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FTIR spectrum of bitumen modified with SBS-R. SBS-R: styrene–butadiene–styrene radial; FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared.
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This paper presents an investigation into the polymer-modified bitumens containing styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers with different structures, linear, SBS-L and radial, SBS-R, semi-crystalline copolymer ethylene- vinyl acetate, EVA and terpolymer ethylene – butylacrylate – glycidylmethacrylate, Elvaloy AM and Elvaloy 4170. The aim was to...
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... Therefore, a variety of marketable waste materials, including CR, waste PE or used cooking oil, are compatible with epoxy asphalt technology (Jamshidi et al., 2022). Commercial copolymer modifiers based on compounds with glycidyl groups are also available on the market (Bulatović et al., 2014;Nizamuddin and Giustozzi, 2022;Pyshyev et al., 2016). In the bitumen modified with SBS and EA, the redistribution of SBS during the SBS-EA securing process was observed. ...
The bitumen industry in the European Union is facing several difficulties, including rising demand, unstable oil supply, rising prices for synthetic polymer modifiers, and a focus on lowering carbon footprint. Bitumen modification with crumb rubber (CR) is one of the most promising solution to these challenges. However, CR-modified bitumen have poor processability and low storage stability. To overcome these flaws we are introducing a sustainable approach for ecological modification of bitumen taking advantage of renewable resources. For this reason, unmodified castor oil was selected as a green modifier of reclaimed rubber dust. The ecologically modified bitumen underwent visco-elastic behavior analysis based on rheological tests varying the temperature. The modification with rubber-oil improved the longevity of typical pavement, featured by an exceptional deformation resistance at elevated temperatures (well above 70 °C, the maximum pavement temperature reported in the region). The Cole-Cole graphs and black space diagrams unraveled the enhanced elasticity of bitumen. Technically, in comparison to plain bitumen, the compatibility ratio of modified bitumen to aggregates showed an uplift by 258%. The environmentally friendly bitumen modified ecologically herein revealed potential for performance window enlargement. Nevertheless, future investigations should focus on optimization of the bitumen formulation, along with examination of other sustainable moieties for the sake of commercialization of the developed binders in pavement construction.
... Terpolymers are created when three distinct monomers are copolymerized. It has been stated in many studies that RET has good compatibility with bitumen [8][9][10][11]. ...
... ∆ is the other parameter used in this study to investigate the low temperature behavior of bitumen samples in detail. Accordingly, the ∆ values were calculated with the results obtained from the BBR test with the help of Equations (9), (10), and (11). However, unlike the traditional ∆ calculation method, in this study, different combinations for and temperatures were used at the initial stage while calculating the ∆ values. ...
... After the procedures mentioned above, the selected critical temperatures and the ∆ values calculated using Equation (11) are given in Table 9. When the obtained results are compared with Table 7, it is seen that there are significant differences in ∆ values especially for WCOadded bitumen. ...
With sustainability being the most crucial issue of recent years, the use of waste materials in bitumen modification is increasing and becoming widespread. In this experimental study, it was aimed to investigate the high- and low-temperature behavior of bitumen samples modified with waste cooking oil (WCO), reactive ethylene terpolymer (RET), and polyphosphoric acid (PPA). Accordingly, the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test and the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test were conducted. Depending on the increasing WCO ratio, the Jnr,R%,∆T_c,and λ parameters of modified bitumens were examined in detail. It was observed that with increasing WCO ratio,the Jnr value increased, and elastic recovery and stiffness decreased. In addition, it has been determined that this composite-modified bitumen is resistant to heavy traffic loads and has sufficient flexibility at low temperatures.
... Furthermore, other than the improvements in the fatigue life highly documented, the studies conducted on elastomeric modifiers like Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and Re-active Elastomeric Terpolymer (RET) on the rheological properties of bitumen and asphalt mixture, concluded that the thermal sensitivity was reduced by 1.8% for RET, 3% for EVA and SBS relative to the bitumen content [15][16][17]. The overall influence of temperature was seen to be reduced along with improvement in terms of low temperatures cracking and rutting at high temperatures. ...
... For further investigations of the fatigue behavior of the asphalt mixtures, the upper limit of the crossover temperature was selected from these results for further analysis. Accordingly, tests such as ITFT were carried out for variant A1 at a test temperature of 15 Furthermore, the asphalt behavior was overall slightly different than the bitumen behavior. This difference could be due to the interaction of the different bitumen variants with the aggregates and the adhesive bond formed as a result, which would in turn influence the behavior of the overall mix. ...
The study included six bitumen, one unmodified and five modified, and their corresponding asphalt mixtures. The first bitumen was the base bitumen and further five variants were made by the authors using the same base bitumen and different combinations of modifiers which included Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS), Fischer Tropsch Wax (FTW), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Reactive Elastomeric Terpolymer (RET), and Natural Asphalt (NA). The influence on the fatigue life of bitumen and asphalt due to modification, bitumen rheology, preload, water storage and aging was studied. A new temperature range was developed – the fatigue relevant temperature range (FRTR) for specifying fatigue test temperatures for bitumen and asphalt. A new methodology that includes preload and water storage was also done to study the active adhesion behavior between bitumen and aggregates and its influence on the fatigue life. Overall, modifications showed positive influence on the fatigue behavior of bitumen and asphalt. Variants E (SBS and RET) and F (SBS and NA) showed the greatest positive influence with an increase in the fatigue life by 500% and 210% for bitumen and 200% and 375% for asphalt respectively. With water storage, the fatigue life reduced by 500% percent for unmodified asphalt and in the range of 333-1350% for modified ones. Due to aging, the fatigue life reduced from 700% for unmodified and between 700-2500% for modified asphalt mixtures.
... Although very similar features between Elvaloy and SBS copolymer could be observed on the master curves of dynamic material functions, their origin is completely different. The presence of oxirane in Elvaloy promotes a reaction with polar asphalt components, which enhances the stiffness of modified asphalt [48][49][50]. The formation of asphaltene-Elvaloy complexes depends on the amount of functional groups present in asphalt as well as Elvaloy. ...
The new class of reactive polymers is designed to modify asphalt through chemical reactions with asphalt components. The complexity of such systems and the long experience with thermoplastic elastomers as well as with some other “classical” modifiers, and to a degree that our present testing methods and even specifications revolve around these materials, might obscure the fact that we are dealing with rather different modification systems and possibly with new emerging asphalt paving technologies. Our present work attempted to compare two different reactive polymer systems with the “classical” system which uses thermoplastic elastomer. The impact of reactive polymer systems on asphalt was studied through material properties manifested by specification tests and through the development of thermo-rheological properties in linear and non-linear viscoelastic regions. As expected, the behavior of reactive polymeric systems with different chemistries also differed among themselves. The available results showed that the reactive groups of polymers react with polar components of asphalt leading to higher stiffness at elevated pavement temperatures and differing impact on low temperature properties. The data point to a significantly improved resistance to plastic deformation of pavement in the case of reactive polymers, despite the fact that elastic recovery-based specification tests failed to identify this improvement.
... Besides these two peaks, no other peaks were identified for the SBS blended binder, which indicates only a physical reaction occurred between SBS and binder due to swelling/diffusion of polybutadiene components. The peaks at 1733 and 1243 cm −1 correspond to the epoxy group of the terpolymer; it represents the carbonyl stretching (C = O) of glycidyl methacrylate (Bulatović et al., 2014). The absorption of C-O in the saturated ester shows a peak intensity at 1733 cm −1 (Nivitha et al., 2016). ...
... This indicates that the epoxy rings of terpolymer (Elvaloy) were opened, and the chemical reaction occurred between opened epoxy rings and the carboxylic group of asphaltene. For the SBS binder, represents the better cross-linking of polystyrene blocks in SBS, and there was better interaction between SBS and bitumen (Bulatović et al., 2014). ...
In this study, virgin low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and recycled polyethylene (RPE) were blended with an asphalt binder in combination with compatibilizers such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), Elvaloy, sulfur, and polyphosphoric acid (PPA): LDPE, LDPE + SBS + Sulfur, LDPE + Elvaloy, LDPE + Elvaloy + PPA, LDPE + sulfur, RPE, RPE + sulfur, and RPE + PPA. This study aimed to investigate (1) the distribution of PE in asphalt binder, (2) chemical changes in the binder due to the addition of compatibilizers, and (3) the ageing characteristics and their effects on the rheological and performance properties. Micrographs revealed that the LDPE dispersity improved with the addition of Elvaloy. The PE blends with sulfur met the target performance grade of PG76V-10. The PE blends with sulfur exhibited the highest fatigue life at low strain levels and degraded rapidly with an increase in strain level. The LDPE blends with Elvaloy experienced the least degradation in fatigue life with an increased strain level; this low ageing susceptibility was due to the lowest carbonyl (Ic=o) and sulfoxide (Is=o) index values.
... The branched SBS polymer-modified binders exhibit higher softening point, complex viscosity, elastic recovery, and rutting resistance properties compared with linear SBS polymer (Han et al. 2014;Kumar et al. 2020;Lv et al. 2019). However, it is worth mentioning that problems like poor dispersion and phase separation are highly associated with branched SBS polymer (Bulatovic et al. 2014;Lu and Isacsson 1997;Lu et al. 1998). ...
Styrene-butadiene-styrene-modified binders (SBS-MBs) are susceptible to property erosion even in the absence of air at elevated storage temperatures. The current study focused on monitoring the properties of SBS-MBs prepared using four different types of polymers: linear SBS (L-SBS), branched SBS (B-SBS), high vinyl SBS (HV-SBS), and diblock SBS (DB-SB). The four modified binders were stored at 180°C and 150°C for 14 days. The result shows significant property deterioration in L-SBS and B-SBS polymer-modified binders during storage at 180°C, while only marginal erosion in HV-SBS and DB-SB modified binders due to the higher vinyl content in the polymer structure. As the C═C bond in the butadiene segments is highly susceptible to thermal degradation, shifting the C═C bond to the side group protects the primary polymer chain from thermal scission during storage at 180°C. Asphalt mixes were prepared using unstored and stored modified binders, and their performance was scrutinized through Marshall stability, resilient modulus, water susceptibility, permanent deformation, and fatigue cracking behavior. The results showed that, similar to the deterioration in binder properties, asphalt mixes prepared with stored (7 days at 180°C) L-SBS and B-SBS modified binders exhibited a substantial drop in performance, while HV-SBS and DB-SB polymer-modified binders demonstrated only marginal property reduction (≈5%-10%). Moreover, irrespective of different SBS molecular structures, the performance properties of the binders were stable due to storage at 150°C. Therefore, in actual practice, if an SBS polymer with a vinyl content ≥30% is used, no significant deterioration in binder properties due to thermal degradation should occur when stored for 7 days at 180°C.
... Often the explicit differing performance is a consequence of the change in molecular weight, polarity and structure of SBS polymer [16][17][18][19][20]. Binder modification is predominantly done using linear triblock and branched triblock SB polymers with 30% styrene content [8,[18][19][20][21]. As compared to linear SB polymer the branched triblock SB polymer exhibits higher softening point, complex viscosity, elastic recovery, and rutting resistance properties [17,19,[22][23][24]. However, it is worth mentioning that inadequate curing time as well as process adopted might lead to consequent dispersion and phase separation in branched SB polymer [24,25]. ...
... As compared to linear SB polymer the branched triblock SB polymer exhibits higher softening point, complex viscosity, elastic recovery, and rutting resistance properties [17,19,[22][23][24]. However, it is worth mentioning that inadequate curing time as well as process adopted might lead to consequent dispersion and phase separation in branched SB polymer [24,25]. Furthermore, recent studies have also portrayed that high vinyl content SB polymers exhibit higher thermal stability [26]. ...
Performance of Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) polymer modified asphalt binder under thermal exposure has been immensely explored pertaining to linear SBS, however there is limited study focusing on the efficacy of varying molecular structure of SBS copolymer modified binder. In order to address this, the current study is directed to monitor the performance of binder modified with four types of SBS co-polymer having linear SBS (L-SBS), branched SBS (B-SBS), high vinyl SBS (HV-SBS) and diblock SBS (DB-SB) under laboratory ageing condition. The change in rutting performance and chemical properties of the modified binders due to short-term and long-term ageing were measured by means of the multiple stress creep and recovery test and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy test, respectively. Results highlights that variation of performance parameters for RTFO ageing condition was minimal and studied SBS copolymer produces a negligible stress and temperature susceptible behavior. However, after PAV ageing L-SBS and B-SBS showed degradation of polymer chain by increment and decrement of Jnr and ER values, respectively. Higher polymer degradation index (PDI) also supports the same for aforesaid SBS copolymer. On the contrary HV-SBS and DB-SB copolymer attribute higher thermal stability due to the presence of high vinyl content and location of butadiene block in polymer structure. Performance deterioration of L-SBS and B-SBS polymers were observed during long-term ageing irrespective of similar binder properties; thereby inferring the pivotal role of molecular structure and orientation of polymers.
... In recent years, polymers having very long chain molecules consisting of several ordered small molecules, are used for the modification of bitumen [7]. The prevalent used polymers from the group of elastomeric block copolymers [8] and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) belongs to this group enhances the elasticity of bitumen. ...
In this study, halloysite and sepiolite nanoclays were used to reinforce SBS modified bitumens. The nanoclays used are different from the materials in the literature and have properties such as easy to find, economical and available from local sources. The mixing parameters were determined before production process. The polymer additive SBS was added into base bitumen at 3% and 5%, the nanoclay additives were added into polymer modified bitumen at 2% and 4% ratios. The morphological structures were investigated under fluorescence microscope. Physical and rheological properties of the samples were compared. The phase separation cases were investigated by storage stability test. Furthermore, rutting performance of samples was measured with zero shear viscosity (ZSV) and multi stress creep recovery (MSCR) test methods.
... The results also showed an increase in complex modulus and a decrease in phase angle as compared with control asphalt. Bulatović et al. [5] stated that modifying asphalt binder with SBS display higher increases in point of softening and penetration index and (higher decreases in penetration and phase angle values comparing with asphalt modified with ethylene vinyl https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020. 12 ...
Permanent deformation is considered one of the main distresses in flexible pavement. It can be defined as the accumulation of unrecoverable strains under the wheel paths as a result of applied load. The main objectives of this research is firstly to study the effect of using (SBS) (Styrene Butadiene Styrene) as elastomer polymers and (PVC) (Polyvinyl Chloride) as plastomer polymers on performance grade of asphalt binder and secondly to predict the deformations that produced in asphalt pavement related to the structure of the pavement, climate condition and load traffic. In this study, 2% and 4% of PVC were added for both neat asphalt and asphalt modified with 2% SBS. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) device was used to achieve the performance grade (PG) of modified asphalt binder whereas roller compactor and wheel track devices were used to assess rut depth. The model has been developed from the data which gathered by experimental tests for permanent deformations with independent variables such as: number of cycles, viscosity according to the type of additive, aggregates gradation and degree of temperature by using SPSS software. The results demonstrated that the PG of the neat asphalt binder increased by three and four degrees when 2% and 4% of PVC were added to asphalt modified with 2% of SBS respectively, while it increased by one and two degrees when 2% and 4% of PVC were added to the neat asphalt respectively but it increased by two degrees when added 2% of SBS to the neat asphalt binder. From the results which were obtained from the analysis of sensitivity, it is appeared that the temperature significantly influences on rut depth of the pavement. Also, the results showed that the increasing of coarse aggregate percentage in a mix will cause an increasing in the depth of rut. Furthermore, it is found that increasing percentages of polymers types led to increase asphalt viscosity and as a results the rut depth of asphaltic mixture will be reduced.
... Currently, various polymers have been used to modify the base asphalt, such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and polyethylene (PE) to improve the performance of road pavement [4]. In addition, research shown that the content and type of the polymers in asphalt have a significant impact on the durability of asphalt pavements [5][6][7]. Zhu compared the effects of polymer modified asphalt (SBS content 3%) and higher polymer (HP) content (SBS content 7.5%) on improving the long-term aging resistance of asphalt binders. The results showed that the HP asphalt binder has better long-term aging resistance compared with polymer modified asphalt binder (PMB) [8]. ...
To improve the thermal-aging stability and rheological performance of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-modified asphalt, phenolic resin (PF) was introduced in the process of preparing SBR-modified asphalt by melt blending. The effect of PF and SBR on the high and low-temperature rheological performance of the asphalt binder before and after aging was evaluated by a temperature and frequency sweep using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and fluorescence microscopy (FM) were used to further investigate the effect of PF and SBR on the thermal stability and morphological characteristics of the asphalt binder. The results showed that the addition of PF can enhance the high-temperature deformation resistance and short-term aging resistance of SBR-modified asphalt. Moreover, PF and SBR form an embedded network structure within the asphalt binder and alleviate the deterioration of the polymer during the aging process. Compared with SBR-modified asphalt, the chemical system of composite-modified asphalt is more stable, and it can remain stable with an aging time of less than 5 h.
