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FIGURE E Diierent tongue-coating images of the three groups. (A) Thick or greasy coating (LTG) group (abnormal). (B) Non-thick or greasy coating (LNTG) group (abnormal). (C) Healthy control (HC) group (normal).
Source publication
Tongue diagnosis is a unique aspect of traditional Chinese medicine for diagnosing diseases before determining proper means of treatment, but it also has the disadvantage of relying on the subjective experience of medical practitioners and lack objective basis. The purpose of this article is to elucidate tongue-coating microbiota and metabolic diff...
Citations
... All the participants were asked to fast overnight (≥ 8 h) and did not brush their teeth in the morning. Salivary and tongue coating sample collection and preparation were carried out in accordance with previously published consensus [26,27]. Thirty minutes before sampling, participants were asked to rinse their mouths by gargling with sterile saline, and then 2 ml of saliva was collected in sterilized tubes. ...
Background
Microbiota alterations are linked with gastric cancer (GC). However, the relationship between the oral microbiota (especially oral fungi) and GC is not known. In this study, we aimed to apply 2b-RAD sequencing for Microbiome (2b-RAD-M) to characterize the oral microbiota in patients with GC.
Methods
We performed 2b-RAD-M analysis on the saliva and tongue coating of GC patients and healthy controls. We carried out diversity, relative abundance, and composition analyses of saliva and tongue coating bacteria and fungi in the two groups. In addition, indicator analysis, the Gini index, and the mean decrease accuracy were used to identify oral fungal indicators of GC.
Results
In this study, fungal imbalance in the saliva and tongue coating was observed in the GC group. At the species level, enriched Malassezia globosa (M. globosa) and decreased Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) were observed in saliva and tongue coating samples of the GC group. Random forest analysis indicated that M. globosa in saliva and tongue coating samples could serve as biomarkers to diagnose GC. The Gini index and mean decreases in accuracy for M. globosa in saliva and tongue coating samples were the largest. In addition, M. globosa in saliva and tongue coating samples classified GC from the control with areas under the receiver operating curve (AUCs) of 0.976 and 0.846, respectively. Further ecological analysis revealed correlations between oral bacteria and fungi.
Conclusion
For the first time, our data suggested that changes in oral fungi between GC patients and controls may help deepen our understanding of the complex spectrum of the different microbiotas involved in GC development. Although the cohort size was small, this study is the first to use 2b-RAD-M to reveal that oral M. globosa can be a fungal biomarker for detecting GC.
... All the participants were asked to fast overnight (≥ 8 h) and did not brush the teeth in the morning. Salivary and tongue coating sample collection and preparation were carried out in accordance with previously published consensus (26,27). Thirty minutes before sampling, participants were asked to rinse the mouth with gargling sterile saline, and then 2 ml saliva was collected in a sterilized tube. ...
Background
Microbiota alterations are linked with gastric cancer (GC). However, the relationship between the oral microbiota (especially oral fungi) and GC is not known. In this study, we aimed to apply 2bRAD-M to characterize the oral microbiota in GC.
Methods
We performed 2bRAD-M analysis in saliva and tongue coating of GC patients and healthy controls. We carried out the diversity, relative abundance, and composition analyses of saliva and tongue coating bacteria and fungi of the two groups. In addition, indicator analysis, the Gini index, and the mean decrease accuracy were used to find GC oral fungal indicator.
Results
In this study, fungi imbalance of saliva and tongue coating were observed in GC group. At the species level, enriched salivary and tongue coating Malassezia globosa (M. globosa) and decreased Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) were observed in the GC group. Random forest analysis indicated that salivary and tongue coating M. globosa could serve as a biomarker to diagnose gastric cancer. The Gini index and mean decrease in accuracy of saliva and tongue coating M. globosa are the largest. In addition, Saliva and tongue coating M. globosa classified GC from the control with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.976 and 0.846, respectively. Further ecological analysis revealed the correlations between oral bacterial and fungi.
Conclusion
For the first time, our data suggested that changes in oral fungi between GC and control may help deepen our understanding of the complex spectrum of the different microbiotas involved in the GC development. Although the cohort size is small, this study is the first to use 2bRAD-M to reveal that oral M. globosa can be a fungal biomarker for detecting GC.
To profiled age- and sex-associated continuous and dynamic alterations in the tongue coating (TC) microbiota with advancing age, we collected 2,527 TC from healthy Chinese community-dwelling individuals aged 1–100 years, and completed 16S rDNA V3-V4 region sequencing. We identified 23 age-associated microbial indicators and built a “TC microbiota clock” model that could characterize the advancement of age using random forest regression methods. Most pathogenic indicators showed a gradual increase or decrease first and then increased with age, suggesting a higher risk of digestive and respiratory tract diseases in childhood and old age compared with middle age. Additionally, two phenotypes of TC microbiota in the old highlighted two different networks between the TC microbiota and host’s healthy aging. Our findings suggest that age-related immuno-physiological properties are accompanied by the sex-independent succession of the TC microbiota with age, and TC microbiota as a promising indicator to evaluate an individual’s physiological status.
