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The growth of wireless communications in recent years has made it necessary to develop compact, lightweight multiband antennas. Compact antennas can achieve the same performance as large antennas do with low price and with greater system integration. Dual-frequency microstrip antennas for transmission and reception represent promising approach for...
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Citations
... The large size of the folded dipole antenna makes it unsuitable for 5G applications. The fractal geometry of the patch elements is a popular method to generate a dual-band resonance [5]- [7]. The consecutive iterations in the fractal design generate additional resonant frequencies converting a single-band design into a dual-band operation. ...
A design of a compact dual-band antenna for 5G application is presented in this research article. The dual-band operation includes the 3.6 GHz and 5.4 GHz frequency bands of the sub-6 GHz frequency band for 5G technology. The proposed antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory antenna performance parameters. Moreover, the dual-band antenna showcases the independent tuning ability for both frequency bands. The prototype of the dual-band antenna is manufactured and when tested for various antenna performance parameters shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The proposed dual-band antenna has compact dimensions along with a peak gain of 2.2 dB and antenna efficiency of more than 90%.The antenna performance parameters are also compared with various dual-band antenna designs from the literature. The proposed dual-band antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory performance parameters and outperforms its counterparts.
... Дводіапазоні ректени з фрактальними випромінювачами (рис. 24) досліджувалися у [63,64]. Наприклад, у роботі [63] подана компактна ректена (рис. ...
... Максимальний ККД становить 60% на частоті 2.45 ГГц і 53% на частоті 3.5 ГГц при вхідній потужності 0 дБм. У дослідженні [64] розроблено двочастотний (2.45 та 5.8 ГГц) випромінювач для ректени на основі фрактала Серпінського (рис. 24, б) зі зменшеним розміром (на 25.98%) порівняно зі звичайним патч-випромінювачем. ...
Progress in the development of rectenna systems for collecting/harvesting and converting the power of electromagnetic (ЕМ) fields created by radio-electronic means of various classes and purposes into direct current (DC) are considered. The article consists of two parts, each of which highlights important aspects of this topic. The main parameters of rectennas and the mechanisms of power loss in them are considered in the first part of the article. This allows us to understand the physical and technical limitations that have to be faced in the development of effective ЕМ power harvesting systems. The second part of the article considers typical schemes of rectennas for use in various applications. Features of the technical implementation of single-band rectennas, options for minimizing their dimensions and the construction of electrically small rectennas based on metasurfaces are given. Schemes of constructions of rectenna arrays and their advantages and disadvantages are also presented. Special attention in the article is paid to multi-band and wide-band rectennas. It is noted that such rectennas can store more energy and produce higher output DC power compared to narrowband rectennas. The design features of low-power rectifiers for rectennas of EM power harvesting systems from the surrounding space are considered. It was determined that the energy characteristics of rectannas are characterized by numerous factors and there are three approaches to their improvement. The first approach is to improve the parameters of individual rectifier elements, the second is to optimize the parameters of individual rectenna elements and the third is to optimize the entire rectenna as a whole.
... where FW is the width of the microstrip feed line. Ground plane width and length are calculated with the following formula, respectively [25][26][27]: ...
In this study, we design a microstrip patch antenna with an inverted T-type notch in the partial ground to detect tumor cells inside the human breast. The size of the current antenna is small enough (18 mm × 21 mm × 1.6 mm) to distribute around the breast phantom. The operating frequency has been observed from 6-14 GHz with a minimum return loss of −61.18 dB and the maximum gain of current proposed antenna is 5.8 dBi which is exible with respect to the size of antenna. A er the distribution of eight antennas around the breast phantom, the return loss curves have been observed in the presence and absence of tumor cells inside the breast phantom, and these observations show a sharp di erence between the presence and absence of tumor cells. The simulated results show that this proposed antenna is suitable for early detection of cancerous cells inside the breast.
... In conventional WF steel beams, the geometry can be modified by creating a castellated beam. A castellated beam is created by cutting a WF profile into two pieces with various cutting patterns and then rejoining them into a single unified beam element to support loads [6]- [11]. The height of the beam will increase, resulting in an increase in the moment of inertia of the beam [12], [13]. ...
... In 2014, Shrestha, S., et al. [21] demonstratedDual-band antennas with a miniaturized size that can operate at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz via fractalizing a microstrip antenna's typical shape. A high-order fractal repetition reduced the antenna's size due to the fractal design's spatially characteristic. ...
IoT devices requiresensors, antennas and processing units to support the application datareadily available. In this article, low-cost, light-weight, high-performance, low-profile antenna for wearable IoT is proposed. An Aperture Coupled Fractal Antenna (ACFA) has been designed on a three-layered model with dual-frequency capability of 2.4 GHz for on-body IoT and 5.8 GHz for off-body IoT on a range of two flexible substrates for dual-band wearable applications. The simulation has been carried out using HFSS software. The simulation results proved that the designed antenna correctly resonates at the frequency range of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, when working in close proximity with body cells. Also, the designed antenna has a good impedance matching and a gain of 7.45 dB, making it appropriate for on- and off-body IoT.
... The utmost major properties of fractal shapes are self-similarity and space-filling. Space-filling property condenses of the overall antenna size known as miniaturization of antenna by refining the relative permittivity and permeability of substrate material [10,11]. Whereas, another important property is beneficial to achieve the wideband/multiband characteristics [12,13]. ...
A unique dual hexagonal-shaped radiating patch design with hybrid fractal curves (Meander and Koch) is presented for quad-band wireless applications. Initially, the antenna from 0th to 2nd iteration of hybrid fractal curves with PGP (Partial Ground Plane) is designed and investigated. Further, to get better results of the designed antenna in respect of Bandwidth (BW) and coefficient of reflection these hybrid curves are superimposed on the limited ground plane of 1st and 2nd iteration of the antenna and the generated antennas are designated as Antenna–1 and Antenna–2. A comparison between both the antennas has been made and it is observed that Antenna–2 shows better results in respect of improved BW and coefficient of reflection. The proposed antenna exhibits four resonant frequency bands 1.6, 4.8, 6.9, and 8.8 GHz with improved corresponding impedance BW of 2.09, 1.36, 0.86, and 1.51 GHz. The designed antenna is simulated and made on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with an overall size of 20 × 40 × 1.6 mm3. The fabricated proposed antenna is tested experimentally for the authentication of simulated results with experimental results and these are compatible with each other. The other performance indicators like radiation pattern, peak realized gain, and radiation efficiency are also determined for the proposed Hybrid Fractal Antenna (HFA) and all are found satisfactory. Due to the improved operational parameters, the designed HFA can be considered as a suitable applicant for distinct wireless applications in anticipated operational frequency ranges.
... In contrast, a small antenna size used in a multiband rectenna enables the increase of the rectenna applications. Varying techniques have been adopted to compress the antenna size, such as the meandered lines concept [134], fractal geometry [135], the multibending curves method [136], and the Sierpinski fractal technique [137]. ...
Radio frequency energy harvesting (RF-EH) is a potential technology via the generation of electromagnetic waves. This advanced technology offers the supply of wireless power that is applicable for battery-free devices, which makes it a prospective alternative energy source for future applications. In addition to the dynamic energy recharging of wireless devices and a wide range of environmentally friendly energy source options, the emergence of the RF-EH technology is advantageous in facilitating various applications that require quality of service. This review highlights the abundant source of RF-EH from the surroundings sources, including nearby mobile phones, Wi-Fi, wireless local area network, broadcast television signal or DTS, and FM/AM radio signals. In contrast, the energy is captured by a receiving antenna and rectified into a working direct current voltage. This review also summarizes the power of RF-EH technology, which would provide a guideline for developing RF-EH units. The energy harvesting circuits depend on cutting-edge electrical technology to achieve significant efficiency, given that they are built to perform with considerably small current and voltage. Hence, the review includes a thorough analysis and discussion of various RF designs and their pros and cons. Finally, the latest applications of RF-EH are presented.
... Khan et al. [11] made a survey on patch antenna miniaturization techniques including reshaping the antenna, material loading, folding, and shorting, introducing defects in the ground plane and slots. Various antenna miniaturization methods based on Single Ring Spilt Ring Resonator (SRR), Double Ring SRR, Complementary SRR (CSRR) , and fractals loaded were discussed [12][13][14]. Further, the wide-band antenna proposed by Sharma and Sharma [15] was based on a hybrid fractal slot with partial ground plane. For Vivaldi antenna miniaturization, Ao et al. [16] designed a tapered patch using parasitic elements which is connected by a lumped resistor. ...
... However, the overall dimensions of the antenna are too large to be used in any compact environment. In [26], a square microstrip fractal antenna operating at a multiband between 1.7 and 7.4 GHz is designed; however, the antenna has narrow fractional bandwidth. ...
... It calculated that the width (W) and length (L) of the patch antenna by equations (2.2-2.6). Equation (3.5) & (3.6) used to measure the value of ground length (Lg) and ground width (Wg) (Shrestha et al., 2014). ...
The flexibility in designing the wearable microstrip patch antenna is essential for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications. The shortcomings of the wearable antenna are due to variations in characteristics once the dielectric substrate is squeezed or expanded along the outer or inner surface. In bending conditions, the overall performances in flexible antenna could be decreased. Thus, the performance should subsequently improve in designing flexible antennas. This research mainly focused on designing the microstrip patch antennas with rubber substrate as a dielectric material. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software used for antenna simulation and analysis. We developed four types of antennas on rubber substrate to study their performances in return loss, gain, radiation efficiency, etc. Initially, the microstrip patch antenna was designed with and without defected ground structure (DGS) applied on rubber substrate. Then, we designed a coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole antenna for single-band and multiband applications. For the DGS antenna, the reflection coefficient of -37.33 dB, the bandwidth of 4.16% (at -10 dB impedance), the antenna gain increased by 7.5%, and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) value was 1.03 with the resonant frequency at the ISM band has been attained. Meanwhile, the CPW antenna reduced the overall antenna thickness (two layers) and achieved single-band
and multiband applications at 2.45 GHz and 3.65 GHz. Focusing on antenna bandwidth
and radiation efficiency, CPW antenna (single band) achieved the 22.16% bandwidth
and around 90% of radiation efficiency. The antenna gain has improved from 3.18 dBi (without DGS) to 4.26 dBi (CPW antenna for multiband). Subsequently, we fabricated the best performance antenna, a CPW antenna for a single band using the screen-printing technique. The return loss obtained from the experiment was -22 dB, slightly different from the simulation. The VSWR value was 1.22, which was almost near to the simulation (at 1.06). This antenna can further improve by enhancing the CPW features.
