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The study has been carried out to investigate the chemical composition and type of linkages present in wax obtained from Pinus roxburghii Sarg. needles biomass. The spectroscopic techniques viz. FT-IR and GC–MS were employed to obtain spectral datasets. The results were analysed to identify major structural components constituting wax in native sta...
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In needle cuticular wax of Pinus halepensis, nonacosan-10-ol is high (77.08% on average). n-Alkanes ranged from C 18 to C 35 with the most dominant C 27 and C 29 (32.4% and 25.8%, respectively). The carbon preference index ranged from 3.2 to 5.4 (3.4 on average), while the average chain length ranged from 14.0 to 18.0 (17.2 on average). Long-chain...
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... The roughness of blade surface was determined by 3D Optical Surface Profiler (Countor GT-K, Bruker, America). The change of leaf wax layer was detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT/IR-4600 spectrometer, Jasco, Japan) according to Dubey et al. (2017). ...
Emission of particulate matter (PM) during forest fires is a major source of air pollution and hence purification of atmospheric pollution has gained increasing importance. Trees can absorb polluting gases and fine particles by their leaves from the atmosphere and act as a sustainable air purification filter. However, the capture efficiency varies among tree species; thus exploring the ability of forest trees to capture smoke PM released during forest fires provides a basis for assessing net emissions from forest fires and the impact of smoke on forest ecosystems. In this study, the main afforestation tree species, Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook, and a fire-resistant tree species, Schima superba Gardn.et Champ, in southern China were exposed to different smoke concentrations by simulating forest fire. The amount of PM per unit leaf area, absorption of nutrient element, leaf surface characteristics and antioxidant enzyme
activities were determined. The main findings were: (1) The total quantity of PM captured by unit leaf area (μg·cm−2) of C. lanceolata was 28.25 ± 1.12, 30.52 ± 3.43 and 33.14 ± 3.00 in low, intermediate and high smoke concentrations, respectively. The corresponding values for S. superba was 5.96 ± 0.56, 10.09 ± 1.13 and 12.27±0.39, respectively. (2) Both species had weak absorption capacity for inorganic ions in the PM. (3) The purification of smoke PM by leaves was mainly related to leaf surface roughness, where it was higher for C. lanceolata than S. superba leaves. (4) Smoke treatment positively affected the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein as well as increased antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, the findings highlight the importance of leaf structural characteristics in capturing smoke particles and C. lanceolata is better suited for purification of atmospheric smoke particles following forest fire than S. superba.
... Each organic molecule has its characteristic peaks in this region. From the FT-IR spectra, it is clear that the peaks arise from above 700 to 1500 cm −1 for the bending vibrations of carbonyl ester and methyl groups [44]. The ESI-MS analysis (Fig. 1B) of the pure compound showed the molecular peak at 211.1 and the peak of 197.12 and 219.11 corresponds to the fragmented peaks of tridecanoic acid methyl ester indicating the molecular mass of the pure compound is 228 g/mol [45][46][47]. ...
Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms (family Pontederiaceae), an ethnomedicinal aquatic herb, is used to remedy several gastroin-testinal diseases by various ethnic groups in India. The present study aimed to purify and characterize the antibacterial active ingredient against gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and its mode of action using in vitro experimental models. The active lead molecule in the ethyl acetate extract (EA-Mh) fraction has been purified and characterized through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) methods. The anti-enteric efficacy has been evaluated against enteropathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The synergistic and antagonistic studies were done on E. coli MTCC 723 using standard antibiotics (ampicillin and kanamycin, final conc. 50 µg/ml) in a sterilized 96-well micro-plate, incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 h. The chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses revealed the presence of tridecanoic acid methyl ester (TAME) in the bioactive fraction. The compound causes significant extracellular leakage activity by disrupting cellular morphology in the Enterococcus faecalis MCC 2041 T and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium MTCC 98, at a dose of 375 μg/ml and 750 μg/ml, respectively. The SEM study shows a significant rupturing of E. coli and E. faecalis cells due to TAME induced autolysis. It has synergistic activity with ampicillin. The in silico molecular docking through the AutoDock Vina 4.2 and GROMACS (ver. 5.1) Charmm27 force field results showed that the TAME had a strong binding affinity Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase B (PDB ID: 5l3j.pdb) protein and caused conformational changes. Thus, the manuscript reports the first time on the characterization of TAME from this plant with a detailed antibacterial mode of action studies.
... • doublet at 2850, 2920 and 2950 cm − 1 , stretching vibrations of CH groups of hydrocarbon chains (Birshtein and Tul'chinskii, 1977;Stevens et al., 2019;Regert et al., 2001;Vykydalová et al., 2020) • at 1708 or 1736 cm − 1 , valency vibrations of fatty acids (Carboxylgroups (C = O) and esters (RCOOR1) (Cuní et al., 2012;Dubey et al., 2017, Vyshniak et al., 2018, Č ížová et al., 2019. • at 1472 cm − 1 , characteristic of hydrocarbon chains δ(CH2) (Regert et al., 2001;Stevens et al., 2019) • at 1171 cm − 1 , associated with the valence vibrations of ν(C-O) bond in esters (Regert et al., 2001;Mills and White, 1999;Stevens et al., 2019;Č ížová et al., 2019;Regert et al., 2001) • doublet absorption bands at 720 and 730 cm − 1 characteristic of δ(CH 2 ) n plane rotation of linear long carbon chains, which are common to all the long-chain fatty acids, n-alkanes and esters present in beeswax (Regert et al., 2001;Birshtein and Tul'chinskii, 1977;Stevens et al., 2019) The IR spectra also included the O-C-O characteristic bands of CaCO 3 , namely at 718, 875 and 1425 cm − 1 corresponding to out plane bending and asymmetrical stretching vibration peaks, respectively. ...
The present study is focused on the investigation of the remaining ancient paint layers of the Parthenon's west cornice blocks. Most ornamental features that referred in the 19th century literature as the cornice blocks' decoration, still survive on the Parthenon. Τhe paint layers were studied by using imaging techniques (Visible induced luminescence and portable digital microscope) in situ along with various techniques in lab (Stereomicroscope, μ-Raman spectroscopy, ATR-FITR spectroscopy and SEM/EDX).
The obtained results revealed that the taenia, which is placed at the bottom of the cornices’ facade, was depicted with the mineral conichalcite, providing a vivid green color. Red ochre and egyptian blue were used for the viae and the mutules depiction. The bottom side of the guttae, was also painted with red ochre. Regarding the taenia, placed at the base of the cornice blocks, two blue pigments, azurite and Egyptian blue were used for the meander and chess pattern depiction, respectively. The pattern of meander/chess pattern was placed on a red background (red ochre). Red lead was used for the depiction of the brown-red line borders in the corner ceiling of the NW cornice block and most probably for the depiction of the corner ceiling's background. In microsamples deriving from well preserved areas, beeswax was identified mixed with pigments, serving as the binder of the paint layers (encaustic technique). It is the first time that the presence of beeswax is proven in paint layers of an ancient monument, exposed in an open-air environment. The presence of beeswax is in line with ancient inscriptions, which referred to the encaustic technique for the decoration of ancient monuments.
This is the first systematic investigation of the Parthenon’s ancient polychromy and the obtained data are compared with the 19th century sources’ information. The scientific investigation not only confirms or invalidates these data, but also presents new findings.
... The harvested leaf was analyzed via SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS; TM4000 Plus, Hitachi Co., Tokyo, Japan) in duplicate. The surface height maps and 3D profiles of adaxial surface of A. japonica leaf obtained under different illumination conditions (i.e., CL, LD cycle, and CD) with and without water were analyzed via AFM (XE-100, Park System, Suwon, Korea), and the functional groups on the adaxial surface were examined in the range of 600-4000 cm −1 via FTIR (FT/IR-4600 spectrometer, Jasco, Japan) to identify the wax layer on the leaf surface [8,[10][11][12]. All experiments were run in duplicate. ...
... Additionally, the variations in the wax content on the leaf surface were investigated under different watering (water supply and drought) and illumination conditions (CL, LD cycle, and CD) via FTIR analysis ( Figure 6). Several peaks were revealed in the area ranging between 600 and 4000 cm −1 ; prominent peaks were observed at 1034, 1159, 1462, 1735, 2850, 2919, and 3200-3400 cm −1 that corresponded to C-O (glycosidic bond of polysaccharides), cutin, C-H, cutin, longchain aliphatic C-H (symmetric CH 2 ), long-chain aliphatic C-H (asymmetric CH 2 ), and C-OH, respectively ( Figure 6) [10,18]. Among them, C-H (1462 cm −1 ), long-chain aliphatic C-H (symmetric CH 2 ) (2850 cm −1 ), long-chain aliphatic C-H (asymmetric CH 2 ) (2919 cm −1 ), and C-OH (3200-3400 cm −1 ) were associated with the wax layer [10]. ...
... Several peaks were revealed in the area ranging between 600 and 4000 cm −1 ; prominent peaks were observed at 1034, 1159, 1462, 1735, 2850, 2919, and 3200-3400 cm −1 that corresponded to C-O (glycosidic bond of polysaccharides), cutin, C-H, cutin, longchain aliphatic C-H (symmetric CH 2 ), long-chain aliphatic C-H (asymmetric CH 2 ), and C-OH, respectively ( Figure 6) [10,18]. Among them, C-H (1462 cm −1 ), long-chain aliphatic C-H (symmetric CH 2 ) (2850 cm −1 ), long-chain aliphatic C-H (asymmetric CH 2 ) (2919 cm −1 ), and C-OH (3200-3400 cm −1 ) were associated with the wax layer [10]. The transmittance of all wax-related peaks increased on the leaf surface, and the peak intensity was the highest under drought conditions with CL. ...
Particulate matter has been increasing worldwide causing air pollution and serious health hazards. Owing to increased time spent indoors and lifestyle changes, assessing indoor air quality has become crucial. This study investigated the effect of watering and drought and illumination conditions (constant light, light/dark cycle, and constant dark) on particulate matter2.5 (PM2.5) removal and surface characterization of leaf in a botanical plant-based biofilter system. Using Ardisia japonica and Hedera helix as experimental plants in the plant-based biofilter system, PM2.5, volatile organic carbon, and CO2, as the evaluators of indoor air quality, were estimated using a sensor. Morphological and chemical changes of the leaf surface (i.e., roughness and wax) associated with PM2.5 removal were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The highest PM2.5 removal efficiency, stomata closure, high leaf roughness, and wax layer were observed under drought with constant light condition. Consequently, PM2.5 removal was attributed to the combined effect of leaf roughness and wax by adsorption rather than stomatal uptake. These results suggest that operating conditions of indoor plant-based biofilter system such as watering (or drought) and illumination may be applied as a potential strategy for enhancing PM2.5 removal.
... The spectral band at 1471 cm −1 and 1463 cm −1 stands for symmetric angular stretching or bending vibration of CH 2 [50]. Two continuous bands at 728 cm −1 and 718 cm −1 correspond to the in-plane CH 2 deformation [51]. A distinct peak at 1732 cm −1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of -C=O present in ester. ...
The use of an appropriate oleogelator in the structuring of vegetable oil is a crucial point of consideration. Sunflower wax (SFW) is used as an oleogelator and displays an excellent potential to bind vegetable oils. The current study aimed to look for the effects of hydrophobic (SPAN-80) and hydrophilic (TWEEN-80) emulsifiers on the oleogels prepared using SFW and sunflower oil (SO). The biodegradability and all formulations showed globular crystals on their surface that varied in size and number. Wax ester, being the most abundant component of SFW, was found to produce fibrous and needle-like entanglements capable of binding more than 99% of SO. The formulations containing 3 mg of liquid emulsifiers in 20 g of oleogels showed better mechanical properties such as spreadability and lower firmness than the other tested concentrations. Although the FTIR spectra of all the formulations were similar, which indicated not much variation in the molecular interactions, XRD diffractograms confirmed the presence of β′ form of fat crystals. Further, the mentioned formulations also showed larger average crystallite sizes, which was supported by slow gelation kinetics. A characteristic melting point (Tm~60 °C) of triglyceride was visualized through DSC thermograms. However, a higher melting point in the case of few formulations suggests the possibility of even a stable β polymorph. The formed oleogels indicated the significant contribution of diffusion for curcumin release. Altogether, the use of SFW and SO oleogels with modified properties using biodegradable emulsifiers can be beneficial in replacing saturated fats and fat-derived products.
... To obtain the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical characterization of A. indica, C. indica, M. indica and M. oleifera, 25 g of pre-air-dried ground leaf samples of each plant was extracted separately using EtOH, water, and EtOH:water mix (1:1) for 72 r. The extracts were subsequently concentrated using a rotary evaporator and phytochemical screening was carried out according to reported standard method [1][2][3][4][5][6] . 10 g of each powdered plant material was extracted in three solvent media for 72 h. ...
This paper presents data on the bioactive phytoconstituents in Azadirachta indica, Canna indica, Magnifera indica, and Moringa oleifera analyzed using quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening methods, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Extracts were prepared in water, ethanol (EtOH) and EtOH:water mix. Identification of bioactive components was based on their spectral data and retention times compared with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mass spectral library. The most prominent absorption bands indicated are O-H stretching vibration, C-H stretch of polyols, aromatic C=C stretching vibration, O-H stretch of polyols, C-H stretching vibration and C-OH polyols. The GC-MS characterization for A. indica showed the presence of phenols, organic acids and carbohydrates with cannabidiol as the most abundant. Crude extracts of M. oleifera showed six phenolic compounds with 4-hydroxy-bezoic acid and cannabidiol present prominently. Six phenolic phytoconstituents were identified in M. indica extracts with 1,2,3-benzenetriol as the major polyphenolic compound. Biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and the formation was confirmed using a UV spectrometer (UV-3000 ORI, Germany) between 200 and 800 nm spectral range. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization of the biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles was carried out using Empyrean, Malvern PanAnalytical.
... [28] [29], but its disadvantage is it's deteriorating effects on wooden objects such as darkening/ yellowing, it can be infested with microorganisms [30], and is an unstable material that deteriorates due to the occurrence of an oxidation process when exposed to UV [31] [32]. By comparing the functional groups of the second sample taken from the object with the standard functional groups of bees wax [27][33] [34] [35], it was confirmed that bees wax was used to treat the panel in the past. Its disadvantages have been discussed in the experimental part of this paper. ...
The aim of this research is to study the deteriorating effect of bees wax, which was a commonly used conservation/restoration material
in archaeological wooden artifacts. An experimental study was conducted, in which bees wax was applied on pine wood samples and aged by exposure to direct and indirect sunlight during the months of Mai and June in Giza/ Egypt for 50 consecutive days, when the average temperature was around 40˚C during the day.
Discs of bees wax were exposed to the same ageing conditions. The surface of all samples was examined using a digital USB microscope,
color change was measured and FTIR spectroscopy was conducted to assess the changes that occur in both wood and bees wax, in order to determine the deteriorating effect of wax on wood directly after application and after exposure to direct and indirect sunlight. After obtaining the results from the experimental study, in which it was concluded that wax has a deteriorating effect on wood; a wooden
panel in the museum of Islamic Art in Cairo, which had been mainly treated with bees wax in the past, was chosen for the applied part of this research. The panel was carefully documented before taking the decision to remove previous treatments prior to the retreatment using
microcrystalline cellulose and Klucel G.
... Similar data articles can be found in [1,2]. ...
The dataset for this article contains phytochemical and FTIR data for three different extracts from two indigenous medicinal plants obtained from Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria and the GC–MS characterisation data for their ethanolic extracts. To obtain this data, the leaves of Azadirachta indica and Cymbopogon citratus were collected from the premises of Covenant University, Nigeria. The plants were dried, pulverized and extracted with ethanol, distilled water and ethanol:water (50:50), before phytochemical screening (qualitative and quantitative), FTIR and GC–MS analyses were carried out. The dataset provides insight into the presence of bioactive phyto-constituents such as polyphenols and tannins as potential precursors for green-based nanoparticle synthesis.
Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as suitable alternatives to toxic solvents used in the conservation of Cultural Heritage sector.
In the present study, the oxidative absorption was introduced as a new technique in removing hazardous organic pollutants from water and wastewater. Hence, at first manganese dioxide nanodisks were synthesized on sulfur enriched biochar through the simple oxidation-reduction process to play the role of an efficient adsorbent. In the following, the incorporation of copper and nickel in the MnO2 structure generates strain within that structure. This leads to creating crystal defect states as well as the change of phase from γ -MnO2 to δ-MnO2 and also morphology to nanofilaments which increasing specific surface area. Scanning electron microscopy technologies and X-ray diffraction patterns were used to study the surface morphology, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis was used to determine the specific surface area of the adsorbents. Then, the efficiency of the prepared nanofilaments for removing phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions in a batch and equilibrium system was investigated. Adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) and kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich) were used to explain the adsorption process. Results showed the maximum sorption capacitiy at the equilibrium time 18 h with adsorbent dosage of 1.0 mg/mL and pH=4 was obtained. Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model have the best fitness on experimental data. The thermodynamic study of the adsorption of phenolic compounds by nanofilaments shows that this endothermic process is associated with spontaneous and irregular increases. This research shows that the designed adsorbents may be the effective, low-cost, and environmentally-friendly adsorbents to remediate phenol contaminations in the wastewater.
