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FIGURe. Hymenotorrendiella from New Zealand. a. Apothecia on leaf surface, fresh. b. Apothecia on leaf surface, dry. c. Squash mount of hymenial elements, showing ascospores that contain large lipid bodies, and paraphyses that include many small refractive vacuolar bodies. d-f. Squash mounts showing ascus bases arising from croziers. g. Ascus bases arising from simple septa. c: living state, d-g: dead state (in KOH+CR).-a-f. Hymenotorrendiella sp. (on Metrosideros). a, c. PDD 102797, b, d-f. PDD 43948. g. H. cannibalensis, PDD 64242.
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Morphological and phylogenetic data are used to revise the genus Torrendiella. The type species, described from Europe, is retained within the Rutstroemiaceae. However, Torrendiella species reported from Australasia, southern South America and China were found to be phylogenetically distinct and have been recombined in the newly proposed genus Hyme...
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The genus Tuber comprises ectomycorrhizal fungal species producing belowground ascomata, including the gastronomically most prominent hypogeous fungi. Since the discovery and description of new species are ongoing, the proportion of undescribed species can be considerable and the taxonomy of the genus goes often through changes. The taxonomy of the...
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... Sequences of identified species of Rutstroemia, as well as other genera and species in the families Rutstroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae, were used to explore their phylogenetic relationships. The sequences were retrieved from GenBank after comparing several publications that include these two families [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Two rDNA regions (ITS and LSU) were used to conduct the phylogenetic analyses, and the final dataset contains a combination of taxa not previously published. ...
... Their macroscopic description fits quite well with our observations obtained from the type specimen, as well as the morphology and biometry of asci and ascospores (Table 2). Although the authors stated that the asci were inamyloid, we discovered that they were amyloid ( Figure 2(3d,3e)) with a Sclerotinia-type amyloid ring, as shown in Johnston et al. [12]. This type is found in most members of the Rustroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae. ...
... Their macroscopic description fits quite well with our observations obtained from the type specimen, as well as the morphology and biometry of asci and ascospores (Table 2). Although the authors stated that the asci were inamyloid, we discovered that they were amyloid (Figure 2(3d,3e)) with a Sclerotinia-type amyloid ring, as shown in Johnston et al. [12]. This type is found in most members of the Rustroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae. ...
Tympanis species (Leotiales) are plant pathogens distributed mostly in northern temperate ecosystems. The diversity and identity of some species remains unclear. Tympanis vagabunda, found in Sicilia (Italy) on dry twigs of Rosa, Rubus, and Pistacia, is one example of an obscure and poorly known species. During the study of its type specimen in S, which contained one twig with a wood anatomy fitting neither of the three mentioned hosts, the microanatomic structures indicated that it belongs to the genus Rutstroemia (Helotiales). To investigate its identity, the types of R. fruticeti, R. juniperi, R. urceolus, and R. longiasca were studied for comparison. The species for which molecular data were available were included in a dataset that contained identified species of Rutstroemia, along with other select species from the families Rutstroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae. R. fruticeti, a saprobe frequently reported from Rubus fruticosus in Europe, is found to be a later synonym of T. vagabunda, and the combination Rutstroemia vagabunda is proposed. R. juniperi is an infrequently reported European species on twigs of Juniperus and is morphologically hard to distinguish from R. vagabunda; available molecular data support its recognition as a distinct species. R. longiasca differs from R. vagabunda in its black apothecia, smaller asci, and narrower ascospores. R. urceolus differs from R. vagabunda in having black apothecia and smaller inamyloid asci, and excipulum at the flanks and margin is composed of dark-walled hyphae.
... Hymenotorrendiella is common in Australian forests and comprises a diverse and characteristic part of Australia's biota. Johnston et al. (2014) clarified the generic taxonomy of these fungi. Recent morphological and molecular comparisons (Johnston and Gamundí 2000;Johnston 2010) have shown that there are many host-specialised Australasian species in the genus. ...
Fungi in the class Leotiomycetes are ecologically diverse, including
mycorrhizas, endophytes of roots and leaves, plant pathogens,
aquatic and aero-aquatic hyphomycetes, mammalian pathogens,
and saprobes. Hymenotorrendiella species are often assumed to
be saprobic, their fruiting bodies developing on fallen leaves and
dead wood but, in many cases, these putative saprobes are
found on only a single host. For the leaf-inhabiting species this
host specialisation has been shown to be driven by an
endophytic phase to the life cycle, the initial infection of the
host being on living leaves. Host specialisation has resulted in
high levels of species diversity but within Hymenotorrendiella
most of these species remain unnamed. In this paper four
species of Hymenotorrendiella are accepted from Eucalyptus in
Australia — the leaf-inhabiting H. communis, as well as three
wood-inhabiting species, H. clelandii, and two species described
here as new, H. spooneri and H. brevis. The leaf-inhabiting
H. communis has an endophytic phase to its life cycle, fruiting on
dead leaves but with infection initiated while the leaves are still
alive and appears to have been moved around the world along
with its Eucalyptus host. The biology of the wood-inhabiting
species is unknown although H. clelandii occurs also in New
Zealand on introduced Eucalyptus. Also described here are two
other wood-inhabiting species from New Zealand that are closely
related to H. clelandii – H. coriariae from Coriaria arborea, and
H. pruinosa from Leptospermum and Kunzea. H. spooneri as
accepted here appears to comprise a phylogenetically diverse
complex of several closely related sister populations. These
populations differ somewhat morphologically, but each is
represented by only one specimen, making it impossible at
present to assess the possible taxonomic significance of those
morphological differences.
... On OA surface ochreous with patches of cinnamon. Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. (2014). Although the name Torrendiella eucalypti has commonly been used for the species occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Crous et al. 2006), Johnston et al. (2014) showed that the type of T. eucalypti occurred on fallen phyllodes of an Acacia sp. ...
... Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. (2014). Although the name Torrendiella eucalypti has commonly been used for the species occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Crous et al. 2006), Johnston et al. (2014) showed that the type of T. eucalypti occurred on fallen phyllodes of an Acacia sp. (Tasmania, Australia), which then became the type species of the new genus Hymenotorrendiella. ...
... Although the macromorphology and anatomy of the excipulum of the specimens with sessile apothecia often recalls Mollisia, the asci are more typical of Helotiaceae (the family to which Hymenoscyphus belongs) than Mollisiaceae. The asci have an hymenoscyphus-like amyloid pore (a thin-walled tube often confined to the inner half of the wall), whereas Mollisia has a calycina-like amyloid pore (the apical part of the tube thicker-walled and laterally flaring) (Baral et al. 2015, Johnston et al. 2014). Sometimes reported from culturing studies (e.g., Webster 1961), the sexual morph has also been found in nature on woody substrates at wet sites or in running water (Table 1, , Descals et al. 1998. ...
To resolve the polyphyletic nature of Solenopeziaceae as it was originally circumscribed, we establish a new family Tricladiaceae for those genera originally placed in Solenopeziaceae that have aquatic hyphomycete-like asexual morphs and/or a sexual morph with glabrous apothecia. These include Cudoniella , Geniculospora , Graddonia , Halenospora , Mycofalcella , Spirosphaera , and Tricladium . Solenopeziaceae is confined to the genera Lasiobelonium , Solenopezia , Trichopeziza , and Trichopezizella , all of which have a sexual morph having apothecia with smooth-walled hairs. This taxonomy is supported by a multi-gene analysis using up to 15 genes, with a few of the taxa placed on the basis of a separate ITS phylogeny. Tricladiaceae forms a monophyletic clade with a basal sister relationship to Pleuroascaceae plus Helotiaceae ; Solenopeziaceae forms a monophyletic clade with a basal sister relationship to Lachnaceae .
... On OA surface ochreous with patches of cinnamon. Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. (2014). Although the name Torrendiella eucalypti has commonly been used for the species occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Crous et al. 2006), Johnston et al. (2014) showed that the type of T. eucalypti occurred on fallen phyllodes of an Acacia sp. ...
... Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. (2014). Although the name Torrendiella eucalypti has commonly been used for the species occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Crous et al. 2006), Johnston et al. (2014) showed that the type of T. eucalypti occurred on fallen phyllodes of an Acacia sp. (Tasmania, Australia), which then became the type species of the new genus Hymenotorrendiella. ...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica , Cladosporium arenosum from marine sediment sand. Argentina , Kosmimatamyces alatophylus (incl. Kosmimatamyces gen. nov.) from soil. Australia , Aspergillus banksianus , Aspergillus kumbius , Aspergillus luteorubrus , Aspergillus malvicolor and Aspergillus nanangensis from soil, Erysiphe medicaginis from leaves of Medicago polymorpha , Hymenotorrendiella communis on leaf litter of Eucalyptus bicostata , Lactifluus albopicri and Lactifluus austropiperatus on soil, Macalpinomyces collinsiae on Eriachne benthamii , Marasmius vagus on soil, Microdochium dawsoniorum from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis , Neopestalotiopsis nebuloides from leaves of Sporobolus elongatus , Pestalotiopsis etonensis from leaves of Sporobolus jacquemontii , Phytophthora personensis from soil associated with dying Grevillea mccutcheonii . Brazil , Aspergillus oxumiae from soil, Calvatia baixaverdensis on soil, Geastrum calycicoriaceum on leaf litter, Greeneria kielmeyerae on leaf spots of Kielmeyera coriacea . Chile , Phytophthora aysenensis on collar rot and stem of Aristotelia chilensis . Croatia , Mollisia gibbospora on fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica . Czech Republic , Neosetophoma hnaniceana from Buxus sempervirens . Ecuador , Exophiala frigidotolerans from soil. Estonia , Elaphomyces bucholtzii in soil. France , Venturia paralias from leaves of Euphorbia paralias . India , Cortinarius balteatoindicus and Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis on leaf litter. Indonesia , Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana on Eucalyptus urophylla leaf litter. Italy , Penicillium taurinense from indoor chestnut mill. Malaysia , Hemileucoglossum kelabitense on soil, Satchmopsis pini on dead needles of Pinus tecunumanii . Poland , Lecanicillium praecognitum on insects’ frass. Portugal , Neodevriesia aestuarina from saline water. Republic of Korea , Gongronella namwonensis from freshwater. Russia , Candida pellucida from Exomias pellucidus , Heterocephalacria septentrionalis as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina , Vishniacozyma phoenicis from dates fruit, Volvariella paludosa from swamp. Slovenia , Mallocybe crassivelata on soil. South Africa , Beltraniella podocarpi , Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi , Coleophoma podocarpi and Nothoseiridium podocarpi (incl. Nothoseiridium gen. nov.) from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius , Gyrothrix encephalarti from leaves of Encephalartos sp., Paraphyton cutaneum from skin of human patient, Phacidiella alsophilae from leaves of Alsophila capensis , and Satchmopsis metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros excelsa . Spain , Cladophialophora cabanerensis from soil, Cortinarius paezii on soil, Cylindrium magnoliae from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora , Trichophoma cylindrospora (incl. Trichophoma gen. nov.) from plant debris, Tuber alcaracense in calcareus soil, Tuber buendiae in calcareus soil. Thailand , Annulohypoxylon spougei on corticated wood, Poaceascoma filiforme from leaves of unknown Poaceae . UK , Dendrostoma luteum on branch lesions of Castanea sativa , Ypsilina buttingtonensis from heartwood of Quercus sp. Ukraine , Myrmecridium phragmiticola from leaves of Phragmites australis . USA , Absidia pararepens from air, Juncomyces californiensis (incl. Juncomyces gen. nov.) from leaves of Juncus effusus , Montagnula cylindrospora from a human skin sample, Muriphila oklahomaensis (incl. Muriphila gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, Neofabraea eucalyptorum from leaves of Eucalyptus macrandra , Diabolocovidia claustri (incl. Diabolocovidia gen. nov.) from leaves of Serenoa repens , Paecilomyces penicilliformis from air, Pseudopezicula betulae from leaves of leaf spots of Betula sp. Vietnam , Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus and Roridomyces pseudoirritans on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
... On OA surface ochreous with patches of cinnamon. Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. (2014). Although the name Torrendiella eucalypti has commonly been used for the species occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Crous et al. 2006), Johnston et al. (2014) showed that the type of T. eucalypti occurred on fallen phyllodes of an Acacia sp. ...
... Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. (2014). Although the name Torrendiella eucalypti has commonly been used for the species occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Crous et al. 2006), Johnston et al. (2014) showed that the type of T. eucalypti occurred on fallen phyllodes of an Acacia sp. (Tasmania, Australia), which then became the type species of the new genus Hymenotorrendiella. ...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Cladosporium arenosum from marine sediment sand. Argentina, Kosmimatamyces alatophylus (incl. Kosmimatamyces gen. nov.) from soil. Australia, Aspergillus banksianus, Aspergillus kumbius, Aspergillus luteorubrus, Aspergillus malvicolor and Aspergillus nanangensis from soil, Erysiphe medicaginis from leaves of Medicago polymorpha, Hymenotorrendiella communis on leaf litter of Eucalyptus bicostata, Lactifluus albopicri and Lactifluus austropiperatus on soil, Macalpinomyces collinsiae on Eriachne benthamii, Marasmius vagus on soil, Microdochium dawsoniorum from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Neopestalotiopsis nebuloides from leaves of Sporobolus elongatus, Pestalotiopsis etonensis from leaves of Sporobolus jacquemontii, Phytophthora personensis from soil associated with dying Grevillea mccutcheonii. Brazil, Aspergillus oxumiae from soil, Calvatia baixaverdensis on soil, Geastrum calycicoriaceum on leaf litter, Greeneria kielmeyerae on leaf spots of Kielmeyera coriacea. Chile, Phytophthora aysenensis on collar rot and stem of Aristotelia chilensis. Croatia, Mollisia gibbospora on fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica. Czech Republic, Neosetophoma hnaniceana from Buxus sempervirens. Ecuador, Exophiala frigidotolerans from soil. Estonia, Elaphomyces bucholtzii in soil. France, Venturia paralias from leaves of Euphorbia paralias. India, Cortinarius balteatoindicus and Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis on leaf litter. Indonesia, Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana on Eucalyptus urophylla leaf litter. Italy, Penicillium taurinense from indoor chestnut mill. Malaysia, Hemileucoglossum kelabitense on soil, Satchmopsis pini on dead needles of Pinus tecunumanii. Poland, Lecanicillium praecognitum on insects’ frass. Portugal, Neodevriesia aestuarina from saline water. Republic of Korea, Gongronella namwonensis from freshwater. Russia, Candida pellucida from Exomias pellucidus, Heterocephalacria septentrionalis as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina, Vishniacozyma phoenicis from dates fruit, Volvariella paludosa from swamp. Slovenia, Mallocybe crassivelata on soil. South Africa, Beltraniella podocarpi, Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi, Coleophoma podocarpi and Nothoseiridium podocarpi (incl. Nothoseiridium gen. nov.) from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Gyrothrix encephalarti from leaves of Encephalartos sp., Paraphyton cutaneum from skin of human patient, Phacidiella alsophilae from leaves of Alsophila capensis, and Satchmopsis metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros excelsa. Spain, Cladophialophora cabanerensis from soil, Cortinarius paezii on soil, Cylindrium magnoliae from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Trichophoma cylindrospora (incl. Trichophoma gen. nov.) from plant debris, Tuber alcaracense in calcareus soil, Tuber buendiae in calcareus soil. Thailand, Annulohypoxylon spougei on corticated wood, Poaceascoma filiforme from leaves of unknown Poaceae. UK, Dendrostoma luteum on branch lesions of Castanea sativa, Ypsilina buttingtonensis from heartwood of Quercus sp. Ukraine, Myrmecridium phragmiticola from leaves of Phragmites australis. USA, Absidia pararepens from air, Juncomyces californiensis (incl. Juncomyces gen. nov.) from leaves of Juncus effusus, Montagnula cylindrospora from a human skin sample, Muriphila oklahomaensis (incl. Muriphila gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, Neofabraea eucalyptorum from leaves of Eucalyptus macrandra, Diabolocovidia claustri (incl. Diabolocovidia gen. nov.) from leaves of Serenoa repens, Paecilomyces penicilliformis from air, Pseudopezicula betulae from leaves of leaf spots of Betula sp. Vietnam, Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus and Roridomyces pseudoirritans on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
... hyphae in a hyaline gelatinized matrix" in Cyathicula coronata. Johnston et al. (2014) appear to use the term "textura oblita" simultaneously for two different tissue types, particularly in the central layer of the ectal excipulum in Torrendiella setulata: a strongly gelatinized, ± vertically oriented tissue at the flanks, and a tissue of narrow, long-cylindrical cells immersed in abundant gel and oriented at a low angle to the surface towards the margin. So it looks like some authors consider textura oblita to be synonymous with gelatinized tissue. ...
The term “textura oblita”, referring to a tissue type in ascomycetes with apothecial ascomata, has caused much confusion to ascomycologists. Originally it was defined as a long-celled tissue type consisting of thick-walled hyphae with intercellular substance. However, this definition appeared not well, or not at all, applicable to the originally given examples like Phialea starbaeckii . This has resulted in two other definitions which are more or less the opposite of each other, viz. as a thick-walled tissue with gelatinized walls and as a thin-walled tissue embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The main issue is the location of the gelatinous substance in the relevant tissue: in the cell wall, extracellular, or both. Unfortunately all of the three tissues are called “gelatinous tissue”, although the term “gelatinous tissue” according to its definition concerns only tissue with extrahyphal gel. This implies that essential information about the location of the gel is ignored. In effect, all three conceptions of textura oblita are reducible to versions of textura porrecta that differ in the location of the gel. Similarly other tissue types can occur in different versions.
The author discusses the postulated mechanisms of gel formation in fungal tissues. These concern disintegration of the outer layer(s) of hyphal walls, disintegration of hyphae, and secretion, here linked to exocytosis. There is supposed to be a correlation between the way of gel formation on the one hand, and the structure of the sporocarp and the cell wall in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes on the other hand.
To conclude, an emended tissue typology is provided in which the distinguished versions of the six basic tissue types are arranged according to the shape of their cells, the arrangement of their hyphae, the occurrence of thickened cell walls, and the occurrence of extracellular gel.
The species name Cyathicula starbaeckii , comb. nov., is validly published here.
... Phylogenetic trees obtained from LSU and ITS single gene analyses as well as the combined gene analyses share similar overall topologies at the generic level and are in agreement with previous studies (Johnston et al., 2014;Crous et al., 2015;Ekanayaka et al., 2019). The concatenated LSU and ITS dataset consisted of 58 taxa. ...
... Apart from ribosomal RNA sequence data, the use of protein-coding gene phylogenies involving helotialean fungi are slowly emerging (Wang et al., 2006b;Johnston et al., 2014). Most contemporary results suggest that the Helotiales and currently delimited families are not monophyletic and that the highly conserved small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene is not informative enough to resolve these lineages with confidence (Gernandt et al., 2001). ...
Helotiales is a polyphyletic order of Ascomycetes. The paucity of relevant molecular data and unclear connections of sexual and asexual morphs present challenges in resolving taxa within this order. In the present study, Patellariopsidaceae fam. nov., the asexual morph of Patellariopsis atrovinosa, and a new record of Cheirospora botryospora (Vibrisseaceae) on Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) from Italy are discussed based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined sequence dataset of LSU and ITS were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships within the Helotiales. The results of this research provide a solid base to the taxonomy and phylogeny of Helotiales.
... The genus is characterized for its light-coloured, cyathiform to discoid, subsessile to shortly stipitate, often gregarious apothecia. The asci are usually amyloid (Calycina-type), with the ring apically thicker-walled by extending laterally and basally not projecting ( Johnston et al. 2014: fig. 11 m-t). ...
A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Calycina in the Canary Islands based on characters of living specimens is presented. Three species are described based on the method of vital taxonomy: Calycina claroflava, C. scolochloae, and C. vulgaris. The last one is a new report for the archipelago. A key, descriptions, illustrations, and notes about ecology are provided.
... Nannfeldt 1932, Korf 1973, Hawksworth et al. 1983and Spooner 1987 and more recently using phylogenetic evidence (e.g. , Johnston et al. 2014, Pärtel et al. 2017, Hustad & Miller 2011. The most recent arrangement of Leotiomycetes includes the classification of Wijayawardene et al. (2018) and is followed here, with modifications. ...
... Asci are rarely opening by splitting or evanescent. Ascospores are ellipsoid, fusoid or filiform, 1-3septate and rarely ornamented (Reid 1986, Sydow 1924, Jaklitsch et al. 2016, Zheng & Zhuang 2015, Chlebická & Konvalinková 2010, Yao & Spooner 1999, Johnston et al. 2014, Spooner 1987, Chlebická & Chlebicki 2007. Asexual morphs are hyphomycetous, sporodochial or synnematal. ...
... In our phylogenetic analysis, Phacidiaceae formed a monophyletic well-supported clade sister to Thelebolales-Leotiales clade. Therefore, considering previous literature (Johnston et al. 2014, Pärtel 2016) and our phylogenetic results we include only Phacidiaceae within Phacidiales. ...
Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades. Leotiomycetes include 53 families (Ascodichaenaceae, Amicodiscaceae fam. nov., Amorphothecaceae, Arachnopezizaceae, Ascocorticiaceae, Calloriaceae, Cenangiaceae, Chaetomellaceae, Chlorociboriaceae, Chlorospleniaceae fam. nov., Bryoglossaceae fam. nov., Cochlearomycetaceae, Cordieritidaceae, Cyttariaceae, Deltopyxidaceae fam. nov., Dermateaceae, Discinellaceae fam. nov., Drepanopezizaceae, Erysiphaceae, Gelatinodiscaceae, Godroniaceae, Hamatocanthoscyphaceae fam. nov., Helicogoniaceae, Helotiaceae, Hemiphacidiaceae, Heterosphaeriaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, Hydrocinaceae fam. nov., Hyphodiscaceae fam. nov., Lachnaceae, Lahmiaceae, Lauriomycetaceae, Leotiaceae, Leptodontidiaceae, Lichinodiaceae, Loramycetaceae, Marthamycetaceae, Medeolariaceae, Mitrulaceae, Mollisiaceae, Neocrinulaceae, Neolauriomycetaceae, Pezizellaceae, Phacidiaceae, Ploettnerulaceae, Rhytismataceae, Rutstroemiaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Solenopeziaceae fam. nov., Thelebolaceae, Triblidiaceae, Tympanidaceae and Vibrisseaceae) and 14 family-level clades (Alatospora-Miniancora clade, Aquapoterium-Unguicularia clade, Bulgariella clade, Coleophoma-Parafabraea clade, Colipila clade, Corticifraga-Calloriopsis clade, Epicladonia-Epithamnolia clade, Flagellospora clade, Gelatinomyces clade, Micraspis clade, Patellariopsis clade, Phialocephala urceolata clade, Peltigeromyces clade and Trizodia clade). We briefly discuss the phylogenetic placements of these families and family-level clades. We provide an outline of the genera and the families of Leotiomycetes and a table summarising sexual morph characters of all the families/family-level clades of Leotiomycetes. Nine new families are introduced and we provide descriptions and illustrations of 50 Leotiomycetes taxa including six new genera and 22 new species, from collections made in China, Italy, Thailand, Russia, UK and Uzbekistan. Small scale phylogenetic analyses using concatenated datasets of five loci (rDNA, TEF and RBP2) are provided, where the backbone tree is insufficient to confirm the phylogenetic placement of our collections. This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of Leotiomycetes based on available literature and our collections.
