FIGURES 24 26 - uploaded by Eric Glasswell Matthews
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Leaus ovipositors: 24, L. tropicalis; 25, L. monteithi; 26, L. sp. cb—baculus of coxite 1; pb—baculus of paraproct. Scale bars 1 mm.
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The former family Trachelostenidae is returned to tribal status in Tenebrionidae-Tenebrioninae and reconstituted to include Trachelostenus Solier, 1851 of southern Chile, currently in a separate family Trachelostenidae, Myrmecodema Gebien, 1943 of central Chile, currently in Stenochiinae-Cnodalonini, and Leaus Matthews & Lawrence, 1992 of eastern A...
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Citations
... Additionally, delimitation of Stenochiinae from some tribes of Tenebrioninae and interpretation of relationships between several taxa in these groups remain challenging (e.g. Matthews & Lawrence, 2015). Internally, the family Tenebrionidae is still far from being resolved, and several groups remain poorly understood (Aalbu et al. 2002); Stenochiinae is no exception. ...
... This is because two genera, historically considered as Stenochiinae, were recently rearranged taxonomically. Myrmecodema Gebien, 1943 was transferred to subfamily Tenebrioninae (tribe Trachelostenini), whereas Homocyrtus Dejean, 1834 was left as incertae sedis in Tenebrionidae (Matthews & Lawrence, 2015). These rearrangements were made using classical taxonomic methods, but no Chilean or South American genera have been included in any phylogenetic study. ...
... Doyen (1989) considered this genus to belong to a completely different family: Chalcodryidae. Later, Vidal & Guerrero (2007) classified it in Stenochiini, but recently Matthews & Lawrence (2015) suspected that it could be more closely related to Titaenini (Tenebrioninae) and left it as incertae sedis. Our results strongly support the placement of Homocyrtus in Stenochiinae, but perhaps not in the tribe Stenochiini, as Vidal & Guerrero (2007) suggested. ...
Stenochiinae is a subfamily of Tenebrionidae with a mainly pantropical distribution, but with a few species distributed at higher latitudes. In general, Stenochiinae has been little studied, and the taxonomic effort been insufficient to understand all its diversity. Recently, a new taxon of Stenochiinae from Central Chile with remarkable morphological characters was collected. Based on phylogenetic analyses of concatenated 28S, 18S, 16S and COI genes and on morphological analyses, a new genus and two species of Stenochiinae are described from Central Chile. Our results suggest that Nestorinus gen. nov. (with the species Nestorinus roitmani sp. nov. and Nestorinus yanettae sp. nov.) has a basal position in Stenochiinae, related to Homocyrtus. The set of morphological characters shared between Stenochiini and Cnodalonini plus their phylogenetic position make it difficult to classify them at tribal level.
... However, the delimitation selected here for the subfamily separates it from Helopini mainly by larval morphology. As revealed by Purchart & Nabozhenko (2012), helopine larvae possess an extremely short ninth tergite bearing long urogomphi overlapping segment VIII, and segment VIII bearing spines on the dorsal side (see also Nabozhenko & Gurgenidze, 2006;Matthews & Lawrence, 2015). These features are not present in Blaptinae (Medvedev, 1968(Medvedev, , 2001Yu et al., 2000;Smith et al., 2014;Kamiński et al., 2019b). ...
The taxonomic concepts of Blapimorpha and Opatrinae (informal and traditional, morphology-based groupings among darkling beetles) are tested using molecular phylogenetics and a reassessment of larval and adult morphology to address a major phylogeny-classification gap in Tenebrionidae. Instead of a holistic approach (family-level phylogeny), this study uses a bottom-up strategy (tribal grouping) in order to define larger, monophyletic lineages within Tenebrioninae. Sampling included representatives of 27 tenebrionid tribes: Alleculini, Amarygmini, Amphidorini, Blaptini, Bolitophagini, Branchini, Cerenopini, Coniontini, Caenocrypticini, Dendarini, Eulabini, Helopini, Lagriini, Melanimini, Opatrini, Pedinini, Phaleriini, Physogasterini, Platynotini, Platyscelidini, Praociini, Scaurini, Scotobiini, Tenebrionini, Trachyscelini, Triboliini, and Ulomini. Molecular analyses were based on DNA sequence data from four non-overlapping gene regions: carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase domain of rudimentary (CAD) (723bp), wingless (wg) (438bp), and nuclear ribosomal 28S (1,101bp) and mitochondrial ribosomal 12S (363bp). Additionally, fifteen larval and imaginal characters were scored and subjected to an ancestral state reconstruction analysis. Results revealed that Amphidorini, Blaptini, Dendarini, Pedinini, Platynotini, Platyscelidini, and Opatrini form a clade which can be defined by the following morphological features: adults – antennae lacking compound/stellate sensoria;procoxal cavities externally and internally closed, intersternal membrane of abdominal ventrites 3–5 visible; paired abdominal defensive glands present, elongate, not annulated; larvae – prolegs enlarged (adapted for digging); ninth tergite lacking urogomphi. To accommodate this monophyletic grouping (281 genera and ~4,000 species), the subfamily Blaptinae sens. nov. is resurrected. Prior to these results, all of the tribes within Blaptinae were classified within the polyphyletic subfamily Tenebrioninae. The non-monophyletic nature of this subfamily has already been postulated by previous authors, yet no taxonomic decisions were made to fix its status. The reinstatement of Blaptinae, which groups ~50% of the former Tenebrioninae, helps to clarify phylogenetic relations among the whole family and is the first step towards a complete higher-level revision of Tenebrionidae. The Central Asian tribe Dissonomini (two genera, ~30 species) was not included in Blaptinae due to a lack of representatives in the performed phylogenetic analyses; however, based on morphological features, the tribe is listed as a potential addition to the subfamily.
... 19 of which are minor, each with only 5 to 500 described species ( Archeocrypticidae, Boridae, Melandryidae, Mycetophagidae, Mycteridae, Promecheilidae, Prostomidae, Pterogeniidae, Pyrochroidae, Pythidae, Ripiphoridae, Salpingidae, Scraptiidae, Stenotrachelidae, Synchroidae, Tetratomidae, Trachelostenidae, Trictenotomidae, and Ulodidae). The small family Trachelostenidae has recently been downgraded to a tribe within Tenebrionidae by Matthews and Lawrence (2015). The relationships and diversification patterns of beetles in this morphologically challenging super family have benefited from analyses of molecular data sets ( Gunter et al. 2014;Kergoat et al. 2014aKergoat et al. , 2014b). ...
Beetles occur in most terrestrial and freshwater habitats and a few occupy marine environments. The most common life-cycle type in beetles is holometaboly. More specialized or unusual life cycles, which include the occurrence of active and inactive larval instars in parasitoid species, also are known in Coleoptera. This chapter covers each major taxonomic group of beetles and provides some examples to illustrate important aspects of beetle biodiversity. Obligate associations with social insects have evolved more often in the Staphylinidae than in any other family of Coleoptera and the result is a remarkable array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral diversity, particularly in the subfamilies Aleocharinae and Pselaphinae. Rove beetles are among the most commonly encountered beetles in nature, particularly in moist terrestrial habitats, and serve as indicators of human impact on natural ecosystems. Scarab beetles often have been used as a focal taxon for evolution, biodiversity, and conservation research.
... (P.) subaenea and P. (P.) curta changes in higher classification (Matthews and Lawrence 2015). In this study we found differences among the first instar larvae of the three species treated here in 12 characters of the head (cephalic capsule, epicranium), mouthparts (labrum, clypeus, mandibles), and IX and X abdominal segments (pygidium, pygo pods), features that have been mentioned for their taxonomic importance in studies on Tenebrionidae (Doyen 1988). ...
The subgenus Praocis Eschscholtz, 1829 (Pimeliinae: Praociini) is an endemic group of north-central Chile consisting of 18 flightless species distributed mostly across the Chilean desert and coastal steppe. In this work we describe the morphology and structure of first instar larvae of Praocis (Praocis) spinolai Gay and Solier, 1841, Praocis (Praocis) subaenea Erichson, 1834, and Praocis (Praocis) curta Solier, 1841 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Larvae were obtained by rearing wild-caught male and female individuals under laboratory conditions. The structure and external morphological characters of the larvae were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that first instar larvae have morphological adaptations to edaphic environments, such as prothoracic legs for digging, a strongly sclerotized cephalic capsule, and well-developed IX and X abdominal segments (pygidium and pygopods). The interspecific differences in head morphology (cephalic capsule and epicranium), mouthparts (labrum, clypeus and mandibles), and IX and X abdominal segments (pygidium, pygopods, and apical spines) are highlighted.
Many studies have found that the correlation between species richness (SR) and morphological diversity (MD) is positive, but the correlation degree of these parameters is not always consistent due to differences in categories and various ecological factors in the living environment. Based on this, related studies have revealed the good performance of using higher taxa in biodiversity research, not only by shifting the testing group scale from local communities to worldwide datasets but also by adding different taxonomic levels, such as the genus level. However, it remains unclear whether this positive correlation can also be applied to other categories or groups. Here, we evaluated the applicability of higher taxa in the biodiversity study of darkling beetles by using 3407 species (9 subfamilies, 89 tribes, and 678 genera), based on the correlation between taxa richness and morphological diversity in the tribe/genus/species. In addition, the continuous features prevalent in the tenebrionids, pronotum and elytron, were selected, and the morphological diversity of various groups was obtained by the geometric morphometric approach to quantify the morphologic information of features. This study found that genus/species richness in subfamilies Pimelinae and Stenochiinae was positively correlated with the change trend of MD, and the correlation between the MD of elytron and taxa richness gradually decreased from the tribe-level to the genus-level to the species-level test. The results confirm the stable morphology and simple function of the elytron and the applicability of tribe level in biodiversity research.
A review of genus-group names for darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) is presented. A catalogue of 4122 nomenclaturally available genus-group names, representing 2307 valid genera (33 of which are extinct) and 761 valid subgenera, is given. For each name the author, date, page number, gender, type species, type fixation, current status, and first synonymy (when the name is a synonym) are provided. Genus-group names in this family are also recorded in a classification framework, along with data on the distribution of valid genera and subgenera within major biogeographical realms. A list of 535 unavailable genus-group names (e.g., incorrect subsequent spellings) is included. Notes on the date of publication of references cited herein are given, when known.
The following genera and subgenera are made available for the first time: Anemiadena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Cheirodes Gené, 1839), Armigena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Nesogena Mäklin, 1863), Debeauxiella Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Hyperops Eschscholtz, 1831), Hyperopsis Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Hyperops Eschscholtz, 1831), Linio Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Nilio Latreille, 1802), Matthewsotys Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Neosolenopistoma Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Eurynotus W. Kirby, 1819), Paragena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Nesogena Mäklin, 1863), Paulianaria Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Phyllechus Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Prorhytinota Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Rhytinota Eschscholtz, 1831), Pseudorozonia Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Rozonia Fairmaire, 1888), Pseudothinobatis Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Rhytinopsis Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Thalpophilodes Strand, 1942), Rhytistena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Rhytinota Eschscholtz, 1831), Spinosdara Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Osdara Walker, 1858), Spongesmia Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Adesmia Fischer, 1822), and Zambesmia Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Adesmia Fischer, 1822).
The names Adeps Gistel, 1857 and Adepsion Strand, 1917 syn. nov. [= Tetraphyllus Laporte & Brullé, 1831], Asyrmatus Canzoneri, 1959 syn. nov. [= Pystelops Gozis, 1910], Euzadenos Koch, 1956 syn. nov. [= Selenepistoma Dejean, 1834], Gondwanodilamus Kaszab, 1969 syn. nov. [= Conibius J.L. LeConte, 1851], Gyrinodes Fauvel, 1897 syn. nov. [= Nesotes Allard, 1876], Helopondrus Reitter, 1922 syn. nov. [= Horistelops Gozis, 1910], Hybonotus Dejean, 1834 syn. nov. [= Damatris Laporte, 1840], Iphthimera Reitter, 1916 syn. nov. [= Metriopus Solier, 1835], Lagriomima Pic, 1950 syn. nov. [= Neogria Borchmann, 1911], Orphelops Gozis, 1910 syn. nov. [= Nalassus Mulsant, 1854], Phymatium Billberg, 1820 syn. nov. [= Cryptochile Latreille, 1828], Prosoblapsia Skopin & Kaszab, 1978 syn. nov. [= Genoblaps Bauer, 1921], and Pseudopimelia Gebler, 1859 syn. nov. [= Lasiostola Dejean, 1834] are established as new synonyms (valid names in square brackets). Anachayus Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Chatanayus Ardoin, 1957, Genateropa Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Apterogena Ardoin, 1962, Hemipristula Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Hemipristis Kolbe, 1903, Kochotella Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Millotella Koch, 1962, Medvedevoblaps Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Protoblaps G.S. Medvedev, 1998, and Subpterocoma Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Pseudopimelia Motschulsky, 1860. Neoeutrapela Bousquet & Bouchard, 2013 is downgraded to a subgenus ( stat. nov. ) of Impressosora Pic, 1952. Anchomma J.L. LeConte, 1858 is placed in Stenosini: Dichillina (previously in Pimeliinae: Anepsiini); Entypodera Gerstaecker, 1871, Impressosora Pic, 1952 and Xanthalia Fairmaire, 1894 are placed in Lagriinae: Lagriini: Statirina (previously in Lagriinae: Lagriini: Lagriina); Loxostethus Triplehorn, 1962 is placed in Diaperinae: Diaperini: Diaperina (previously in Diaperinae: Diaperini: Adelinina); Periphanodes Gebien, 1943 is placed in Stenochiinae: Cnodalonini (previously in Tenebrioninae: Helopini); Zadenos Laporte, 1840 is downgraded to a subgenus ( stat. nov. ) of the older name Selenepistoma Dejean, 1834.
The type species [placed in square brackets] of the following available genus-group names are designated for the first time: Allostrongylium Kolbe, 1896 [ Allostrongylium silvestre Kolbe, 1896], Auristira Borchmann, 1916 [ Auristira octocostata Borchmann, 1916], Blapidocampsia Pic, 1919 [ Campsia pallidipes Pic, 1918], Cerostena Solier, 1836 [ Cerostena deplanata Solier, 1836], Coracostira Fairmaire, 1899 [ Coracostira armipes Fairmaire, 1899], Dischidus Kolbe, 1886 [ Helops sinuatus Fabricius, 1801], Eccoptostoma Gebien, 1913 [ Taraxides ruficrus Fairmaire, 1894], Ellaemus Pascoe, 1866 [ Emcephalus submaculatus Brême, 1842], Epeurycaulus Kolbe, 1902 [ Epeurycaulus aldabricus Kolbe, 1902], Euschatia Solier, 1851 [ Euschatia proxima Solier, 1851], Heliocaes Bedel, 1906 [ Blaps emarginata Fabricius, 1792], Hemipristis Kolbe, 1903 [ Hemipristis ukamia Kolbe, 1903], Iphthimera Reitter, 1916 [ Stenocara ruficornis Solier, 1835], Isopedus Stein, 1877 [ Helops tenebrioides Germar, 1813], Malacova Fairmaire, 1898 [ Malacova bicolor Fairmaire, 1898], Modicodisema Pic, 1917 [ Disema subopaca Pic, 1912], Peltadesmia Kuntzen, 1916 [ Metriopus platynotus Gerstaecker, 1854], Phymatium Billberg, 1820 [ Pimelia maculata Fabricius, 1781], Podoces Péringuey, 1886 [ Podoces granosula Péringuey, 1886], Pseuduroplatopsis Pic, 1913 [ Borchmannia javana Pic, 1913], Pteraulus Solier, 1848 [ Pteraulus sulcatipennis Solier, 1848], Sciaca Solier, 1835 [ Hylithus disctinctus Solier, 1835], Sterces Champion, 1891 [ Sterces violaceipennis Champion, 1891] and Teremenes Carter, 1914 [ Tenebrio longipennis Hope, 1843].
Evidence suggests that some type species were misidentified. In these instances, information on the misidentification is provided and, in the following cases, the taxonomic species actually involved is fixed as the type species [placed in square brackets] following requirements in Article 70.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: Accanthopus Dejean, 1821 [ Tenebrio velikensis Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783], Becvaramarygmus Masumoto, 1999 [ Dietysus nodicornis Gravely, 1915], Heterophaga Dejean, 1834 [ Opatrum laevigatum Fabricius, 1781], Laena Dejean, 1821, [ Scaurus viennensis Sturm, 1807], Margus Dejean, 1834 [ Colydium castaneum Herbst, 1797], Pachycera Eschscholtz, 1831 [ Tenebrio buprestoides Fabricius, 1781], Saragus Erichson, 1842 [ Celibe costata Solier, 1848], Stene Stephens, 1829 [ Colydium castaneum Herbst, 1797], Stenosis Herbst, 1799 [ Tagenia intermedia Solier, 1838] and Tentyriopsis Gebien, 1928 [ Tentyriopsis pertyi Gebien, 1940].
The following First Reviser actions are proposed to fix the precedence of names or nomenclatural acts (rejected name or act in square brackets): Stenosis ciliaris Gebien, 1920 as the type species for Afronosis G.S. Medvedev, 1995 [ Stenosis leontjevi G.S. Medvedev, 1995], Alienoplonyx Bremer, 2019 [ Alienolonyx ], Amblypteraca Mas-Peinado, Buckley, Ruiz & García-París, 2018 [ Amplypteraca ], Caenocrypticoides Kaszab, 1969 [ Caenocripticoides ], Deriles Motschulsky, 1872 [ Derilis ], Eccoptostira Borchmann, 1936 [ Ecoptostira ], † Eodromus Haupt, 1950 [† Edromus ], Eutelus Solier, 1843 [ Lutelus ], Euthriptera Reitter, 1893 [ Enthriptera ], Meglyphus Motschulsky, 1872 [ Megliphus ], Microtelopsis Koch, 1940 [ Extetranosis Koch, 1940, Hypermicrotelopsis Koch, 1940], Neandrosus Pic, 1921 [ Neoandrosus ], Nodosogylium Pic, 1951 [ Nodosogilium ], Notiolesthus Motschulsky, 1872 [ Notiolosthus ], Pseudeucyrtus Pic, 1916 [ Pseudocyrtus ], Pseudotrichoplatyscelis Kaszab, 1960 [ Pseudotrichoplatynoscelis and Pseudotrichoplatycelis ], Rhydimorpha Koch, 1943 [ Rhytimorpha ], Rhophobas Motschulsky, 1872 [ Rophobas ], Rhyssochiton Gray, 1831 [ Ryssocheton and Ryssochiton ], Sphaerotidius Kaszab, 1941 [ Spaerotidius ], Stira Agassiz, 1846 (Mollusca) [ Stira Agassiz, 1846 (Coleoptera)], Sulpiusoma Ferrer, 2006 [ Sulpiosoma ] and Taenobates Motschulsky, 1872 [ Taeniobates ].
Supporting evidence is provided for the conservation of usage of Cyphaleus Westwood, 1841 nomen protectum over Chrysobalus Boisduval, 1835 nomen oblitum.
This catalogue includes all valid family-group (8 subfamilies, 52 tribes, 14 subtribes), genus-group (349 genera, 86 subgenera), and species-group names (2825 species, 215 subspecies) of darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) known to occur in North America1 and their available synonyms. Data on extant, subfossil and fossil taxa are given. For each name the author and year and page number of the description are provided, with additional information (e.g., type species for genus-group names, author of synonymies for invalid taxa) depending on the taxon rank. Several new nomenclatural acts are included. One new genus, Lepidocnemeplatia Bousquet and Bouchard, is described. Spelaebiosis Bousquet and Bouchard [for Ardoinia Özdikmen, 2004], Blapstinus marcuzzii Aalbu [for Blapstinus kulzeri Marcuzzi, 1977], and Hymenorus campbelli Bouchard [for Hymenorus oculatus Doyen and Poinar, 1994] are proposed as new replacement names. Supporting evidence is provided for the conservation of usage of Tarpela micans (Fabricius, 1798) nomen protectum over Tarpela vittata (Olivier, 1793) nomen oblitum. The generic names Psilomera Motschulsky, 1870 [= Stenomorpha Solier, 1836], Steneleodes Blaisdell, 1909 [= Xysta Eschscholtz, 1829], Ooconibius Casey, 1895 and Euconibius Casey, 1895 [= Conibius LeConte, 1851] are new synonyms (valid names in square brackets).
The Nearctic region has lower insect biodiversity relative to other biogeographical realms and is most similar faunistically to the Palearctic region, with many overlapping taxa at the lower taxonomic levels (genera and species). This chapter examines the biodiversity of insects in the Nearctic region, based on extant species, and the state of knowledge about them. Nevertheless, a tremendous amount of insect biodiversity exists in the Nearctic region, including endemic families such as the Pleocomidae and Diphyllostomatidae (Coleoptera), with low overlap, at the species and genus levels, with insects in other realms. The importance of entomology and the study of insect biodiversity emerged in North America during the 1800s. Conservation of natural habitats and protection of species at risk are strong desires of people across North America. The chapter tabulates the numbers of species of insects estimated to occur in the Nearctic region.
A review of several aspects dealing with Tenebrionidae in Peru is presented. The study includes a taxonomic history, depositories of type specimens, taxonomic diversity, endemicity, ecological studies, and other research involving Peruvian tenebrionids in medicine, agriculture, food protection and production. Analyses of the geographic distribution, habitats and estimation of the species richness are performed. A final recommendation suggesting the development of four main lines of research on Peruvian tenebrionids is presented, including: 1) systematics and biogeography, 2) spatial and temporal patterns of epigaeic assemblages, 3) morphological adaptations to aridity, and 4) preserving material of some representatives of Peruvian taxa for molecular studies.
