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Purpose
The current status of German residency training in the field of radiation oncology is provided and compared to programmes in other countries. In particular, we present the DEGRO-Academy within the international context.
Methods
Certified courses from 2018 and 2019 were systematically assigned to the DEGRO-Curriculum, retrospectively for 20...
Air traffic has been increasing in Germany over the last decades reaching in 2018 an all-time high with more than 3 million flights. This increase has led to a rise in delays, which generate different costs to airlines, passengers, and Air Navigation Service Providers. This paper focuses on understanding and predicting these costs. For this purpose...
We use data from the German Federal Statistical Office on population counts, births, deaths and income to study the development of socio‐economic inequality in mortality rates from 1990 to 2015 for different age groups and both genders. Ranking the 401 German districts by average disposable income per capita, we observe large inequalities in distri...
At the last German federal election in 2017, the Alternative for Germany (AfD) attracted headlines for its hardline stance against immigration. Michael A. Hansen writes that while the party has published a similar manifesto ahead of the 2021 federal election, there has been a noticeable shift toward a more moderate campaigning style.
Positively and negatively evaluated life events are associated with individuals’ life satisfaction. In the present study, we tested whether the link between individuals’ evaluations of life events in the social domain and their satisfaction with life is moderated by their implicit affiliation motive. Adolescent participants were recruited in German...
Citations
... It also worth to mention that both in France and Germany positive recommendations of SAT are not so much based on the acceptance of the SAT based indirect comparisons but based on other institutional features of the HTA system (28). For instance, orphan drugs in Germany receive a positive recommendation by law regardless of their submitted evidence package (29,30). ...
When assessing the value of new drugs regulatory authorities across the world frequently make different decisions even though their decisions are based on the same evidence package. In this perspective we argue that even in today’s world regulatory and medical decision making is framed by conflicting philosophical schools of thought, namely the liberal tradition of the Anglo Saxon countries pioneered by the Scotsman Adam Smith and the continental European tradition of paternalism that roots back to the German philosopher Georg Friedrich Hegel. We outline the basics of these two philosophical theories and show that countries following the liberal tradition are more reluctant to reject new drugs due to weak evidence. Instead, they leave decisions to a greater extend to those who are affected, namely patients and their caregivers.
... In Wales, Ireland and Norway there are currently no distinct financed pathway for oncological and orphan drugs (Janoudi et al., 2016;Schulz et al., 2020). ...
Introduction: Our objective was to analyze and compare systematically and structurally reimbursement systems in Poland and other countries.
Methods: The systems were selected based on recommendations issued by the Polish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariffication (AHTAPol), which explicitly referred to other countries and agencies). Consequently, apart from Poland, the countries included in the analysis were England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, France, Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Relevant information and data were collected through a systematic search of PubMed (Medline), Embase and The Cochrane Library as well as competent authority websites and grey literature sources.
Results and discussion: In most of the countries, the submission of a reimbursement application is initiated by a pharmaceutical company, and only a few countries allow it before a product is approved for marketing. All of the agencies analyzed are independent and some have regulatory function of reimbursement decision making body. A key criterion differentiating the various agencies in terms of HTA is the cost-effectiveness threshold. Most of the countries have specific mechanisms to improve access to expensive specialty drugs, including cancer drugs and those used for rare diseases. Reimbursement systems often lack consistency in appreciating the same stages, leading to heterogeneous decision-making processes. The analysis of recommendations issued in different countries for the same medicinal product will allow a better understanding of the relations between the reimbursement system, HTA assessment, stakeholders involvement and decision on reimbursement of innovative drugs.
... Each drug appearing on the market is compared to an already existing one and a conclusion about the additional benefits of the new drug is issued by the Committee (Stiller et al. 2021). As the result of the benefit assessment, the following conclusions are possible 2 : major additional benefit, considerable additional benefit, minor additional benefit, non-quantifiable additional benefit, no additional benefit, and less additional benefit (Schulz et al. 2020). Nonquantifiable additional benefit in this case reflects the case, where existing data does not allow quantitative demonstration of the benefit. ...
... Nonquantifiable additional benefit in this case reflects the case, where existing data does not allow quantitative demonstration of the benefit. Less additional benefit shows, that the priorly existing drug/therapy has a higher benefit than the new one (Schulz et al. 2020). ...
... 1 According to FDA definition these are active moieties that have not been approved by FDA before (FDA 2020). 2 From highest to lowest, based on comparison with an alternative treatment. Starting from 01.01.2011, each drug must receive a benefit assessment through HTA (Schulz et al. 2020). ...
This paper investigates the impact of applicant and inventor team composition on patent commercialization in form of product creation. It outlines the importance of applicant and inventor team characteristics, i.e. specifically, size and internationality, on the speed of market authorization of a patent-related product and on the product quality. The analysis is performed for the European pharmaceutical industry. The product data is taken from the European Medicines Agency website for the period 2010-2019. Manual patent-product concordance is established with the help of the Pat-INFORMED database from the World Intellectual Property Organization and the Health Canada database. The created dataset presents combined data on patent and product characteristics. Results from an accelerated failure time model show that larger applicant teams as well as the presence of international applicants and inventors decelerate the market authorization of patent-related products. Results of the probit analysis show that larger inventor teams lead to patents of higher quality.
