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Chitosan is a commercially available derivative of chitin that has been extensively studied for its antimicrobial properties. In order to improve the water solubility and its biological activity, the chemical modification or derivatisation is attempted. In the present investigation, the chitosan prepared from the cuttlebone of Sepia kobiensiswas be...
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... FT-IR spectra of chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan are depicted in Fig. 1A&B, respectively. The peak at 3435.37 cm À1 corresponds to H-bonded NH 2 and OH stretching. The peaks at 2921.94 cm À1 and 2852.95 cm À1 correspond to aliphatic CH stretching. The peak obtained at 1640.62 cm À1 corresponds to the amide stretching of C¼O and the band at 1020.99 cm À1 attributes to CÀ ÀOÀ ÀC stretching vibrations. In ...Citations
... In the current study, FTIR spectroscopy of chitosan particles revealed peaks corresponding to their functional groups, which agrees with other published studies [30][31][32][33] . Results demonstrated that chitosan treatment caused a reduction in the adult count of S. muris by 87.5% in treated rats compared to the untreated group. ...
Natural products extracted from animal sources have many biological activities, such as chitosan, which is being researched for its medicinal or therapeutic potential. Syphacia muris is the most well-known intestinal nematode, infecting laboratory rats and influencing their immune systems. In this study, we looked at the anthelminthic activity of chitosan particles against S. muris infection using biochemical, immunological, and histopathological methods. Chitosan particles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Rats were separated into four groups, each consisting of seven individuals (n = 7). The first group was the control (non-infected), the second group was infected, and both groups received 0.5 ml of 1% glacial acetic acid orally. The third group was the infected group (treated), and the fourth group (normal) received 0.5 ml of 30 mg/kg/day chitosan dissolved in 1% glacial acetic acid for 14 days using gavage. Liver and kidney parameters, oxidative stress markers, serum levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, and IL-10), as well as immunoglobulins (total IgE and IgG), were assessed. Histological examinations of host tissues (intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen) were also performed. Following chitosan treatment, a significant decrease in worm count (P < 0.05) was indicated; this was associated with an enhancement of biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers, which were altered due to infection. Moreover, immunological analysis revealed a significant drop in INF-γ, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 levels and total immunoglobulins (IgE and IgG) as well as an improvement in rat tissues. Conclusively, this study showed the anthelminthic effect of chitosan against S. muris infection.
... Apart from SA-analogues, chitosan is one of the most studied elicitors and has already been included in commercial products for field applications in kiwifruit orchards (Collina et al., 2016;Brunetti et al., 2020). This compound is believed to act as bacteriostatic, affecting the biochemistry of the bacterial surface (Shanmugam et al., 2016), and may also hamper the pathogen's access to nutrients and minerals (Beatrice et al., 2017). Chitosan-elicited kiwifruit plants have shown enhanced expression of genes encoding PR proteins after Psa inoculation (Beatrice et al., 2017). ...
Plant disease outbreaks are increasing in a world facing climate change and globalized markets, representing a serious threat to food security. Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker (KBC), caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), was selected as a case study for being an example of a pandemic disease that severely impacted crop production, leading to huge economic losses, and for the effort that has been made to control this disease. This review provides an in-depth and critical analysis on the scientific progress made for developing alternative tools for sustainable KBC management. Their status in terms of technological maturity is discussed and a set of opportunities and threats are also presented. The gradual replacement of susceptible kiwifruit cultivars, with more tolerant ones, significantly reduced KBC incidence and was a major milestone for Psa containment – which highlights the importance of plant breeding. Nonetheless, this is a very laborious process. Moreover, the potential threat of Psa evolving to more virulent biovars, or resistant lineages to existing control methods, strengthens the need of keep on exploring effective and more environmentally friendly tools for KBC management. Currently, plant elicitors and beneficial fungi and bacteria are already being used in the field with some degree of success. Precision agriculture technologies, for improving early disease detection and preventing pathogen dispersal, are also being developed and optimized. These include hyperspectral technologies and forecast models for Psa risk assessment, with the latter being slightly more advanced in terms of technological maturity. Additionally, plant protection products based on innovative formulations with molecules with antibacterial activity against Psa (e.g., essential oils, phages and antimicrobial peptides) have been validated primarily in laboratory trials and with few compounds already reaching field application. The lessons learned with this pandemic disease, and the acquired scientific and technological knowledge, can be of importance for sustainably managing other plant diseases and handling future pandemic outbreaks.
... In the αform, the amide I band splits into two bands at the ranges of 1650 and 1620 cm −1 (Wang et al., 2013), whereas in the β-form, there is only one amide I band at the 1656 cm −1 region. Shanmugam et al. (2016) demonstrated that chitosan extracted from S. kobiensis confirmed the presence of bands corresponding to the functional groups such as kobiensis chitosan showed flakey, highly porous, and fibril structures (Ramasamy et al., 2014). A rough surface on chitosan was observed at a higher magnification of M. edulis (Majekodunmi et al., 2017b); however, uneven particle size and shape were observed under low magnification. ...
The marine food-processing industries were producing large quantities of shell wastes as a discard. Currently, this waste material was underutilized and leads to the landfill as a significant environmental issue. The outer shells or exoskeletons of mollusks serve as the best source of chitin. Three different allomorphs of chitin (γ, β, and γ) were extracted from different species of crustaceans, mollusks, and fungi. β-Allomorphs predominantly exist in the shells of mollusks. β-Chitin and its deacetylated product chitosan has been utilized for its special characteristic features, including biocom-patibility, environmental friendly, and nontoxic properties. The extraction of β-chitin and chitosan from the mollusk shell waste were evaluated in this work. Hence, this review aims to explore edible mollusk shell waste sources and its suitable extraction techniques, characterizations, and functional properties of mollusk-based β-chitin and chitosan. Further, the genetic pathway of synthesizing mollusk chitin was discussed. The entire life cycle assessment with techno-economic aspects were extrapolated to study the bottlenecks and tangible solution for the industrial upscaling of obtaining β-chitin and chitosan from the edible mollusk shell waste have been reviewed herein.
... Among the polysaccharides, CT and CTS is a cationic natural biopolymer extracted from the shells of crustaceans, fish scales, insects, mollusks and fungi [17][18][19][20][21][22]. There are several uses for CTS and COS in various industries, including food, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture and textiles [23]. ...
... Among them, seafood wastes were recognized as a suitable source for commercial CT production. Chitin is a natural biopolymer usually chemically extracted from crustacean shell wastes [32], mollusks [9,[11][12][13]19,20], insects [33], fungi [34] and leaves of Luffa cylindrica [35]. Recently, Chitin and chitosan are being extracted using several green extraction methods [15,16]. ...
... The antimicrobial potential of CTS has been reviewed and summarized by Goy et al. [131]. Till date, there are numerous reports readily available on the bacteriostatic effects of chitosan against a wide range of human pathogens [20] and CTS solution has been utilized for making V. splendidus [129] ( wound dressing applications [132]. Yan et al. [133] mentioned that CT and its derivatives can be used to treat various enteric infections. ...
There is a stable growth in aquaculture production to avoid seafood scarcity. The usage of eco-friendly feed additives is not only associated with aquatic animal health but also reduces the risk of deleterious effects to the environment and consumers. Aquaculture researchers are seeking dietary solutions to improve the growth performance and yield of target organisms. A wide range of naturally derived compounds such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, complex carbohydrates, nutritional factors, herbs, hormones, vitamins, and cytokines was utilized as immunostimulants in aquaculture. The use of polysaccharides derived from natural resources, such as alginate, agar, laminarin, carrageenan, fucoidan, chitin, and chitosan, as supplementary feed in aquaculture species has been reported. Polysaccharides are prebiotic substances which are enhancing the immunity, disease resistance and growth of aquatic animals. Further, chitin (CT), chitosan (CTS) and chitooligosaccharides (COS) were recognized for their biodegradable properties and unique biological functions. The dietary effects of CT, CTS and COS at different inclusion levels on growth performance, immune response and gut microbiota in aquaculture species has been reviewed. The safety regulations, challenges and future outlooks of CT, CTS and COS in aquatic animals have been discussed in this review.
... which was poured with complete medium (Shanmugam et al. 2016). The DHQ and DHQ/β-CD complex solutions that contained equal concentrations of DHQ were prepared to obtain the samples with concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 mg/mL. ...
Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is a natural occurring dihydroflavonol that has strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities. However, its application is limited due to its poor solubility. This study aims to improve the aqueous solubility of DHQ by complexing DHQ with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to boost its biological activity. DHQ was encapsulated with β-CD by freeze drying at a 1:1-M ratio. The structure of DHQ/β-CD complex prepared was elucidated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ¹ H nuclear magnetic resonance ( ¹ H NMR). In addition, molecular docking further revealed two energetically favorable conformations of the DHQ/β-CD complex, in which DHQ interacted with β-CD via hydrogen bonds. Experimental results showed that the solubility of the DHQ increased 22.63-fold by encapsulating with β-CD. Also the dissolution rate, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of the DHQ were significantly improved by encapsulating. The encapsulating with β-CD solves the problem of the poor aqueous solubility of DHQ, and broadens the path for a more optimal use of the health promoting effect of DHQ in pharmaceutical and food products.
... In the comparative testing of novel medications, measurement of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is frequently utilised. In clinical laboratories, it is used to determine an organism's susceptibility needed for clinical care [39]. In the present investigation, the MIC values for CHMW, CHDBA and CHHBA are given in the table S1 (supplementary data). ...
This study holds significant importance as it explores the synthesis and characterization of two chitosan dibenzylideneacetone Schiff bases. Various analytical techniques, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC, SEM, and elemental analysis, were employed to thoroughly examine these derivatives. The antimicrobial activity of the chitosan derivatives was evaluated against a range of bacterial and fungal strains, while cytotoxicity tests were conducted on MCF-7, L-132, and VERO cell lines. In the antimicrobial tests, the chitosan derivatives exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties against S. aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as potent antifungal properties against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. The cytotoxicity assessment revealed that the dibenzylideneacetone chitosan Schiff base (CHDBA) showed significant effectiveness against the L-132 cell line, surpassing the efficacy of doxorubicin by 2.44 times. Moreover, it exhibited substantial activity against the L-132 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 55.29 μg/mL and 185.8 μg/mL, respectively. Notably, none of the chitosan derivatives demonstrated cytotoxicity towards the normal cell line, indicating their non-toxic nature and safe usability. Based on these findings, it is evident that CHDBA holds promise for further development as a potential treatment option for breast cancer and lung cancer.
... Some of the reactions involving the amide bond linkage of chitosan are schiff's base reactions, metal ion chelations, alkylations, carboxymethylation, sulfonation, grafting, quaternization, etc. The hydroxyl group of chitosan is also involved in chemical modifications such as phosphorylation, sulfonation, carboxymethylation, hydroxyethylation, etc. [97][98][99]. ...
Advancements in topical wound dressings led to the development of products to protect the wound and facilitate addressing special issues in healing and non-healing wounds. Rapidly growing interest in nanofiber research is leading to the development of potential candidates for wound dressing applications. Electrospinning nanofibers have been considered one of the effective materials in the development of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Nanofibers mimic the extracellular matrix with their structural similarities, high surface area, and porosity, thereby enabling the effective delivery of antimicrobial agents in the wound milieu. Chitosan, an excellent biopolymer, is offering versatile applications as electrospun nanofibers due to the presence of its inherent properties like nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial nature, as well as its efficiency towards re‐epithelialization and regeneration of the granular layer of the wounds. The current review discusses the design and strategies used in the development of electrospun chitosan nanofibers, as well as the limitations of these strategies. This article provides the most recent information on the fabrication of chitosan composite nanofibrous materials and their applications for wound healing.
... In addition to performing other routine tasks, the liver secretes bilirubin, a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown, into bile [27]. The release of bilirubin from the liver cytosol into the circulation as a result of alterations in the permeability of the liver cell membrane as a result of injury to the hepatocytes was the primary cause of the rise in total blood serum bilirubin levels in rats given APAP [28]. http://ijstm.inarah.co.id 587 ...
Liver Disease Is A Deadly Disease That Has Attacked Many People. Liver Disease Is A Disease That Occurs As A Result Of An Unhealthy Lifestyle. Usually, The Patient Will Consume Drugs With Chemical Compounds To Overcome The Problem Of This Disease. The Long-Term Use Of Chemical Drugs Will Certainly Cause Side Effects Or, Even Worse, Cause New Diseases. Therefore, The Latest Treatment Methods Must Be Developed To Minimize Side Effects, Namely The Use Of Traditional Medicines. The Purpose Of This Study Was To Determine The Use Of Temu Kunci Rhizome As An Alternative To Reduce Total Bilirubin Levels In Rats As Experimental Animals. This Study Used Rats As Experimental Animals, Which Were Divided Into 6 Test Groups, Namely Group 1 Without Treatment, Group 2 With 0.5% CMC Suspension, Group 3 With 200 Mg Acetylcysteine, Group 4 With 250 Mg/Kg BW Ethanol Extract Of Temukunci, Group 5 Treated With A 500 Mg/Kg BW Dose Of Ethanol Extract Of Temukunci, And Group 6 With A 750 Mg/Kg BW Ethanol Extract Of Temukunci. From The Results Of The Research Conducted, The Ethanol Extract Of Temu Kunci At A Dose Of 750 Mg/Kg BW Was The Best Treatment For Reducing Total Bilirubin Levels In Rats As Experimental Animals.
... There are relatively few studies on the antibacterial activity of phosphorylated chitosan; however, the results of Shanmugam et al. (2015) suggest that the concentration of chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan has dependent antibacterial activity with variation against several bacterial strains [90]. ...
... There are relatively few studies on the antibacterial activity of phosphorylated chitosan; however, the results of Shanmugam et al. (2015) suggest that the concentration of chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan has dependent antibacterial activity with variation against several bacterial strains [90]. ...
Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to global health and food security today. It becomes increasingly difficult to treat infectious disorders because antibiotics, even the newest ones, are becoming less and less effective. One of the ways taken in the Global Plan of Action announced at the World Health Assembly in May 2015 is to ensure the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In order to do so, attempts are made to develop new antimicrobial therapeutics, including biomaterials with antibacterial activity, such as polycationic polymers, polypeptides, and polymeric systems, to provide non-antibiotic therapeutic agents, such as selected biologically active nanoparticles and chemical compounds. Another key issue is preventing food from contamination by developing antibacterial packaging materials, particularly based on degradable polymers and biocomposites. This review, in a cross-sectional way, describes the most significant research activities conducted in recent years in the field of the development of polymeric materials and polymer composites with antibacterial properties. We particularly focus on natural polymers, i.e., polysaccharides and polypeptides, which present a mechanism for combating many highly pathogenic microorganisms. We also attempt to use this knowledge to obtain synthetic polymers with similar antibacterial activity.
... The antibacterial activity was evaluated by using agar well diffusion according to the methods of Shanmugam et al. [28]. Two Gram-positive bacteria, (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028)), were obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut, Terengganu. ...
Syzygium samarangense cv. ‘Giant Green’ is an underutilised fruit that can be found in Malaysia and other Asian countries. Since this fruit is not fully commercialised, the information about its potential health benefits is limited. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the polyphenolic contents (total phenolic and total flavonoid) and biological activities (antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase and antibacterial assay) of ‘Giant Green’ leaves and fruits at different maturity stages. The young, mature and old leaves, and unripe, half-ripened and ripened fruits were analysed. The results showed that the young leaves increased the TPC and TFC by 35% and 41%, over the old leaves. Similarly, TPC and TFC contents were 37% and 54% higher in unripe fruits compared to the ripened fruits. In addition, young leaves exhibited the strongest scavenging activity towards DPPH, NO and ABTS radicals with IC50 values increasing 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, over the old leaves. However, in fruit samples, only unripe fruits were able to inhibit more than 50% of radicals. A comparable trend was observed in alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay whereas young leaves and unripe fruits recorded 81% and 99% increases in IC50 values, respectively, from young leaves to old leaves and unripe fruits to ripened fruits. Identically, young leaves also showed a significant effect in antibacterial assay with an inhibition zone increase of 19%, 36%, 32%, and 31% in S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. typhimurium and E. coli, respectively, over the old leaves. However, only unripe fruits were most effective against all tested bacteria while half-ripened fruits were only effective against E. faecalis with a 1.1-fold increase in the inhibition zone compared to unripe fruits. Ripened fruits were resistant to all of the bacteria. These results suggest that the young leaves and unripe fruits of ‘Giant Green’ cultivar of S. samarangense could be a potential candidate for the management of some diseases coming from harmful free radicals or bacterial infection.
