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FTIR analysis: (A) FTIR spectra of the modern and archaeological bone samples; (B) FTIR spectra of the modern and archaeological hair samples; (C) FTIR spectra of the modern and archaeological textile samples.
Source publication
A Late Period gazelle mummy housed in the Agricultural Museum in Cairo, Egypt was
selected for this study. The mummy showed different signs of deterioration, such as white
spots, missing tissue, gaps in the linen bandages, and accumulated dust. This study aims
to describe the signs of deterioration; to explain the mechanisms of deterioration, and to...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... results of this section were explained and discussed in accordance with Abdel-Maksoud (2010). It is clear (Fig. 5A) that the band at 3422.06 cm -1 in the new sample (control) assigned to a broad band represents (OH) hydroxyl stretching due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl group. This band includes multiple bands made up of multiple N-H groups (its primary amides), both in the solid state and in the presence of hydrogen bonding. In ...
Context 2
... examination of these spectra allowed the researcher to confirm the presence of frequencies characteristic to keratin and the changes in band intensity in the archaeological sample. Several important points were obtained from ATR- FTIR analysis of the samples (Fig. 5B): -According to Espinoza et al. (2008), the region (1200 to 1000 cm -1 ) is associated with vibrations of the sulphur-oxygen groups of keratin. The results proved the presence of sulphur-oxygen groups in the two samples. The degradation in the archaeological sample compared to the control sample was ...
Context 3
... of the amino acid cystine to cysteic acid can occur in hair, resulting in an increase of the S=O stretching absorbance (Robotham, www.thermo.com). Hair fibers analyzed by ATR-FTIR clearly show the difference between new and archaeological samples. Fig. 5B shows the region between 1400 and 900 cm -1 , revealing the spectral differences due to the oxidation of cystine to cysteic ...
Context 4
... infrared spectra of new and archae- ological linen samples (Fig. 5C) were recorded from 4000-400 cm -1 . The results showed that there are changes in the IR spectra of the archaeological sample compared to the spectra of the control sample. By comparing the results, it is evident that there are significant spectral changes in the region from 1750-1600 cm -1 for the archaeological sample. The region from ...
Citations
... But during the eras of weak mummification, some wonderful cases of mummification were found, which amounted to the method of mummification in the era of the New Kingdom, but that was not general. Many scientists and researchers talked about mummification methods in different eras [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], and therefore this will not be discussed in this study. ...
... Further, we monitored the spectral region from 1200 cm À1 to 1000 cm À1 which is typically attributed to the sulfonate groups vibrational region [1,8,12]. The partially oxidized cysteine derivatives of JP M196 (ancient) hair were found to exhibit diverse features from those of the modern reference hair sample. ...
We explore the preservation status and alterations of organic compounds in Roman period human hair strands from a specific individual (M196) excavated at Juliopolis (JP). How do these organic compounds present in this c. 2000-year-old human hair compare to those present in modern hair? Alterations to organic compounds in archaeological human hair are caused by biological degradative processes dependent on multifactorial processes acting on the hair since the deposition of a body in a mortuary context. We investigate the type of organic compounds present using Synchrotron Radiation Fourier Transform Infrared (SR-FTIR). Juliopolis (Iuliopolis) is an ancient multiperiod city, located in the Çayırhan district of Nallıhan, northwest of Ankara. The Juliopolis necropolis from which M196 was recovered was in use throughout the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods, and yielded over 700 tombs with numerous human remains. One tomb (M196) contained human remains of exceptional preservation status, including substantial amounts of hair. Human hair from archaeological contexts is not only extremely rare, but importantly, has high analytical value, with potential for analysis of diet, geographical origins, ancient DNA, metal exposure, and other aspects of life in a time-resolved manner. These data make significant contributions to the life history of the individual (osteobiography), as well as contribute towards key archaeological questions. As these analyses are in their majority destructive, prior evaluation of the preservation of sufficient amounts of the organic compounds on which many such analyses rely upon is crucial, to avoid unnecessary loss of precious ancient samples. The results of our SR-FTIR analyses at SESAME synchrotron show that keratin in the JP M196 is more degraded in comparison to the modern reference sample. However, the results also point to clear potential for further analyses with techniques relying on organic compound preservation, such as C and N isotopic analyses for diet, and aDNA.
... It was confirmed that analysis and investigations (such as XRDchange of color, etc.) are also vital in the conservation field especially in experimental studies. Conservators can use some of these techniques for the determination of the best materials that can be used in the conservation processes of historical objects [17][18][19] . ...
Starch stain is a common stain on paper artifacts. This stain leads to deformation of the surface of the paper and promotes the growth of microbiological deterioration. This study aims to use nanoparticles with an α-amylase enzyme to improve its quality for removing this type of stain from the surface of paper artifacts. Accelerated heat aging was used on starch stain applied on the new paper samples. The α-amylase enzyme was prepared. Silver and gold nanoparticles were biosynthesized by local fungal isolation. The produced silver and gold nanoparticles were characterized by using different techniques of analysis (UV- Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis). Different concentrations of Ag-NPs and Au-NPs were added to the α-amylase reaction mixture to enhance its activity for removing starch stains. Some analytical techniques were also used for the evaluation of the efficiency of α-amylase and nanoparticles for removing starch stains (Color measurement, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and pH measurement).
The results proved that Ag-NPs at 20 microliters increased the activity to about 160%, whereas Au-NPs enhanced the activity to about 140% at a concentration of 5μL. The results showed that α-amylase enzyme incorporated with Ag-NPs exhibited better results more than its use alone. The addition of Ag-NPs to α-amylase enzyme for the removal of starch stain reduced the total color differences, improved the surface morphology.
... Visual assessment by digital camera and Auto CAD [5], investigation by Digital and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are always used to identify the type of animal skin and to reveal different aspects of deterioration found on the surface of the leather artifacts [6][7][8]. Fourier Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to identify the change in the chemical composition [9], and amino acids analysis is used to identify the changes and breakdown of amino acids [10]. The measurement of leather pH reveals the state of preservation of leather at different locations (museums, storages, libraries, etc.) or in storage. ...
... It can be explained by the fact that the oxidative decomposition of the side chains of amino acids forms ammonium (NH4+) ions. The basic amino acids lysine and arginine are particularly sensitive to oxidation and the results reflect this [10]. The historical leather cover sample showed that ammonium content was (5.8%) while its value in the new leather sample was (4.3%). ...
... 7-Wrapping the body with linen bandages that were sometimes adorned with amulets, decorated mask (cartonnage) and inscriptions [7[. 8-Placing the mummy in a body-shaped container (coffin or sarcophagus), and there might be personal items along with the body [8]. The second method of mummification included the complete evisceration, the injection of cedar oil into the anus, and the treatment of the body with Natron salt. ...
Ancient mummies suffer from degradation as a result of the improper conditions which change both the chemical and physical properties of the materials. This study aims to explain the chemical changes of an Egyptian mummy dating back to the late period. Multiple analytical techniques have been executed to characterize the different components of the mummy: optical microscopy, stereo microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results revealed that the Natron salt existed over the linen wraps with the presence of the mastic resin and beeswax as embalming materials. The incorrect packing method had a negative effect through which the surrounding humidity around the mummy’s body accelerated the reaction between the water vapor and the mummy's components. The water molecules of humidity interacted with the Natron salt to form a basic medium, and the humid conditions promoted the microbial and insect activity. The analytical investigation showed the fabric embrittlement in the wrapping and the diagenetic alterations in the bone.
... 7-Wrapping the body with linen bandages that were sometimes adorned with amulets, decorated mask (cartonnage) and inscriptions [7[. 8-Placing the mummy in a body-shaped container (coffin or sarcophagus), and there might be personal items along with the body [8]. The second method of mummification included the complete evisceration, the injection of cedar oil into the anus, and the treatment of the body with Natron salt. ...
... Although X-ray diffraction has studied materials extracted from mummies, e.g. [7][8][9], it can also identify crystalline materials within intact mummies, something which apparently has not been reported previously. This paper describes CTguided, in situ small diameter, high-energy X-ray microbeam mapping and the identification of objects within Hawara Portrait Mummy No. 4 (HPM4). ...
Hawara Portrait Mummy 4, a Roman-era Egyptian portrait mummy, was studied with computed tomography (CT) and with CT-guided synchrotron X-ray diffraction mapping. These are the first X-ray diffraction results obtained non-invasively from objects within a mummy. The CT data showed human remains of a 5-year-old child, consistent with the female (but not the age) depicted on the portrait. Physical trauma was not evident in the skeleton. Diffraction at two different mummy-to-detector separations allowed volumetric mapping of features including wires and inclusions within the wrappings and the skull and femora. The largest uncertainty in origin determination was approximately 1.5 mm along the X-ray beam direction, and diffraction- and CT-determined positions matched. Diffraction showed that the wires were a modern dual-phase steel and showed that the 7 × 5 × 3 mm inclusion ventral of the abdomen was calcite. Tracing the 00.2 and 00.4 carbonated apatite (bone's crystalline phase) reflections back to their origins produced cross-sectional maps of the skull and of femora; these maps agreed with transverse CT slices within approximately 1 mm. Coupling CT and position-resolved X-ray diffraction, therefore, offers considerable promise for non-invasive studies of mummies.
... FTIR able to estimate qualitative and quantitative changes of paper caused by acid hydrolysis and oxidation, where carbonyl groups are very active in IR than groups in degraded paper [27,28]. FTIR model (Nicolet 380 FT-IR) NIS MS was used to analysis, The Nicolet 380 FT-IR spectrometer is available for analysis in the far, mid and near IR regions, spectra was obtained with TGS detector and by using KBr method, Origin lab pro 2019 was used to separate spectra, FTIR solution software in range 400-4000cm -1 , and use method Superimpose to comparisons between Spectra [29,30]. ...
... Papyrus stems, bundled together, were used by the Egyptians for boat making and they also wove the papyrus fibres into water resistant ropes, mats, baskets and tables [2]. It has been used over millennia, such as in the manufacture of the first paper by the ancient Egyptians [3][4][5] and for mummy wrappings [6]. Recently, ...
... Nano-cellulose has been used as a consolidation material, for the improvement of the mechanical properties, as well as Tylose to enhance the fiber-fiber bond strength [46,47]. Some cellulose derivatives, such as Klucel G (Hydroxypropylcellulose), were found to have good consolidation properties to papyrus [6], with the best reduction in the growth of A. nidulans, A. terrus, Penicillium asperum, Trichoderma viride and P. funiculosum [48]. Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) was also used to consolidate the Papyrus [14]. ...
... Nano-cellulose has been used as a consolidation material, for the improvement of the mechanical properties, as well as Tylose to enhance the fiber-fiber bond strength [46,47]. Some cellulose derivatives, such as Klucel G (Hydroxypropylcellulose), were found to have good consolidation properties to papyrus [6], with the best reduction in the growth of A. nidulans, A. terrus, Penicillium asperum, Trichoderma viride and P. funiculosum [48]. Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) was a ...
In the present work, sheets of Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), manufactured by lamination from strips pre-treated with different treatments, were evaluated for their technological and fungal infestation properties (Aspergillus flavus AFl375, A. niger Ani245 and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Cgl311). The results showed that the highest values of tensile strength, tear strength, burst index and double-fold number were observed in papyrus sheets produced from strips treated with nano-cellulose (0.25%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 10%), Tylose (0.25%) and nano-cellulose (0.5%), with values of 98.90 N·m/g, 2343.67 mN·m2/g, 1162 kpa·m2/g and 8.33, respectively. The percentage of brightness ranged from 49.7% (strips treated with KOH 2% + 100 mL NaClO) to 9.6% (strips treated with Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark extract 2%), while the percentage of darkness ranged from 99.86% (strips treated with Salix babylonica leaf extract 2% or E. camaldulensis bark extract 0.5%) to 67.26% (strips treated with NaOH (2%) + 100 mL NaClO). From the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated strips with extracts from P. rigida and E. camaldulensis or S. babylonica showed no growths of A. flavus and C. gloeosporioides. Additionally, other pre-treatments, such as Nano-cellulose+Tylose 0.5% (1:1 v/v) and Tylose 0.5%, were also found to have no growth of A. niger. In conclusion, strips pre-treated with nanomaterials and extracts were enhanced in terms of the technological and antifungal properties of produced Papyrus sheets, respectively.
... This method of analysis has been used in accordance with Infra-red spectra were obtained using a FTIR spectroscopy (JASCO-ATR-FT/IR-6100). This method of analysis gives information on the composition of the material and at the same time gives an indication of the behavior of the protein materials degradation (Abdel-Maksoud, 2013). Attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR) was used as significant advantage of ATR technique is that the archaeological samples require no preparation, thereby minimizing possible damage. ...
