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Periodate oxidation of cellulose breaks the C2–C3 bond of the glucose repeating units forming two vicinal aldehyde groups that are amenable to further reactions. In this article, effects of reaction conditions during the oxidation such as reaction time, oxidant concentration, and temperature on the aldehyde content were investigated and an optimize...
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... higher temperature leads to decomposition of periodate which leads to lower aldehyde content due to lower reaction efficiency and undesirable side products. On the other hand, increase in oxidant concentration resulted to a subsequent increase in the aldehyde content but this led to an overall decrease in the amount of oxidized cellulose after the reaction ( Figure S1). ...
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... notable observation was that oxidation of microcrystalline cellulose followed a somewhat similar trend to what is in literature in that, the oxidation was highly dependent on the amount of oxidant used with higher degree of oxidation (DO) being observed at higher oxidant to cellulose ratios. Moreover, at higher oxidant to cellulose concentrations, the percent yield also decreased which is an indication that higher oxidant concentration led to cleavage of the crystalline bonds in cellulose ( Figure S1 ...
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... changes in chemical structure during oxidation were examined by FT-IR and the results are depicted in Fig. 1. ...
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... the spectrum obtained ( Fig. 1 and Figure S3), conversion of cellulose to dialdehyde cellulose could be confirmed by the presence of carbonyl vibrational frequency at 1722 cm −1 . The absorption peaks at 3300, 2900, 1600, 1100 cm −1 were attributed to the vibration frequency of OH stretching, CH 2 stretching, OH bending vibrations and C-O stretching respectively ...
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... The curling and clustering of the fibers can influence the length of the measured fibers, in addition, the image processing tool used may be subject to error as not all fibers can be measured and as such may generate a rough approximation of the fiber length. 33 No significant difference with respect to diameter can be detected by the TEM images between the two fibers, both show similar morphological characteristics. However, the fibers from the banana pseudostem appear in a lower state of aggregation. ...
... Extensive effort had been devoted to enhance the mechanical behavior of hydrogels by designing distinctive structure and/or introducing effective energy dissipation mechanism, such as double network hydrogels, nanocomposite hydrogels, slide-ring hydrogels, hydrophobic association hydrogels, ionically crosslinked hydrogels, hydrogen bonding hydrogels, macromolecular microsphere composite hydrogels and hybrid crosslinking hydrogels [21] . Macromolecules consisting of carboxylic acid (COOH), hydroxyl (−OH), sulfonic acid group (SO 3 H), and amide/amido functional group (CONH 2 / CONH) are utilized to formulate hydrogels [10,22,23 ]. By selecting the type of monomer or polymer and the type of hydrogel formation reactions they can be designed for a specific application [13] . ...
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms such as plants and microbes rather than from fossil fuel. They consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger molecules making up a 3D macromolecule network which when crosslinked either physically or chemically, they can produce a hydrogel. These covalent crosslinks can be attained using various approaches and as a result they stabilize the hydrogels network making them appropriate biomaterials for various applications. The cross links can either be short or long, but in most cases the bonds are short with the chemical and physical properties of the crosslinked polymers dependent on the degree of cross linking. This review will discuss crosslinking strategies that can be used to synthesis hydrogels, their properties, and their applications in various fields.
... Cs was oxidized by adopting and modifying the procedure employed in the oxidation of cellulose by Madivoli [35]. Typically, 4.0 g of Cs was soaked in 200 mL distilled water for 3 h and dispersed for 1 h using a Rocker ultrasonic bath to promote swelling and accessibility of Cs by partially breaking the hydrogen bonds. ...
... The hydroxylamine hydrochloride method was used to quantify the degree of oxidation before and after oxidation by adopting the procedure used by Madivoli [35] and ...
... As depicted in Scheme 1, the cleavage of carbon bond to yield dialdehyde was optimized by varying the concentration of the KIO 4 as shown in Table S1 and the resulting degree of oxidation as presented in Fig. 1 [35,50]. ...
With rising food insecurity being a global challenge, the strain on food systems is further exacerbated by post-harvest losses occasioned by fungal attacks which result in food contamination. In this case, there is an urgent need to develop new and sustainable bio-based antifungal agents that can control pathogenic fungi during pre-harvest and post-harvest. For this reason, chitosan (Cs), which has been shown to have antifungal properties, is a promising antifungal agent owing to its non-toxicity and biodegradability. This study therefore sought to evaluate the potential applications of dialdehyde chitosan (OCs) synthesized from Cs isolated from Hermetia illucens in the inhibition of two fungal strains that have been found in food matrices. Cs was chemically isolated from Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) followed by periodate oxidation to introduce carbonyl groups (C = O) in its structure as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data indicated the removal of extractives, purity, and thermal properties of both Cs and OCs while scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images of Cs were rougher than OCs and indicative of successful oxidation. Additionally, the Viscometer indicated successful oxidation of Cs evident by a decrease in fluidity of OCs. From the results obtained, the degree of oxidation of the aldehydes increases while the viscosity also decreases with an increase in a molar ratio of KIO4/Cs and the temperature. Using the plate count method, the OCs had significant inhibitory activity against Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans when compared to Cs.
... Te functional groups present on the surface of the ZnO NPs were acquired by Bruker Tensor II FT-IR spectrophotometer (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany). Te samples were directly placed on the sample holder, pressed, and scanned in the frequency range of 4000−400 cm −1 [31,32]. ...
Herein, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Parthenium hysterophorus whole plant aqueous extract as reducing and capping agents. Te synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray difraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). An intrinsic optical absorbance of ZnO NPs occurred at 337 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. Te FTIR analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites responsible for reducing and stabilizing the nanoparticles. Furthermore , SEM and TEM images revealed that ZnO NPs were spherical with an average particle size of 38 nm. Te XRD analysis revealed that ZnO NPs had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with a crystallite size of 42.6 nm. Te synthesized nanoparticles were investigated for degradation ability against methylene blue dye at varying conditions of ZnO NPs' dosage, methylene blue concentrations, pH, temperature, and interaction time. Degradation efciency of 55.69% was obtained at optimal conditions using 50 mg of ZnO NPs, 5 mg/L of MB dye concentration, and pH 12 and at 65°C within 32 minutes. Due to their novel green synthesis route, Parthenium hysterophorus-mediated ZnO NPs are promising candidates for removing persistent organic dyes from aquatic environments.
... The peaks observed in regions 3404 and 3422 cm −1 are characteristic of OH stretching vibrations, while those at around 2900 and 2891 cm −1 are associated with C-H stretching vibration for MCC and CMC samples. The absorption band at 1647 cm −1 is associated with -OH bending vibration due to water absorbed (Madivoli et al. 2019). MCC and CMC display a peak at 1059 and 1067 cm −1 , respectively, attributed to -C-O-C-stretching vibrations. ...
... Figure 5 illustrates the DSC thermogram demonstrating the thermal stability of MCC and CMC from 0 to 500°C. The MCC thermogram displays an endothermic glass transition peak at roughly 80°C and a CMC at around 95°C, indicating that water or moisture loss occurred (Madivoli et al. 2019;Rosa et al. 2012). This peak is found in amorphous cellulose (Ciolacu et al., 2011). ...
... The CMC characterized by 2θ peaks at 20°, 31°, 45°, 66°, 75°, and 84°. The 2θ value at 20° and 31° resembles that of MCC at 22° and 34° indicating a shift in the peak position; this could be a result of the derivatization reaction (Madivoli et al. 2019). The shift relates to the changes in the stability of the material displayed by the TGA and DSC curves. ...
To attain the zero waste and green chemistry goals, much emphasis has shifted toward the use of cellulose derived from agricultural biomass. In this study, carboxymethylation of microcrystalline cellulose from coconut fiber by use of monochloroacetic acid in the presence of an alcohol medium under alkaline conditions was suitable for the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose. The carboxymethyl cellulose was prepared, and the physical properties, degree of substitution, swelling capacity, and characterization were investigated. The results indicated that the yield of carboxymethyl cellulose, degree of substitution, and swelling capacity were 9.45 ± 0.76 g, 1.82 ± 0.12, and 11.23 ± 0.28 g, respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of carboxymethyl cellulose displayed a broad OH peak at 3352 cm⁻¹ and a sharp peak at 1600 cm⁻¹ attributed to -COO. Thermal behavior was investigated by Thermal gravimetric analysis, and the phase transition was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, which revealed that alkalization and esterification of cellulose lead to a decrease in the thermal stability of the polymer. In conclusion, zero waste can be achieved in the coconut industry as it is rich in cellulose that can be converted to carboxymethyl cellulose, which can be utilized to produce emulsifiers and superabsorbent polymers.
... The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using a Shimadzu UV-1800 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) to confirm their surface plasmonic resonance at 200-800 nm wavelengths. The IR spectra of the CuO nanoparticles were acquired in the frequency range of 4000-400 cm −1 using a Bruker Tensor II FT-IR spectrophotometer (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) 55,56 . The X-ray diffractograms were obtained using a Bruker D8 Advance Diffractometer (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) with a copper tube operating under a voltage and current of 40 kV and 40 mA. ...
In recent ages, green nanotechnology has gained attraction in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles due to their cost-effectiveness, simple preparation steps, and environmentally-friendly. In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were prepared using Parthenium hysterophorus whole plant aqueous extract as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. The CuO NPs were characterized via UV–Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The UV–Vis spectra of CuO NPs showed a surface plasmonic resonance band to occur at 340 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites on the surface of CuO NPs, with a characteristic Cu–O stretching band being identified at 522 cm ⁻¹ . Scanning electron micrographs and transmission electron micrographs showed that CuO NPs were nearly spherical, with an average particle of 59.99 nm obtained from the SEM micrograph. The monoclinic crystalline structure of CuO NPs was confirmed using XRD, and crystallite size calculated using the Scherrer-Debye equation was found to be 31.58 nm. DLS showed the presence of nanoparticle agglomeration, which revealed uniformity of the CuO NPs. Furthermore, the degradation ability of biosynthesized nanoparticles was investigated against rifampicin antibiotic. The results showed that the optimum degradation efficiency of rifampicin at 98.43% was obtained at 65℃ temperature, 50 mg dosage of CuO NPs, 10 mg/L concentration of rifampicin solution, and rifampicin solution at pH 2 in 8 min. From this study, it can be concluded that CuO NPs synthesized from Parthenium hysterophorus aqueous extract are promising in the remediation of environmental pollution from antibiotics. In this light, the study reports that Parthenium hysterophorus -mediated green synthesis of CuO NPs can effectively address environmental pollution in cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable ways.
... Various studies are going on for formulating new wood adhesives modifying cellulose most importantly using different nanocellulose ( Tang et al., 2021;Kumar et al., 2021). Chemically modifying the crystalline cellulose into dialdehyde cellulose ( DAC) is the prominent and successful bio adhesive formulated so far from cellulose ( Madivoli et al., 2019). Along with that, different nanocellulose like cellulose nanofiber, cellulose nanocrystal, cellulose nanowhisker, etc. are being used incorporated with different wood adhesives as fillers or hardeners to provide excellent mechanical and physical properties. ...
The fabrication and use of biocomposites are impressive innovations that can replace existing nonbiodegradable petroleum-based substances. Cellulose is an organic polymer with a wide range of compounds and applications. Nowadays, sustainable organic resource-based cellulosic biopolymers are significant components in the production of green adhesives. Additionally, biocomposites made from cellulose-based adhesives have outstanding biocompatibility, light weight, biodegradability, significant chemically modifying capacity, and eco-friendliness. Successful applications of cellulose-based adhesives include the field of medicine delivery, tissue engineering, and wound dressing. This adhesive has a broad range of applications in diverse field of biomedical engineering and wood industries. The nanoscale cellulose-based biocomposites of natural origin are setting the pace in this remarkable surge of innovation. In this chapter, cellulose is examined as a high-performance green adhesive for wood industries with no negative environmental effects and an emphasis on the numerous current applications and promising foreseeable future developments.
... Periodate ions only oxidize C2 and C3 carbon atoms in cellulose; therefore the IR spectra may exhibit an -OH vibration frequency of the C6 carbon. This suggests that periodate doesn't oxidize the C6 -OH group in dialdehyde cellulose, allowing for further functionalization of the material [49][50][51][52]. ...
The dialdehyde cellulose (DC) was used to synthesize gelatin-cellulose dialdehyde by Schiff base as a packaging material to manganese oxides nanoparticles adsorbents (Mn oxides@DC/Gel) for wastewater remediation and support the antimicrobial behavior of gelatin and DC. The crystallinity index% of microwave-synthesized DC prepared from cellulose II decreased from 43.18 % to 34.11 % and its oxidation degree was 143.77 %. The greenly-produced Mn oxides were studied by XRD and TEM. XRD verified the presence of two different phases of α-MnO2 and α-Mn2O3 in the form of nanorods and nanocubes. Mn oxides@DC/Gel was investigated by FT-IR, XRD, XPS, SEM, swelling absorptivity, and thermal analysis. The optimal swelling ratio% of Mn oxides@DC/Gel nanocomposite was 1494.04 ± 16.65 %. The influence of pH on swelling ratios verified the instability of the imine group in acid and basic media. Mn oxides@DC/Gel nanocomposite hydrogel causes approximately two-fold greater inhibitory zones than gentamicin. The optimal adsorption conditions were adsorbent dose (0.05 g), pH (9.0), contact time (120 min), and methylene blue dye concentration (30 mg/L). The maximum adsorption capacity of Mn oxides@DC/Gel nanocomposite was 51.06 ± 1.0 mg/g. The adsorption by Mn oxides@DC/Gel nanocomposite agrees with Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, and Freundlich mechanisms.
... However, the XRD peak shifted slightly towards the higher angles after nano fibrillation (CNF and ACNF). This phenomenon may be due to the contraction and the improved crystal properties because of the changes in the lattice parameters [65,66] during mechanical fibrillation using a highspeed blender. As the crystallite is strained (compressed), then the d-spacing will be changed; compressive stress would make the d-spacing smaller ( Table 2). ...
This work aimed to isolate cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from sisal fibers and to impart hydrophobic characteristics through acetylation with acetic anhydride. The sisal fibers were pre-treated using alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) followed by acetylation using acetic anhydride. Acetylated and non-acetylated CNF were then isolated by mechanical defibrillation of pre-treated fibers using a high-speed blender. Both resulting CNF were evaluated using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmissions electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and water contact angle measurement. ATR-FTIR results revealed the substitution of hydroxyl groups by some acetyl groups as indicated by the presence of carbonyl and methyl groups for the acetylated CNF (ACNF). The yield of ACNF and CNF obtained in this work was 90% and 86%, respectively. The dispersion studies exhibited that ACNF formed a more stable suspension and dispersed better in acetone than CNF. XRD analysis indicated that the acetylation process decreased the crystallinity index of CNF from 79 to 66%. The average diameter distribution of ACNF and CNF was 5.59 ± 1.45 nm and 6.22 ± 1.97, respectively. Furthermore, without lowering the thermal stability of CNF, ACNF exhibited higher hydrophobicity as high as 87° compared with that of CNF with a 12° contact angle. The resulting ACNF extracted from sisal fibers had great potential application as reinforcement for nanocomposites with a nonpolar polymer matrix.
... This would be corresponding to the degradation of the holocellulose content of flax fibers degradation and another degradation that appeared at 480 °C was observed. Oxidation of cellulose leads to a variation in the structure, crystallinity, and degree of polymerization, which in turn affect its physical and chemical properties 47,48 . While for DAC@SC, Fig. 10b, the first degradation step for DAC@SC biocomposite begins at 30 °C until 265 °C, which was due to the evaporation of the residual water present in cellulose components 49 . ...
In the present study, flax fiber based semicarbazide biosorbent was prepared in two successive steps. In the first step, flax fibers were oxidized using potassium periodate (KIO4) to yield diadehyde cellulose (DAC). Dialdehyde cellulose was, then, refluxed with semicarbazide.HCl to produce the semicarbazide functionalized dialdehyde cellulose (DAC@SC). The prepared DAC@SC biosorbent was characterized using Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and N2 adsorption isotherm, point of zero charge (pHPZC), elemental analysis (C:H:N), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The DAC@SC biosorbent was applied for the removal of the hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) ions and the alizarin red S (ARS) anionic dye (individually and in mixture). Experimental variables such as temperature, pH, and concentrations were optimized in detail. The monolayer adsorption capacities from the Langmuir isotherm model were 97.4 mg/g and 18.84 for Cr(VI) and ARS, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of DAC@SC indicated that the adsorption process fit PSO kinetic model. The obtained negative values of ΔG and ΔH indicated that the adsorption of Cr(VI) and ARS onto DAC@SC is a spontaneous and exothermic process. The DAC@SC biocomposite was successfully applied for the removal of Cr(VI) and ARS from synthetic effluents and real wastewater samples with a recovery (R, %) more than 90%. The prepared DAC@SC was regenerated using 0.1 M K2CO3 eluent. The plausible adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) and ARS onto the surface of DAC@SC biocomposite was elucidated.
