FIGURA 6 - uploaded by Gian Paolo Sanino
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Muestra de registros gráficos directos (a y c) y autónomo (b), mediante DSLR y cámaras trampa respectivamente : (a) Lontra felina, (b y c) Lontra provocax.
Source publication
Se ha descrito una superposición de distribución entre Lontra felina y Lontra provocax desde Aisén alSur y un uso diferencial del hábitat como posible estrategia de reducción de competencia interespecíficaen canales y fiordos australes. Describimos aquí, la presencia de ambas especies en el área Sur deReserva Añihué y presentamos los resultados de...
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Citations
... In fact, it has been reported that the diet of L. provocax in the marine environment is mainly composed of coastal fish (Sielfeld, 1992;Ebensperger & Botto-Mahan, 1997). However, the sympatric presence of both species has not yet been demonstrated, since to date there is no clear evidence-only anecdotal (Sanino & Meza, 2016)-of interactions that show either coexistence or exclusion between them. ...
The marine otter, Lontra felina, is one of the top predators of the benthic communities in the southeastern Pacific coasts, from Chimbote in Peru to Cape Horn in Chile. Despite its importance in these coastal food webs, few studies exist to date on its trophic ecology and an up-to-date comprehensive understanding is needed. A systematic review was thus done on the trophic ecology of L. felina, gathering data to address diet composition, feeding patterns and the role of diet on population variability throughout its distribution. The diet of the marine otter comprises a broad spectrum of prey items, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, birds, echinoderms, mammals, insects, tunicates and even fruits, supporting its classification as a dietary generalist and opportunist. Quantitative analyses on dietary variation across its range revealed a feeding-related biogeographical pattern, consisting of a latitudinal gradient with a higher consumption of fish to the north and crustaceans to the south. Moreover, the feeding ecomorphology of L. felina shows that this variation in diet is linked to the phenotypic characteristics of the populations. Northern marine otters, with a higher consumption of fish, exhibit a piscivory-associated morphology (narrower skulls and longer rostrums), while southern marine otters, with a higher consumption of crustaceans, present a durophagy-associated morphology (wider skulls and shorter rostrums). Considering the genetic differences between both populations and the trophic and morphological variations described, it is possible to suggest the existence of a divergence scenario between northern and southern populations of the marine otter, whose knowledge is highly relevant for its conservation given its current status as an endangered species. Despite this, the lack of information on different topics is highlighted, which traces the long road ahead in the study of the trophic ecology of L. felina.
... The quique (Galictis cuja) and the huroncito patagónico (Lyncodon patagonicus) are terrestrial species that occur in arid and semi-arid forested environments (Sade et al., 2012;Formoso et al., 2016), while the chungungo (Lontra felina) and the huillín (Lontra provocax) are semi-aquatic species that live in rocky intertidal coastal habitats and lentic and lotic freshwater systems, respectively. Furthermore, these otters can coexist in coastal ecosystems on the inland sea of southern Chile (Medina, 1996;Córdova et al., 2009;Sanino & Meza, 2016). Lastly, the American mink (Neogale vison) is an exotic species that has been present in the extreme south of Patagonia, Chile, since the 1930s. ...
... Since the first nominal description of L. provocax (Thomas, 1908;Carnivora: Mustelidae) from type specimens from Lake Nahuel Huapi in Argentina, this species has been scarcely recorded in nature because its population densities are less than one individual/km 2 (Medina, 1996;Sielfeld & Castilla, 1999). For this reason, most of the ecological knowledge on this species comes from studies that used non-invasive methods-for example, locating latrines, feces, and burrows to analyse their trophic ecology and camera traps to record and infer aspects of their population ecology (Medina, 1998;Medina-Vogel & Gonzalez-Lagos, 2008;Franco et al., 2013;Sepúlveda et al., 2014;Sanino & Meza, 2016). This also explains their scarce records in the largest biodiversity online portal Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBif). ...
... In southern Chile, it was proposed that L. felina is restricted to rocky shores, exposed to wind and waves, while L. provocax would select more protected conditions, thereby allowing their coexistence (Sielfeld 1989). In another study, temporal segregation was proposed as the mechanism enabling them to live in the same localities (Sanino and Meza 2016). ...
Climate has long been recognized as one of the main determinants of the geographical distribution of species. Variations associated with primary productivity in temperature, rainfall, and photoperiod can affect survival and reproduction, affecting the peripheries of geographical distributions. The importance of graphical visualization of these distributions lies in conservation, management, and environmental research. With respect to the South American species of mustelids, 37% are threatened according to the IUCN Red List, and the limits of distributions and their determinants are poorly known for the majority of species. Here, complete and updated databases and maps of geographical and temporal distribution are presented for the 12 species of mustelids inhabiting South America. Museum specimens and recorded localities were gathered based on an online search. Geographic limits of distributions were assessed, as were environmental values for all localities. Comparison with IUCN maps was undertaken to determine the need for updating. Finally, sympatry and syntopy among species analyzed were examined using Geographic Information Systems. The most complete and updated database of geographic distributions of South American mustelids to date was assembled for all species, encompassing 9,826 localities. New areas with recorded localities not present in IUCN maps were documented in many species, indicating the need to update current maps for conservation efforts. Areas of sympatry and syntopy were found among many species, indicating that patterns of coexistence between them are not well known. This study will serve as a framework for ensuing efforts in species distribution modeling, conservation decisions, and field studies, among others.
... Sin embargo, la mayor parte de la información acerca de la avifauna de los bosques del sur de Chile, consiste principalmente en registros de presencia para algunas localidades y observaciones anecdóticas sobre la ecología de algunas especies (Rozzi et al. 1996).Becker et al. (2013), presentaron el primer catastro de la fauna y flora documentada para la zona costera de Punta Palena. El presente trabajo complementa el catastro de avifauna deBecker et al. (2013), con esfuerzos sistemáticos y ocasionales realizados tanto en Reserva Añihué como en sectores aledaños que forman parte del desarrollo de una línea de base en apoyo a la gestión del área marina protegida " PitipalenaAñihué " (D.S. Nº13, 2015, del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente) que incluye estudios de mamíferos marinos (Sanino yYáñez 2012;Sanino et al. 2014), terrestres y semi-acuáticos (Sanino et al. 2016;Sanino y Meza 2016), entre otros taxones de la vida silvestre (Becker et al. 2013). Así, se discute en el contexto del área marina protegida el potencial local para desarrollar una oferta turística de observación de aves, se revisa el estado de conservación de las especies documentadas y se discuten algunos casos de especies documentadas que presentaron singularidades relevantes.En el contexto de la recientemente decretada área marina protegida " Pitipalena-Añihué " , se consideraron características específicas adicionales en el análisis, como endemismos (Simonetti et al. 1995;Jaramillo 2005), desplazamientos estacionales (Berthold et al. 2003;Tala 2006El churrete común (Cinclodes patagonicus) corresponde a una especie de observación frecuente en el litoral. ...
... Sin embargo, la mayor parte de la información acerca de la avifauna de los bosques del sur de Chile, consiste principalmente en registros de presencia para algunas localidades y observaciones anecdóticas sobre la ecología de algunas especies (Rozzi et al. 1996).Becker et al. (2013), presentaron el primer catastro de la fauna y flora documentada para la zona costera de Punta Palena. El presente trabajo complementa el catastro de avifauna deBecker et al. (2013), con esfuerzos sistemáticos y ocasionales realizados tanto en Reserva Añihué como en sectores aledaños que forman parte del desarrollo de una línea de base en apoyo a la gestión del área marina protegida " PitipalenaAñihué " (D.S. Nº13, 2015, del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente) que incluye estudios de mamíferos marinos (Sanino yYáñez 2012;Sanino et al. 2014), terrestres y semi-acuáticos (Sanino et al. 2016;Sanino y Meza 2016), entre otros taxones de la vida silvestre (Becker et al. 2013). Así, se discute en el contexto del área marina protegida el potencial local para desarrollar una oferta turística de observación de aves, se revisa el estado de conservación de las especies documentadas y se discuten algunos casos de especies documentadas que presentaron singularidades relevantes.En el contexto de la recientemente decretada área marina protegida " Pitipalena-Añihué " , se consideraron características específicas adicionales en el análisis, como endemismos (Simonetti et al. 1995;Jaramillo 2005), desplazamientos estacionales (Berthold et al. 2003;Tala 2006El churrete común (Cinclodes patagonicus) corresponde a una especie de observación frecuente en el litoral. ...
Reserva Añihué está ubicada en el centro del área marina protegida “Pitipalena-Añihué” en la Patagonia chilena. La presente contribución corresponde a la primera actualización en Reserva Añihué, el área marina protegida y sectores vecinos, del catastro de aves documentadas fotográficamente mediante esfuerzos sistemáticos y ocasionales tanto desde tierra como embarcaciones menores entre el 2 de febrero de 2011 y el 11 de noviembre de 2016. El esfuerzo sistemático consistió en conteo por puntos (n= 442; 110,5 h; 720 km) y recorridos pedestres (56 km). Se documentó una riqueza aviar de 88 especies, correspondiente a 34 familias pertenecientes a 16 órdenes, siendo Passeriformes el de mayor riqueza con 28 especies, seguido por Charadriiformes con 11 especies. La riqueza específica tiende a ser constante durante el año, manteniéndose sin experimentar diferencias fenológicas significativas, pese a variar en su composición. Aproximadamente, la mitad de las especies fueron documentadas en todas las estaciones del año. Se describen singularidades para algunas especies incluyendo una presencia estacional inusual, posibles extensiones de rango de distribución y la particular expresión fenotípica de una población local. Se presentan estos resultados en contribución a la gestión del área marina protegida,además se discute el potencial para el desarrollo de actividades de turismo de observación de aves.
The habitat of the marine otter Lontra felina in Peru extends along the coastline from 9°S to 18°S within the Humboldt Current System. Oceanographic characteristics and coastal upwelling processes are responsible for cold temperatures in the subtropical coastal region of South America, creating a desert coastline with extensive sandy beaches interrupted by cliffs and rocky edges.
These environmental processes influence the biological diversity of the Peruvian Sea, with recurrent El Niño events affecting biodiversity. Biologically, intertidal communities on rocky shores provide a rich source of food for L. felina. The vast communities of macroalgae on rocky coastlines play an important role in food webs and as substrates for larval settlement of benthic organisms. In addition, they serve as refuge for benthic and pelagic species. Mollusks and crustaceans have high species richness values in coastal areas, and other invertebrates (polychaete annelids) are important groups in ecosystems and marine communities because of the diversity of their structures and functions. Marine vertebrate fauna encompasses a great diversity of fish, sea turtles, and up to 30 mammals. Hundred species of seabirds, many of which are coastal, are noticeable for their high population densities.
The Peruvian Sea faces threats such as climate change, pollution, and illegal fishing practices. In recent years, progress has been made in marine conservation and its resources in Peru. Currently, a holistic perspective involves conserving species and their marine environments with the creation of new protected marine natural areas.
The marine otter, known as chungungo or huallaque (Lontra felina), is considered a marine species inhabiting rocky habitats along the Pacific coast from northern Peru to Tierra del Fuego in southern Chile. In this study, we present the continental records of L. felina in riverine and lacustrine environments. In the Cotahuasi-Ocoña River basin (Peru), the furthest record from the Pacific coast is found at a higher altitude in the Sipia locality, 171 km from the coast, and at an elevation of 1994 m above sea level. In the Colca-Majes River basin, the furthest record is in the Mamacocha Lagoon in the Caylloma province, 157 km from the sea at an altitude of 1702 m above sea level. Additionally, other direct and indirect records were recorded from the rivers of southwestern Peru. The presence of this species, mainly in two of the largest rivers on the Pacific slope in southwestern Peru, may be due to the extremely canyonized configuration of the Cotahuasi and Colca Rivers. This geographical characteristic could serve as a refuge for this threatened species in addition to providing an abundant food supply. This assertion is discussed based on a review of diet studies, emphasizing the need for conservation actions throughout the continental distribution of marine otters. Some activities, such as dam construction, can severely affect its presence and sustainability in these environments.
La nutria marina, gato marino o chungungo (Lontra felina) es considerada virtualmente una especie exclusiva marina con una preferencia de hábitat rocosos de litoral en la costa pacífica de Perú y hasta Tierra del Fuego al sur de Chile y la Isla de los Estados en el sur de Argentina. En esta nota científica se presentan registros fluviales de la nutria marina. En el río Cotahuasi (cuenca del río Ocoña) se tiene un registro hasta la localidad de Sipia, a 171 Km del litoral y a 1 994 m de altitud. En la cuenca del río Colca (cuenca Majes), el registro más alejado es en la laguna Mamacocha en la provincia de Caylloma, a 157 Km del mar a una altitud de 1 702 m.Se presentan además otros registros directos e indirectos hasta la desembocadura de estas cuencas. El registro de esta especie en dos de los ríos más grandes del suroeste de Perú y no en los demás (departamentos de Moquegua y Tacna), posiblemente se deba a la configuración extremadamente encañonada, lo que puede representar un refugio para esta especie amenazada, además de tener una abundante oferta alimenticia. Se considera necesario incluir acciones de conservación en la distribución fluvial de la nutria de mar, debido a que actividades como la construcción de presas, afectarían significativamente su presencia en este espacio y hábitat de su distribución, en gran medida desconocido.
