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Rapid industrial growth has witnessed the ever-increasing utilization of sand from rivers for various construction purposes, which caused an over-exploitation of rivers’ beds and disturbed the eco-system. strong engineering properties of waste garnets offer a recycling alternative to create efficient construction materials. Recycling of garnets pro...
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Nano gamma-alumina support was prepared successfully by Sol-gel method using aluminum nitrate without and with carbon nanotubes as a template at different calcination temperatures (600, 650, and 700°C) and then loaded with 0.3% of platinum and 0.3% of tungsten by the wet- impregnation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (T...
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... [45], the combustion of biodegradable organic matter, the combustion of non-biodegradable organic matter [46], combustion of fixed carbon [44], and decarbonation of calcium carbonates [46][47][48]. Finally, YS presents a small peak regarding the dehydration of adsorbed water [49]. ...
... The non-linear 300 behaviour observed in the development of compressive strength can be attributed to the 301 formation of a denser carbonated matrix as a result of longer ACC periods, which hinders 302 the diffusion of CO2 into the core of the mortars, leading in a reduced effectiveness of the 303 ACC period in terms of compressive strength gain [8,46]. While loss in compressive 304 strength beyond the 24-hour ACC period is probably due to internal stress caused by the 305 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 13 volume expansion of r-MgO during hydration and carbonation processes [46][47][48][49]. 306 ...
Use this identifier to reference this record: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/14430
This doctoral thesis presents the development of a novel Carbonated Reactive Magnesia Cement (CRMC) for the production of precast building materials. The research objectives centred on the co-utilisation of industrial, mineral, and non-mineral wastes, along with CO2 mineralisation, to enhance the sustainability of construction practices. This study encompassed a comprehensive investigation of various influencing factors of CRMC synthesis, including accelerated carbonation curing conditions, mixture designs, and production methodology. Through a critical review of the literature and joint systematic experimentation aimed at refining manufacturing methods and improving mixture designs, the research achieved a substantial understanding of the feasibility of incorporating a wide range of waste materials into CRMC. Furthermore, the study sought to explore the use of waste as a partial substitute for industrial-grade magnesia, with the aim of enhancing the ecological profile of CRMC-based materials. The research outcomes have significantly contributed to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in the field of CRMC-based materials, the utilisation of waste in construction, and the development of precast materials with capacity of CO2 mineralisation and co-utilisation of various waste sources. In conclusion, it is apt to state that this thesis aligns with a global trend aiming for a more environmentally-friendly and resource-efficient construction industry, offering a possible alternative to traditional Portland cement-based materials.
... The FTIR result offered an additional avenue of investigation regarding the XRD result [19]. A study by Muttashar et al. [23] recorded that FTIR analysis of garnet waste incorporation revealed shifts in specific spectral bands. This finding indicated that the chemical interactions enhanced the overall cohesiveness of the modified bitumen. ...
Approximately 3 billion metric tonnes of garbage involving industrial and agricultural waste is expected to be generated by 2030, posing a significant environmental hazard. Notably, recycling or reusing asphalt modification components (palm oil fuel ash (POFA), garnet waste, and sawdust) in pavement construction encounter ongoing challenges. This study comprehensively assessed the chemical characteristics and microstructure analysis of individual wastes and various hybrid asphalt binder and mixtures incorporated with these components. The mixture consisted of asphalt grade 60/70 blended with varying amounts (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%) of POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were also employed to examine the chemical compositions of the raw waste materials. Meanwhile, the microstructure properties of various hybrid asphalt binder mixtures were analysed utilising Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Consequently, this study presented that the correlation between the 6% POFA, 6% garnet waste, and 6% sawdust substantially impacted the chemical composition and morphology of the mixture. The findings of this study demonstrated that including POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust in a hybrid asphalt binder and mixture could enhance performance and engineering properties.
... The FTIR result offered an additional avenue of investigation regarding the XRD result [30]. A study by Muttashar et al. recorded that FTIR analysis of garnet waste incorporation revealed shifts in specific spectral bands [36]. This finding indicated that the chemical interactions enhanced the overall cohesiveness of the modified bitumen. ...
Approximately 3 billion metric tonnes of garbage involving industrial and agricultural waste is expected to be generated by 2030, posing a significant environmental hazard. Notably, recycling or reusing asphalt modification components (palm oil fuel ash (POFA), garnet waste, and sawdust) in pavement construction encounter ongoing challenges. This study comprehensively assessed the chemical characteristics and microstructure analysis of individual wastes and various hybrid asphalt binder mixtures incorporated with these components. The mixture consisted of asphalt grade 60/70 blended with varying amounts (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%) of POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were also employed to examine the chemical compositions of the raw waste materials. Meanwhile, the microstructure properties of various hybrid asphalt binder mixtures were analysed utilising Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Consequently, this study presented that the correlation between the 6% POFA, 6% garnet waste, and 6% sawdust substantially impacted the chemical composition and morphology of the mixture. The findings of this study demonstrated that including POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust in a hybrid asphalt binder mixture could enhance performance and engineering properties.
... The effect of firing temperature can be negligible as it fluctuates around 2% when the temperature is increased to 1100 • C, and it is consistent with other research works in the literature [38]. Only sample M4, with a 16% LOI, was not within the recommended industrial limit value of 15% for LOI [38][39][40]. ...
Citation: Kandymov, N.; Korpayev, S.; Durdyev, S.; Myratberdiyev, R.; Gurbanmyradova, L. Manufacturing of Fired Clay Bricks for Internal Walls with Dolomite Residue as a Secondary Material. Buildings 2023, 13, 3065. https://doi. Abstract: Alternative materials need to be mapped, characterized, and valued in order to reduce clay usage. A study was conducted on the utilization of waste dolomite material from a mirror manufacturing factory in the production of bricks where the factory disposes 2500 tons of dolomite waste annually. Dolomite residue was mixed with clay raw material in various mass ratios of 90/10, 87.5/12.5, 85/15, and 82.5/17.5 wt%, extruded with proper moisture content, dried at 110 • C, and fired at 1000 • C and 1100 • C. The addition of dolomite resulted in an efflorescence on the surface of the bricks while also providing thermal insulation advantages and higher fire resistance. The addition of dolomite allowed for an increase in firing temperature to 1100 • C, which was initially not possible due to the melting characteristics of the clay. Dolomite also decreased the density of the bricks, which is crucial in order to decrease the dead load in structures. The produced bricks are intended for internal wall applications because of the efflorescence on the surface of the bricks. Overall, the addition of dolomite improved thermal conductivity and density, and other characteristics also showed suitable results.
... Figure 1 depicts the XRD patterns of the PAM-coated sand in comparison to neat-sand and neat-PAM. The neat-sand attained sharp peaks with high intensity, indicating crystalline structure [56] . Meanwhile, the XRD patterns of the neat-PAM did not show the presence of sharp peaks as a result of the amorphous structure of the PAM [57] . ...
Herein, we report a facile preparation of super-hydrophilic sand by coating the sand particles with cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels for enhanced water absorption and controlled water release aimed at desert agriculture. To prepare the sample, 4 wt% of aqueous PAM solution is mixed with organic cross-linkers of hydroquinone (HQ) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) in a 1:1 weight ratio and aqueous potassium chloride (KCl) solution. A specific amount of the above solution is added to the sand, well mixed, and subsequently cured at 150 °C for 8 h. The prepared super-hydrophilic sands were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for chemical composition and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for successful polymer coating onto the sand. The water storage for the samples was studied by absorption kinetics at various temperature conditions, and extended water release was studied by water desorption kinetics. The water swelling ratio for the super-hydrophilic sand has reached a maximum of 900% (9 times its weight) at 80 °C within 1 h. The desorption kinetics of the samples showed that the water can be stored for up to a maximum of 3 days. Therefore, super-hydrophilic sand particles were successfully prepared by coating them with PAM hydrogels, which have great potential to be used in sustainable desert agriculture.
... The third drop in weight was observed at 550°C and 750°C because of the oxidation reaction of organic matter in clay and RSR. Meanwhile, hematite oxidation occurred in this temperature range [31]. The observed weight loss of approximately 0.23% and 0.02% for the clay and RSR between 800 and 950°C was attributed to calcite decomposition into CaO at 768.5°C and quartz dihydroxylation between 750 and 950°C [32]. ...
The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of using mirror and glass industry residues as a partial replacement for clay in clay brick production, with a focus on sustainable and eco-friendly techniques. Clay was mixed with raw sand residue (RSR) in various ratios: 87.5/12.5, 85/15, 82.5/17.5 and 80/20 wt%, extruded with the appropriate amount of moisture, dried at 110 °C and fired at temperatures from 850 to 1050 °C. Extensive analytical techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogical analysis, chemical characterisation using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphological analysis, were employed to characterise the raw materials. Mechanical and thermal properties of the fired bricks were assessed, encompassing linear shrinkage, apparent porosity, apparent density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, dilatometry analysis, bending strength, compressive strength and freeze–thaw resistance. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of RSR as an additive yielded lightweight bricks with adequate strength, particularly when fired at lower temperatures. Notably, a clay–RSR mixture containing 12.5% RSR and fired at 1050 °C displayed an optimal balance between mechanical performance and porosity, exhibiting a porosity of 13%, an apparent density of 2 g/cm3, a thermal conductivity of 0.55 W/m K, and a compressive strength of 55 MPa. Furthermore, compressive strengths of the RSR replacement bricks ranged from 25 to 45 MPa, indicating the material's potential as a sustainable alternative to reduce clay consumption in brick production. The findings of this study highlight the promising potential of mirror and glass industry residues as an eco-friendly substitute in clay brick production.
... Most of those studies, having as direct objective the use of spent Garnets in building material industry, are located in Asia (Malaysia, India, etc.), as a direct consequence to huge availability of Garnets and their AWJ exploitation in those regions. Initial studies performed by Malaysian researches considered the applicability of Garnet wastes in the alkali activated mortars and concrete [5][6][7][8]; in parallel, similar studies included the cementitious composites as domain of use in the topic of spent Garnet valorization [9][10][11][12][13]. The common approach is focused on a reference mortar / concrete development, followed by testing mixes with specific 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, complete sand replacement [5][6][7][8]. ...
... Initial studies performed by Malaysian researches considered the applicability of Garnet wastes in the alkali activated mortars and concrete [5][6][7][8]; in parallel, similar studies included the cementitious composites as domain of use in the topic of spent Garnet valorization [9][10][11][12][13]. The common approach is focused on a reference mortar / concrete development, followed by testing mixes with specific 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, complete sand replacement [5][6][7][8]. They are confirming the Spent Garnet potential in this direction, offering complementary information and guiding lines for further investigation. ...
... The SG mortar mix design considers the Reference mixes and further incremental increase of SG content, as regular sand substitution, in accordance to similar approaches, specified by the scientific community in the topic of Spent Garnet potential valorization in concrete [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The initial sand replacement with SG material was of 25% and 50%, targeting 75% or even complete, 100% sand substitution. ...
The present research aims to simultaneously have positive contribution in two environmental issues identified on global scale, but also locally, in Romania: the waste generation due to industrial processes, on one hand, and on the other hand, the exhaustible natural resources constant increasing demand and consumption, in the construction industry as well. The use of abrasive waterjet (AWJ) sand in specific industries, for material processing purpose, represents an advantageous and efficient methodology, with increased domain of applicability and experiencing a significant development and improvement in the last years; still, besides the numerous benefits of the AWJ cutting and material processing techniques, they also generate collateral by-products, mostly converted into wastes: the abrasive materials (Garnet Sands) used during the AWJ cutting generate a sludge, generally unutilized and randomly deserted into damps (Spent Garnets, SG). In the same time, the construction industry and the corresponding mortar and concrete production segments, present accelerated growth, associated with global population fast increase (mainly in urban poles) and also with the industrial drive. The population growth and the industry expansion demand the corresponding infrastructure, civil, industrial, agrozootechnical, road and energetic, etc., leading to related request for building materials, concrete and natural resource consumption, like aggregates. This was the context which induced the idea of potentially valorizing the SG industrial by-products, generated by the local AWJ cutting industry, into construction materials, namely fine grain aggregates substitution in mortar and concrete. In order to evaluate the waste compatibility to a typical composition of cementitious material, a regular mortar was developed, considered the Reference (R) and further partial substitution of the usual sand was performed, by using the Spent Garnet wastes generated by two local companies. The substitution percentage was established in accordance to the previous studies in the topic, and ranged from 10 to 50% with respect to the sand quantity in the Reference mix. The mechanical performance of the mortars was analyzed at specific ages, in order to establish the viability of the substitution: 7day-testing, 14-day testing, 28 day-testing. The first results of the experimental study, focused on mechanical and physical characteristics of the mixes, are clearly encouraging, leading to the conclusion that SG by-products could be efficiently integrated in concrete and mortar mixes, as partial replacement of the regular sand; thus, the study opens the path to a sustainable, preventive solution for industrial waste generation and natural resources consumption as well. The potential use of SG as aggregate partial replacement in pavement eco-blocks is also considered, as future direction of research.
... The quartz mineral is commonly known to be nonreactive (Muttashar et al., 2018), but generally improves the packing density and long-term strength development. (Muttashar et al., 2018). ...
... The quartz mineral is commonly known to be nonreactive (Muttashar et al., 2018), but generally improves the packing density and long-term strength development. (Muttashar et al., 2018). On the other hand, calcite produces an adhesive scale on most metals, which reduces corrosion. ...
This paper investigates the physical, chemical, and microstructural properties of two types of natural sand; alluvial sands and dune sand from the El-Oued region in the northeastern Algerian Sahara. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), and granulometry analysis have been performed. The FTIR and XRD analysis prove that the alluvial sand and dune sand consist of high percentages of ?-quartz (SiO2), low amounts of calcite (CaCO3), and gypsum minerals (CaSO4;2H2O). The chemical analysis confirmed that both types of sand have a high silica (SiO2) ratio, reaching 80% for dune sand and 70% for alluvial sand, besides very low quantities of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and K2O oxides. CaO content was higher in alluvial sand than in dune sand. The shapes of alluvial sand grain samples ranged from angular to well-rounded. However, the dune sands have shapes ranging from sub-angular to well-rounded. However, the dune sand is poorly graded sand with a mean grain size of 250?m; whereas, the alluvial sand is well-graded sand with a mean grain size of 406?m. These findings demonstrate that alluvial and dune sands are mineralogically stable and chemically suitable for use as fine aggregates in construction. Also, these sands could be significant sources of quartz minerals.
... In the XRD pattern of M-AC shown in Fig. 2 [61]. Regarding the ASH, it was found that the ash had mainly an amorphous structure but also crystalline phases presented in its structure such as quartz, mullite, feldspar, and magnetite, which was confirmed at 2θ values of 22. [72,73]. The intensity pattern for M-SAND shows a more amorphous nature compared to SAND [74,75]. ...
The objective of this study is to prepare magnetic composites as adsorbents for Cr(VI) from wastewater. The prepared composites are magnetic activated carbon (M-AC), magnetic ash (M-ASH), and magnetic sand (M-SAND). These composites were characterized using XRF, FTIR, XRD, and TGA, and then tested as adsorbents for toxic Cr(VI) ions from synthetic wastewater. The elemental analysis of the composites showed a crucial increment in the Fe content of about 6425%, 3600%, and 93% for M-SAND, M-AC, and M-Ash, respectively. Their FTIR spectrum showed the existence of the Fe–O bond vibration, indicating the presence of Fe3O4 particles as confirmed by the XRD pattern. The pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption kinetic results and the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model accurately described the equilibrium data of ion adsorption by the three composites at 25 and 40 °C with relatively high values of R². The composites showed their highest adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) ions at 40 °C with an average adsorption capacity of the composites was about 50 mg/g. These relatively high values demonstrate the adsorption ability of the magnetic composites and present a strategy to use the adsorption process for Cr(VI) ions by these composites as efficient adsorbents.
... Using a backscatter electron detector, EDX can be done on the same image to obtain spectra for various spots. Using a combination of SEM and EDX results in spatially distributed elemental studies [52,53]. A data evaluation is required to ascertain the elements contained in the sample spectrum. ...
The main objective of this study is to use coconut husk to produce mortar for ferrocement. Mortar mix proportions are selected per ACI codes’ recommendation and the WRD Handbook. Four types of mortars: Cement and River Sand mortar (CSM), Cement, River Sand and Steel fibre mortar (CSSFM), Cement and Coconut Husk mortar (CCHM), and Cement, River Sand (60%), Coconut Husk (40%), and Steel fibre mortar (CSCHSFM) are used for this study Microstructural studies like SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis on cement mortar constituents and mortar mixes are studied and reported. At 3, 7, and 28 days tests of hardened mortar, such as compressive, split tensile, flexural strength, and impact strength resistance, were studied. Test results revealed that the coconut husk is innovative and sustainable and could be an alternative fine aggregate that can be utilized in place of river sand, which in turn can be used for mortar production. Since it has a lesser density which proves to be an advantage for developing lightweight mortar, it can be used for ferrocement applications.
