye molecules. FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, TEM, SEM, BET, and TGA-DTG investigations were carried out on NCs. To investigate the removal effectiveness of the NCs using adsorbent dose, pH and solution temperature, shaking time, and ionic strength. Experimental adsorption findings, utilizing 15mg of solid-phase NCs, can remove the majority of the A.R. dye in 75 min at pH 2.0 with an adsorption efficiency and an adsorption capacity of 99.6% and 169.5mg/g, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best captures the adsorption process of A.R. dye on the NC solid phase, according
to experimental data. Thermodynamically, the removal process was endothermic, spontaneous, and associated with increasing randomness. Finally, NCs were tested by removing A.R. dye from real samples. NCs removed A.R. dye from aqueous solutions for four cycles.
... In addition, the adsorption of other modified diatomite tested for the removal of dyes in previous studies is listed in Table 5. It is clear that DAA has a good adsorption capacity (96.72% and 97.21% for MB and CR, respectively) compared to the other adsorbents [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. ...
Natural Tunisian diatomite powder (ND) and diatomite modified by activated carbon and beads (DAA) were synthesized for the elimination of two dyes Methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR). The different parameters effects on the adsorption process, like solution pH, temperature and initial concentration were studied. Our results confirmed that the percentage removal on the ND was detected to be 73.15% (19.95 mg/g) and 72.63% (44.93 mg/g) for MB and CR, respectively. However, this percentage was increased after combination with alginate and activated carbon to 96.72% (30.02 mg/g) for MB and 97.21% (85.32 mg/g) for CR. In addition, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption of dyes can be described by the Freundlich iso-therm. Thus, our study affirmed the important role of DAA composite for the removal of cationic and anionic dye.
... As a result, removing these relevant chemical components from industrial effluents and wastewater necessitates the adoption of a trustworthy technology (Savolainen et al. 2010;Fadeel et al. 2018). In contrast to other treatment methods including flocculation, adsorption, membrane separation, and chemical oxidation, the degradation is an efficient removal procedure that has been widely used for water decolorization (Chen et al. 2021;Saleh et al. 2021). The benefits of deterioration include its straightforward construction, capacity for self-regeneration, and superior separation performance. ...
As a novel adsorbent, an opioid silver-morphine-functionalized polypropylene was synthesized through a one-pot reaction at room temperature and successfully used for the simple one-pot photocatalytic degradation catalyst of methyl orange removal from wastewater. UV spectral analysis reveals a special reference to the excitation of surface plasmon resonance as the main characteristic of the polymer-Ag nanocomposite in toluene solution peak at 420 nm in AgPP-mrp catalyst. The 1H NMR spectrum showed no sign of Ag NP peaks revealing small size distribution in the channels of morphine-functionalized polypropylene polymer. The morphology of silver nanoparticle-doped polymer through scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX) reveals PP-mrp with continuous matrix and Ag NPs (0.87 wt%). Furthermore, photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange was investigated on AgPP-mrp catalyst spectrophotometrically under solar irradiation in waste effluent, demonstrating high degradation efficiency. According to experimental findings, silver nanoparticles (AgPP-mrp) achieved high degradation capacities of 139 mg/g equivalent to 97.4% of photodegradation in a little period of time (35 min), as associated with previously stated materials and follow pseudo-second-order kinetic degradation tail of a high regression coefficient (R2 = 0.992). The suggested techniques offer a linear reaction for MO over the pH range of 1.5 to 5 and a degradation temperature of 25 to 60 °C. Central composite design and response surface methodology statistics recommend pH of the reaction medium and time as important variables for methyl orange degradation on AgPP-mrp photocatalytic. AgPP-mrp on the photocatalytic phenomenon based on heterojunction catalytic design producing electron holes (e-), as well as superoxides for the successful degradation of methyl orange.
Graphical Abstract
... (ii) Interfacial polymerization; Here two immiscible solutions are used to fabricate a functional interface that segregates the reactive monomers and provides a reaction assembly for thin film membrane formation, used as fibers, capsules, and adsorbents sieves [345][346][347][348][349]. The existing approach was followed by many researchers to prepare surface defects-free mesoporous and nanoporous adsorbents and membranes for different industrial applications [350][351][352]. ...
The everlasting need for safe drinking water, increasing maintenance costs, consumption of
energy, and depletion of natural reserves have forced environmentalists and technologists to
develop efficient techniques and suitable devices, which help in meeting global challenges.
Therefore, the development of cost-effective sustainable porous polymer composite-based
adsorbent and membrane sieves, and their use in wastewater treatment and other applications,
have enormously attracted the interest of industrialists and researchers. The scalability, porosity,
tunable surface chemistry, low environmental footprints, and functionalization of porous
structures of composite adsorbent and membrane sieves have further enhanced the scope of their
potential application in the field of wastewater and other environmental remediation. However,
to achieve a deep understanding of their properties, processing, and applications a
comprehensive exhaustive literature survey was conducted to report their brief history, classifications, bulk structural characteristics, designing strategies, and principles. The literature
related to the construction of various advanced polymer sieves and other aspects of
nanocomposite porous adsorbents and membrane sieves has also been discussed. In addition, the
chemistry and mechanism involved in molecular separation through various polymer sieves are
further reported. The strength of the present review is an attempt to cover the deep insights on
sustainable porous adsorbent and membrane sieves, which has not been discussed earlier. The
future scopes in relevance of the adsorbent and membrane sieves have also been covered.
... SOD enzyme improves the effects of oxidative stress, and catalyze the reaction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Moreover, it plays an important role to protect the body cells, and prevent inflammation [14][15][16]. RhB dye has two molecular structure of zwitterionic and cationic, depending on the pH value [9]. This dye has strong solubility in water (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) g/L at 20 °C) and difficultly to degrade by light irradiation, temperature and the microbes [17,18]. ...
The purpose of research objectives is to to synthesize sodium tauroglycocholate functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs–STGC) and study its suitability as adsorbents to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) from contaminated water. The fabricated nanoparticles were characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characterization results demonstrated that MSNPs had been successfully fabricated with average diameters of 260 nm, as determined by SEM and TEM images. The effects of pH, temperature, and initial dye concentrations on dye removal were investigated by batch methods. The results show that adsorption of RhB dye was highly affected by pH value and the higher adsorption capacity was found at pH 2. The Langmuir isotherm model provided a better description for the adsorption process than the Freundlich model, in both linear and nonlinear forms, with good correlation coefficient value (R2 0.99). The maximum adsorption capacity of RhB was 173.96 mg·g−1 in linear form, and it was 174.04 mg·g−1 in nonlinear form. The adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic parameters revealed that the RhB adsorption by MSNPs–STGC was exdothermic, spontaneous and chemisorption. The kinetic mechanism of adsorption process indicated that the experimental data was fitted with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model very well in both linear and nonlinear forms.
... Rhodamine B (Rh B) is a synthetic organic red dye with high solubility, extensively employed in the printing, textile industry, medicine for animals, etc. Rh B is dangerous to environmental, animal, and human health and can cause diverse health problems in humans, including respiratory tract, irritation to the skin, and degenerative changes in the kidney and liver. Hence, the removal of Rh B from wastewater has been widely concerned and researched [3][4][5] . ...
With industry progress, environmental problems have begun to threaten human health. Among them, water pollution is closely related to human life and has attracted researchers' attention. Hence, coping strategies for these pollutants have become a priority nowadays. Here, we carried out the molecular dynamics (MD) and well-tempered metadynamics simulations to evaluate the interaction of Rhodamine B (Rh B) with a copper (II)-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate metal-organic framework (Cu-BTC/MOF). To design a more efficient dye removal platform, the effect of the-NH 2 ,-OH, and-NO 2 functional groups on the efficiency of Cu-BTC/ MOF in the adsorption of Rh B is investigated. It is found that the interaction energy of Rh B with-NH 2-MOF,-OH-MOF, and-NO 2-MOF is about −79.98, −121.87, and −365.55 kJ mol −1 , respectively, more than the pristine case. This observation confirms that the functionalization strategy can enhance the Cu-BTC/MOF efficiency. The obtained free energy (FE) values from the metadynamics simulation indicated that for adsorption of Rh B on pristine,-NH 2-MOF,-OH-MOF, and-NO 2-MOF, the global minimums are located about at −220.47, −234.75, −236.09, and −259.01 kJ mol −1 , respectively. The obtained results show that in the two-dimensional FE surfaces, the most stable complex with Rh B belongs to the MOF-NO 2 system.
... It has revealed that linear and quadratic models were statistically significant with 95% confidence level. Pareto chart of standardized effects was used for evaluating the relative importance of the main effects and their interaction [29][30][31][32][33]. The graph depicts absolute values of effects from largest one to smallest one [34]. ...
Removal of heavy metals from water is an essential requirement to avoid environmental impacts of these hazardous contaminants. In comparison to other techniques, adsorption is considered relatively low cost, sustainable and environmentally friendly. In this study adsorptive removal of three heavy metals: lead, copper and cadmium was evaluated using bio adsorbents: wheat straw ash (WSA), turf grass ash (TGA) and biopolymer composite (BPC). Minitab software, employing Box-Behnken method, was used for design of experiments and optimization of treatment parameters (pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose). Box-Behnken method gives suitable number of runs for adsorption process. Prepared adsorbents were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. FTIR revealed the presence of carbonates and phosphates as major groups in ashes which have high tendency to react with metals. While SEM has shown ashes to be more porous than biopolymer composite. High porous structure enhances the removal efficiency. XRD analysis of ashes have shown silica presence while biopolymer composite has semi crystalline fiber and rhombohedral structure in it. Silica reacts with metals and help in removal. Ashes characterization reveals their high removal potential. Batch adsorption was carried out for the removal of three heavy metals. For lead, the removal efficiency was highest for WSA (93%) followed by BPC (91%) and TGA (87%). For copper the highest removal was obtained by TGA (i.e., 93%) followed by BPC (92%) and WSA (89%). Similarly, for cadmium highest removal of 90% was attained by TGA, while 90% and 84% by WSA and BPC respectively. Significant parameters for lead and cadmium removal were initial concentration and pH according to Pareto chart of standardize effects. For copper it was contact time and interaction of pH with adsorbent dose.
... The value of standard enthalpy change (ΔH°) is negative and this observation signifies that adsorption system was exothermic. In the same manner, the value of standard entropy change (ΔS°) is negative and this implies that there was a decrease in the randomness at Congo red solution-CHCFe interface during adsorption process 10,40 . Proposed mechanisms of adsorption. ...
The release of unspent dyes from industries constitutes hazard and environmental challenges. For rapid and efficient removal of Congo red from aqueous solutions, a composite was prepared from coconut husk, raw clay, Fe(II) and Fe(II) compounds. Adsorption variables (initial pH of the solution, contact time, temperature and initial concentration of Congo red) were varied to understand the characteristics and mechanisms of the adsorption process. The composite was characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)–Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and pH of the point zero charge (pH pzc ). The optimal values of the pH, equilibrium time and temperature for adsorption of Congo red by the composite are 2, 40 min and 50 °C, respectively. The kinetic and equilibrium data followed Avrami fractional order and Langmuir models, respectively. A 1.0 g of the composite could maximally take up 1649.3 mg of Congo red at 50 °C. The values of Δ G ° are in the range of − 27.901 to − 24.492 kJ mol –1 while the value of Δ H ° is − 72.239 kJ mol –1 . Hence, the removal of the Congo red by the composite was spontaneous, feasible and exothermic. The adsorption process was biphasic and followed physisorption process. Electrostatic interaction played a significant role in the removal of Congo red by the composite. The combine data in this study have proven that the clay composite, a cheap adsorbent, can be used for remediation of water contaminated with Congo red.
