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Green superabsorbent polymer has attracted more attention in recent years. In this study, the natural-derived polymers of chitosan and gelatin composite foam with excellent water absorption capacity (WAC) were successfully prepared with ternary solvents. The optimal process parameters are: chitosan/gelatin mass ratio of 90:10 (w/w), ternary solvent...
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The hydrogel sponges have prepared successfully from gelatin/chitosan (GEL/CTS) matrix with different polyols basing on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The results indicate that the compressibility and thermal properties (thermal gravimetric analysis, TGA) were improved significantly w...
Citations
... Band frequencies in the FTIR spectra of individual components and prepared formulations22,[31][32][33]37,38,[50][51][52] IR frequencies/wave number (cm −1 ) ...
The present study aimed to develop miconazole nitrate solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) loaded polymeric microneedle (MN) patches (SPs) via the vacuum micromolding approach. The SLNs were fabricated through melt emulsification of stearic acid using Tween 80. SPs were prepared using chitosan, gelatin (as base materials) and polyethylene glycol 400 (as a plasticizer). The prepared formulations were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, including particle size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity (in the case of SLNs), folding endurance, % swelling and insertion ability (in the case of SPs). Scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were carried out for morphological and thermal analysis, respectively. Phase analysis was carried out via X-ray diffraction (XRD). In vitro tensile strength, drug release, anti-biofilm activity and in vivo anti-biofilm activity were studied to assess the efficiency of the SLN loaded polymeric formulation. Miconazole nitrate containing SLNs appeared as smooth-surfaced aggregates and displayed a particle diameter of ∼224 nm, polydispersity index of ∼0.32, encapsulation efficiency of ∼88.88% and loading capacity of ∼8.88%. SPs exhibited evenly aligned, uniform-surfaced, sharp-tipped projections, with an acceptable folding endurance of ∼300 and % swelling of ∼359%. DSC and XRD results confirmed the incorporation of the drug within the solidified lipid matrix as an amorphous solid. The miconazole nitrate lipidic nanoparticle containing polymeric formulation exhibited a tensile strength ∼1.35 times lower than the pure drug loaded counterpart. During in vitro studies, SPs released ∼94% miconazole nitrate within 150 minutes and reduced the mass of the Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilm by ∼79%. After 10 days of treatment with SPs, C. albicans infected wounds were healed, confirming that the prepared formulations can be used for the management of fungal biofilms.
... Gelatine, which possesses, essentially, a non-crystalline structure, also shows a moderate and very broad peak around 20.0 • [39,40]. This fact is well aligned with the presented results, namely due to the amorphous area observed for lower values of 2θ. ...
This study explores the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/gelatine films incorporating nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour, making them attractive for various applications, including biomedical uses. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of NiFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, and the scanning electron micrographs illustrated well-dispersed ferrite nanoparticles within the biopolymer network, despite the formation of some aggregates attributed to magnetic interactions. Magnetization loops revealed lower saturation magnetization values for the composites, attributed to the chitosan/gelatine coating and the dielectric studies, indicating increased dielectric losses in the presence of ferrites, particularly pronounced in the case of NiFe2O4, suggesting interactions at the interface region between the polymer and ferrite particles. The AC conductivity shows almost linear frequency dependence, associated with proton polarization and conduction processes, more significant at higher temperatures for samples with ferrite particles.
... Most of the mass fraction of NaCl solution and the addition of chitosan for absorbent resin have prominent and not easy to tear after absorbing water, have good gel intensity, and have the characteristics of non-toxic and harmless [156] . The chitosan water-absorbing and water-retaining material with a water absorption rate of more than 800 times distilled water, the water absorption rate of more than 500 times water, and an absorption mass fraction of 0.9% NaCl solution 130 times was prepared by aqueous solution polymerization method [157] . The material has outstanding biodegradability and no environmental pollution, and the preparation process is simple and low-cost. ...
Agriculture lands are faced with the problem of low nutrient availability due to the de-nitrification, volatilization, surface run-off, and leaching, thus there is dire need to reduce the nutrient losses. The use of urea fertilizer readily enhances the agricultural yield, it also deteriorates the soil quality. To overcome the problem of excessive nutrient losses, the present research is seeking to formulate controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers to slow down the release of fertilizers and minimize the loss of urea fertilizer by encapsulating the urea in chitosan microspheres using cross-linking and emulsification procedures.
The chitosan microspheres-based controlled nitrogen release fertilizers were prepared by the emulsion and cross-linking method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize microspheres. The release rate of nitrogen was also determined. Subsequently, an experiment was conducted to assess the effects of controlled-release fertilizer on plant growth, antioxidant, and metabolite. The various amounts of urea per pot were applied to Chinese cabbage, including T1 0.5 g/pot, T2 0.6 g/pot, T3 0.8 g/pot, and CK 0.0 g/pot, while the same amount of microspheres as T4 0.5 g/pot, T5 0.6 g/pot, T6 0.8 g/pot, and T0 (no urea), respectively. Plant growth parameters such as: germination ratio, plant height, leaf number, leaf size, and length were recorded during seven days of germination and every six days until the harvest stage, around four weeks. Photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, the dark respiration rate (RD) of Chinese cabbage. Furthermore, biochemical components including total sugar, protein, flavonoid and total polyphenols, amino acid, and vitamin C were measured. For the soil physiochemical parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were determined. 16S rRNA gene data base Silva v138 was used to analyze the composition of bacterial communities in the soil. In addition, the enzymes, including urease, acid phosphatase, catalase, and cellulase, β-glucosidase, and dehydrogenase activity in the soil were determined by using enzymes kits.
The results showed that the urea was successfully incorporated into chitosan microspheres and the encapsulation rate was 89%. The size of urea-loaded microspheres was larger than that of the size of blank microspheres. They were round in shape, and the upper surface of urea-loaded microspheres showed some urea particles attached. The release test showed urea diffused uniformly from the microspheres after 120 to 168 hours and displayed a controlled-release of nitrogen fertilizer. The findings demonstrated that chitosan microsphere-based controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers (Cm-CRNFs) outperformed urea and control treatments in terms of seed germination (96%), and plant height (17.04 cm), number of leaves (11.00 average), and leaf length (110.19 mm). Moreover, Cm-CRNFs treatment increased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, fluorescence, and dark respiration rate, as well as total sugar, proteins, flavonoids, polyphenols, amino acids and vitamin C. Overall, Cm-CRNFs showed promising results in all treatments for all tested physiochemical and growth parameters. Additionally, Cm-CRNFs treatments increased bacterial alpha diversity, taxonomy, and community composition by comparing the relative abundances of bacteria at the phylum and class levels under different treatments. The bacteria were mainly clustered in Acidimicrobiia, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Blastocatellia, Chloroflexia, Gammaproteobacteria, and Saccharimonadia. The findings of enzymes activities displayed that urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase, and dehydrogenase activity were showed significantly decreased as compared to urea treatments. However, catalase were substantially higher in some Cm-CRNFs treatments (T5 and T6) and the acid phosphatase in T4. In addition, analysis of RDA results showed that in bacterial communities there was no significant correlation between CK and T0. However, bacterial communities showed a strong correlation in urea treatments (T1, T2 and T3). Besides, the bacterial communities also displayed a strong correlation in Cm-CRNFs treatments (T4, T5 and T6). Moreover, Actinobacteria, Abditibacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes were shown to be positively correlated in RDA1 and RDA2 analysis. This is because these bacterial species have the potential to enhance the activity of urease, acid phosphatase, catalase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase in the soil.
The innovative use of chitosan microsphere-based controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers holds great promise to prolong the release of nitrogen fertilizer that enhances the plant growth, antioxidant and metabolite contents of Chinese cabbage, besides improves the soil’s bacterial diversity and enzyme activity.
... The XRD pattern of gel(Fig. 2c)elucidates a broad peak around 2θ = 20 • indicating a moderate crystalline structure of gel[45]. The XRD pattern of Ti 3 C 2 T X /NiFeMn-LDH@Gel composite(Fig. ...
... The broad band at 3000-3700 cm −1 attributes to the N-H stretching vibration of amide I and the asymmetrical C-H stretching vibrations of amide II [55] . Following, ATR of GEL appears the characteristic peak at 1239 cm −1 corresponding to C-N, N-H vibrations in amide III, while the peaks at 1532 cm −1 , 1632 cm −1 and 3280 cm −1 are the peaks referring to C = O and, N-H vibrations in amide I and O-H stretching vibration, respectively [56] . Checking the differences between the spectra of the neat materials and the one obtained from the blend, some shifts were detected. ...
Skin wounds not only cause physical pain to patients but also pose an economic burden to society. Consequently, effective approaches to promote skin repair remain a challenge. Specifically, chitosan-based hydrogels are ideal candidates to promote wound healing at different stages and while diminishing the factors that impede this process (such as excessive inflammatory and chronic wound infection). Furthermore, the unique biological properties of a chitosan-based hydrogel enable it to serve as both a wound dressing and a drug delivery system (DDS). In the present work, chitosan (CS) graft copolymer with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (CS-MTAC), a cationic monomer with promising antibacterial properties, was synthesized. The successful synthesis of the copolymer was confirmed, while it was studied for its swelling ability and water absorption capacity, as well as for its biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Expecting to improve its printability, the copolymer was blended with elastin (EL), collagen (COL), and increasing concentrations of gelatin (GEL). The hydrogel with 6% w/v CS, 4% w/w EL, 4% w/w COL and 1% w/v GEL was selected for its potential to be 3D-printed and was neutralized with ammonia vapors or ethanol/sodium hydroxide solution and loaded with levofloxacin. The feasibility of CS-MTAC/EL/COL/GEL bioink, loaded with Levo, as a suitable candidate for wound healing and drug delivery applications, has been demonstrated.
... peak at 440 cm −1 is merged with the peak at 532 cm −1 which is due to the Zn-O stretching mode [32]. In the composite samples of (1:1) and (1:2), the combined peaks of Fe 2 O 3 and ZnO NPs are observed along with small peaks at 913 cm −1 representing amines, 1424 cm −1 for -COOH symmetric stretch, 1532 cm −1 shows N-H bending vibration, 1630 cm −1 for C=O stretch, and 3433 cm −1 for O-H stretch respectively [33]. These peaks may be ascribed to the addition of gelatin in the preparation process. ...
In this work, we report the synthesis of α-Fe2O3, ZnO, and α-Fe2O3/ZnO nanomaterials by a simple sol-gel method for photocatalytic dye degradation and flexible electronic applications. X-ray diffraction results reveal that the synthesized samples were rhombohedral and hexagonal wurtzite structures of α-Fe2O3, and ZnO nanoparticles, respectively. α-Fe2O3/ZnO composites exhibit the mixed peaks of both α-Fe2O3 and ZnO crystal structures which substantiate the formation of α-Fe2O3/ZnO composites. From the optical studies, the band gaps of α-Fe2O3, ZnO, and α-Fe2O3/ZnO composites of (1:1) and (1:2) ratios are calculated as 2.11, 3.14, 2.87, and 2.92 eV respectively. Compared to pure α-Fe2O3 and pure ZnO nanoparticles, α-Fe2O3/ZnO composites of (1:2) ratio exhibit superior photocatalytic behavior under the irradiation of the natural sunlight and also show good stability for up to five cycles. From the scavenger studies, it is concluded that hydroxyl radicals are the major contributors to the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye molecules. The dielectric behavior of the pure and blended nanoparticles is also investigated in a wide range of frequencies using impedance spectroscopy. The nanoparticles embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or α-Fe2O3/ZnO/PVA thin films demonstrate a higher dielectric constant (32.68) and lower loss factor (3.32) than pristine PVA. The AC conductivity (σAC) of α-Fe2O3/ZnO composites of (1:2) ratio is 10−12 S/cm. These findings indicate the possibilities of using α-Fe2O3/ZnO/PVA composites for the fabrication of flexible electronic devices.
... The low-intensity peak observed at 1420 cm −1 and 1373 cm −1 are indicating the CH 2 groups. The band at 1027 cm −1 is linked to the stretching vibrations of COC groups[27][28][29][30].Figure 4bcorresponds to the spectrum of sodium alginate. The peak at 3415 cm −1 is related to the vibration of a hydroxyl group (-OH). ...
Background
In regenerative medicine, especially skin tissue engineering, the focus is on enhancing the quality of wound healing. Also, several constructs with different regeneration potentials have been used for skin tissue engineering. In this study, the regenerative properties of chitosan-alginate composite hydrogels in skin wound healing under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were investigated in vitro.
Methods
The ionic gelation method was used to prepare chitosan/alginate (CA) hydrogel containing CA microparticles and bioactive agents [ascorbic acid (AA) and α-tocopherol (TP)]. After preparing composite hydrogels loaded with AA and TP, the physicochemical properties such as porosity, pore size, swelling, weight loss, wettability, drug release, and functional groups were analyzed. Also, the hemo-biocompatibility of composite hydrogels was evaluated by a hemolysis test. Then, the rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were seeded onto the hydrogels after characterization by flow cytometry. The survival rate was analyzed using MTT assay test. The hydrogels were also investigated by DAPI and H&E staining to monitor cell proliferation and viability. To induce hypoxia, the cells were exposed to CoCl2. To evaluate the regenerative potential of rMSCs cultured on CA/AA/TP hydrogels under hypoxic conditions, the expression of the main genes involved in the healing of skin wounds, including HIF-1α, VEGF-A, and TGF-β1, was investigated by real-time PCR.
Results
The results demonstrated that the prepared composite hydrogels were highly porous, with interconnected pores that ranged in sizes from 20 to 188 μm. The evaluation of weight loss showed that the prepared hydrogels have the ability to biodegrade according to the goals of wound healing. The reduction percentage of CA/AA/TP mass in 21 days was reported as 21.09 ± 0.52%. Also, based on wettability and hemolysis tests of the CA/AA/TP, hydrophilicity (θ = 55.6° and 53.7°) and hemocompatibility with a hemolysis ratio of 1.36 ± 0.19 were evident for them. Besides, MTT assay, DAPI, and H&E staining also showed that the prepared hydrogels provide a suitable substrate for cell growth and proliferation. Finally, based on real-time PCR, increased expression levels of VEGF and TGF-β1 were observed in rMSCs in hypoxic conditions cultured on the prepared hydrogels.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this study provides evidence that 3D CA/AA/TP composite hydrogels seeded by rMSCs in hypoxic conditions have great potential to improve wound healing.
Graphical abstract
... 62 Additionally, the typical bands of the CS structure are present at 3353 cm −1 , due to the O−H vibrations, at 1649 cm −1 (amide I), 1543 cm −1 (NH 2 bending), and 1380 cm −1 (CH 2 bending). 13 63 The spectrum of the PCG scaffold exhibits two characteristic bands at 3290 and 1637 cm −1 , confirming the interactions of PVA, CS, and Gel through hydrogen bonding between the amino and hydroxyl moieties. 24,64 Figure 9b illustrates the ATR spectrum of the PCG scaffold after neutralization. ...
Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of a three-dimensional printed chitosan (CS)−poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)− gelatin (Gel) hydrogel incorporating the antimicrobial drug levofloxacin (LEV) as a potential tissue engineering scaffold. Hydrogels were prepared by physically cross-linking the polymers, and the printability of the prepared hydrogels was determined. The hydrogel with 3% w/v of CS, 3% w/v of PVA, and 2% w/v of Gel presented the best printability, producing smooth and uniform scaffolds. The integrity of 3D-printed scaffolds was improved via a neutralization process since after testing three different neutralized agents, i.e., NH 3 vapors, EtOH/NaOH, and KOH solutions. It was proved that the CS/PVA/Gel hydrogel was formed by hydrogen bonds and remained amorphous in the 3D-printed structures. Drug loading studies confirmed the successful incorporation of LEV, and its in vitro release continued for 48 h. The cytotoxicity/cytocompatibility tests showed that all prepared scaffolds were cytocompatible.
... In the FTIR spectrum of α-Fe 2 O 3, the wavenumbers at 451 and 566 cm − 1 signify the Fe-O stretching, and bending modes respectively [28] whereas, in ZnO, the small transmission peak at 440 cm − 1 is merged with the peak at 532 cm − 1 which is due to the Zn-O stretching mode [29]. In the composite samples of [30]. These peaks may be ascribed to the addition of gelatin in the preparation process. ...
In this work, we report the synthesis of pure α-Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, and α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO nanomaterials by a simple sol-gel method for photocatalytic dye degradation and flexible electronic applications. XRD results reveal that the synthesized samples were rhombohedral and hexagonal wurtzite structures of α-Fe 2 O 3 , and ZnO nanoparticles respectively. α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO composites exhibit the mixed peaks of both α-Fe 2 O 3 and ZnO crystal structures which substantiate the formation of α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO composites. From the optical studies, the band gaps of α-Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO composites of (1:1), and (1:2) ratios are calculated as 2.11, 3.14, 2.87, and 2.92 eV respectively. Compared to pure α-Fe 2 O 3 and ZnO nanoparticles, α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO composites of (1:2) ratio exhibit superior photocatalytic behaviour under the irradiation of the natural sunlight and also show good stability for up to five cycles. From the scavenger studies, it is concluded that hydroxyl radicals are the major contributors to the photocatalytic decolourization of methylene blue dye molecules. The dielectric behaviour of the pure and blended nanoparticles is also investigated in a wide range of frequencies using impedance spectroscopy. The nanoparticles embedded in Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) or α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO/PVA thin films demonstrate a higher dielectric constant (32.68) and lower loss factor (3.32) than pristine PVA. The AC conductivity (σ AC ) of α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO composites of (1:2) ratio is 10 − 12 S/cm. These findings indicate the possibilities of using α-Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO/PVA composites as a flexible dielectric material for the fabrication of flexible electronic devices.
... The crystallinity of chitosan, MTX, and Meth-Cs-NPs was ascertained by XRD (Fig. 1c). Chitosan showed a broad peak at ~ 15.2 • and a sharp peak at ~ 20.4 • , representing the semi-crystalline nature [42]. This peak (20.4 • ) resulted from specific hydrogen bonding between the two linear chitosan molecules [40]. ...
Herein, Methotrexate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Meth-Cs-NPs) was formulated through single-step self-assembly by incorporating the ionic-gelation method. Chitosan was cross-linked with Methotrexate via a sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) where 49 % Methotrexate was loaded in the nanoparticles (∼143 nm) and zeta potential of 34 ± 3 mV with an entrapment efficiency of 87 %. The efficacy of nanoparticles was assessed for chemically induced breast cancer treatment in the Sprague Dawley rats model. These Meth-Cs-NPs followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model in-vitro release kinetics. Nanoparticles were further evaluated for in-vitro efficacy on triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines. The MTT assay studies revealed that even slight exposure to Meth-Cs-NPs (IC50 = 15 µg/mL) caused 50 % cell death in 24 h. Further, hemocompatibility studies of Meth-Cs-NPs were performed, deciphered that Meth-Cs-NPs were biocompatible (hemolysis < 2 %). Additional cellular uptake was evaluated by confocal imaging. Moreover, an in-vivo pharmacokinetic study of nanoparticles in rats displayed increased plasma concentration of the drug and retention time, whereas a decrease in cellular clearance compared to free Methotrexate. Further, anti-tumor efficacy studies revealed that nanoparticles could reduce tumor volume from 1414 mm3→385 mm3 compared to free Methotrexate (1414 mm3→855 mm3). The current study presents encouraging prospects of Meth-Cs-NPs to be used as a viable breast cancer treatment modality.
