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External morphology of calanoid copepods: diagram of an adult female. A-ventral view; B-lateral view.
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The taxonomy and distribution of the calanoid copepods from the Arabian Sea region is reported, based upon samples collected in the Northwestern Indian Ocean within the framework of the Netherlands Indian Ocean Program (NIOP; 1992–1993), the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. JGOFS; 1994–1996), and the U.S. Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics pro...
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... major body articulation subdivides the body into an anterior part -the prosome (Pr) -and a posterior part -the urosome (Ur) (Fig. 2). The anterior region of the prosome, covered by the dorsal cephalic shield, is the cephalosome (Ce) which comprises the fi ve cephalic somites bearing the antennules (A1), antennae (A2), mandibles (Md), maxillules (Mx1) and maxillae (Mx2), respectively, and the fi rst thoracic somite bearing maxillipeds (Mxp). In many copepods the ...
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... Sewell, 1929;Brodsky, 1972;Andronov, 2006) Fig. 22. Nannocalanus minor male. A -dorsal; B -lateral; C -P5, anterior; D -P5 left leg Enp3; E -P5 coxa inner ...
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... a l e . Fig. 22. TL: 1.61-1.76 mm (n=11). Head and Pd1 fused. Dorsal cephalic hump absent. Pr 2.7 times as long as Ur. A1 of 22 free segments, not reaching the distal end of Ur. P5 coxa inner edge with 9-17 teeth (C, E); coxa and basis of left ramus larger and longer than the right one; left Exp with outer edge spines greatly elongated; setae on the ...
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... gracilis (Dana, 1849 Fig. 25. Neocalanus gracilis female. A -dorsal; B -lateral; C -Ur, dorsal; D -Ur, lateral; E -Gns, ventral; F -P1 coxa, basis and Enp, anterior; G -P1 Enp, anterior; H -P1 Exp, anterior; I -P1 Exp3 distal end; J -P2, anterior; K -P2 Exp1; L -P5, ...
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... e m a l e . Fig. 25. TL: 2.93-3.12 mm (n=4). Head and Pd1 fused. A1 is about 1.5 times as long as the body. P1 basis with an elongated appendix at the base of the inner seta (F); Exp3 terminal seta with a proximally truncate external blade (I); Enp1 distal end with a row of sharp and thin spinules (G), Enp1 with a projection on its outer edge, Enp2 with a ...
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... robustior (Giesbrecht, 1888 e m a l e . Fig. 29. TL: 3.41-4.10 mm (n=5). Head and Pd1 fused. A1 extends beyond CR by 5-6 terminal segments. Gns large, greatly swollen ventrally, right-angled in lateral view. P1 Exp3 terminal seta with a proximally truncate external blade (I), basis with an elongated appendix at the base of the inner seta (F); Enp1 distal end with a row of sharp and ...
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... e m a r k s . In the specimens from the present collections, P2-P3 coxa has been found to be with a row of small spines on the anterior surface of the inner distal border near the inner seta base (Fig. 62 K, L). P5 in some specimens was slightly asymmetrical, with the left distal segment slightly longer than the right one (Pict. 17 C). Table 2) in which the species was found. ...
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... females 1 Rostral fi laments almost not visible in dorsal view ( Fig. 87 A); P5 3-segmented with 1 inner seta on distal end of segment 2 and 3 terminal setae on segment 3 (Fig. 87 H (Fig. 88 A), left P5 Enp far longer than Exp (Fig. 88 E Anterior head cruciform and rostral fi laments visible in dorsal view (Fig. 92 A), left P5 Enp as long as Exp (Fig. 92 E Genus Subeucalanus Geletin, 1976 F e m a l e s . Ur of 3 somites. The posterior borders of Pd2-Pd4 and Ur1 without spines. A2 Enp elongate, Exp1 and Exp2 fused. Mdp basis and Exp elongate; Enp small, inserted on the terminal one third or quarter of basis which also bears 2 or 3 setae. Mx1 coxal ...
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... females 1 Rostral fi laments almost not visible in dorsal view ( Fig. 87 A); P5 3-segmented with 1 inner seta on distal end of segment 2 and 3 terminal setae on segment 3 (Fig. 87 H (Fig. 88 A), left P5 Enp far longer than Exp (Fig. 88 E Anterior head cruciform and rostral fi laments visible in dorsal view (Fig. 92 A), left P5 Enp as long as Exp (Fig. 92 E Genus Subeucalanus Geletin, 1976 F e m a l e s . Ur of 3 somites. The posterior borders of Pd2-Pd4 and Ur1 without spines. A2 Enp elongate, Exp1 and Exp2 fused. Mdp basis and Exp elongate; Enp small, inserted on the terminal one third or quarter of basis which also bears 2 or 3 setae. Mx1 coxal endite absent. P1 Enp 2-segmented, Exp ...
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... on left ramus stouter and longer than others (C). Mdp (H) basis with 2 setae; Enp1 without setae, Enp2 with 4 setae; proportional lengths of Enp2 setae approximately 1.0 : 1.8 : 3.5 : 4.5. Mx1 (I) coxal endite and basal endite 1 with 4 setae each, basal endite 2 with 5 setae, Exp with 5 setae, Enp with 13 setae. Fig. 82. Pareucalanus sewelli male, stained specimen. A -dorsal; B -lateral; C -Pd4, Pd5 and Ur, dorsal, with tergal sites of integumental organs indicated; D -head, dorsal; E -head, lateral; F -Mdp; G ...
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... a l e . Fig. 82. TL: 3.15-3.60 mm (n=4). Forehead weakly produced beyond base of rostrum, apex broadly rounded in dorsal and lateral views (D, E). Pd4 with 6 tergal sites of integumental organs (C). Ur2 lacking tergal integumental organs; CR slightly longer on left, second medial terminal seta on left ramus longer than others (C). Mdp (F) basis with 2 ...
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... (C). CR slightly asymmetrical, second medial terminal seta on left ramus stouter and longer than others (C). P1 with Exp and Enp 2-segmented. A1 longer than the body. P5 symmetrical, uniramous, 3-segmented; segment 2 without setae; segment 3 outer distal end extends into a point, inner distal margin with a stout denticulate seta (H). M a l e . Fig. 92. TL: 2.59-2.66 mm (n=2). Anterior head narrow, very extended, rostral fi laments divergent laterally and visible in dorsal view (A). Pd2, Pd3 and Pd4 with lateral and dorsal spines (A, B). Gns with a pair of dorsal spines (C). P5 (E) uniramous and 3-segmented on the right, with terminal segment in the form of a stout spine; left leg ...
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... to the species of Pleuromamma (adapted from Bradford-Grieve et al., 1999) Adult females 1 Anterior Ce prolonged into point (Fig. 210 A Proximal segments of A1 with 2 large curved spines (Fig. 190 A, F (Fig. 202 H)...…………………………….......………. P. indica 3a P5 1 or 2-segmented, terminated by 3 spines ( Figs 194 E; 198 E; 206 E) ….........……...……………… 4 4 P5 2-segmented; terminal spines elongated and pointed, equal to about half their segment (Fig. 194 E) Ans with lateral borders usually divergent, dilated posteriorly ( Fig. 198 A); internal structure ...
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... terminated by 3 spines ( Figs 194 E; 198 E; 206 E) ….........……...……………… 4 4 P5 2-segmented; terminal spines elongated and pointed, equal to about half their segment (Fig. 194 E) Ans with lateral borders usually divergent, dilated posteriorly ( Fig. 198 A); internal structure of Gns symmetrical (Fig. 198 C) Ans with lateral borders parallel ( Fig. 206 A); internal structure of Gns slightly asymmetrical, with large dark pigmented area close to lateral margin of Gns (Fig. 206 C) Prehensile A1 with short row of small folds on segment 18 and segment 19- 21 naked (Fig. 195 C) Metridia effusa Grice & Hulsemann, 1967 Figs 178-181;Pict. 48 Metridia effusa Grice & Hulsemann, 1967 (fi gs ...
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... pointed, equal to about half their segment (Fig. 194 E) Ans with lateral borders usually divergent, dilated posteriorly ( Fig. 198 A); internal structure of Gns symmetrical (Fig. 198 C) Ans with lateral borders parallel ( Fig. 206 A); internal structure of Gns slightly asymmetrical, with large dark pigmented area close to lateral margin of Gns (Fig. 206 C) Prehensile A1 with short row of small folds on segment 18 and segment 19- 21 naked (Fig. 195 C) Metridia effusa Grice & Hulsemann, 1967 Figs 178-181;Pict. 48 Metridia effusa Grice & Hulsemann, 1967 (fi gs 134-143) Fig. 178. Metridia effusa female. A -dorsal; B -lateral; C -Ce, right lateral; D -Ur, dorsal; E -A1 proximal segments; F ...
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... indica Wolfenden, 1905 Figs 202-205;Pict. 54 Pleuromamma indica Wolfenden, 1905Pleuromamma indica: Sewell, 1932; Steuer, 1933 (fi gs 35-43); Grice, 1962 (pl. 22 F e m a l e . Fig. 202. TL: 2.05-2.44 mm (n=13). Dark-pigmented convex spot may be situated on ether the right side or the left. Gns with a uniform rounded genital swelling in its ventral aspect (C). Ans and CR are of the same length (C). A1 reaches back nearly to the posterior margin of Gns (A); distal end of segment 1 with a single spine that is not ...
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... Sewell, 1932). M a l e . Fig. 203. TL: 1.64-2.05 mm (n=9). P5 relatively small (B); chitinous peg on P5 Exp1 without distal knob (E). Prehensile A1 with a long tooth row on segment 18 and a short tooth row on proximal part of segment 19-21 (C). Table 1. Circles represent stations sampled, closed cir- cles represent stations where the species was found. Table 2) in ...
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... with a long tooth row on segment 18 and a short tooth row on proximal part of segment 19-21 (C). Table 1. Circles represent stations sampled, closed cir- cles represent stations where the species was found. Table 2) in which the species was found. Pleuromamma piseki Farran, 1929 Figs 206-209;Pict. 55 Pleuromamma piseki Farran, 1929 F e m a l e . Fig. 206. TL: 1.83-1.88 mm (n=4). Ratio of Pr to Ur length is about 1.9 : 1. Ans with parallel lateral margins (A); internal structure of Gns slightly asymmetrical, with large dark pigmented area close to lateral margin of Gns (C). P5 with 1 free segment, terminated by 3 short stout spines, the inner spine the longest (E). M a l e . Fig. 207. ...
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... F e m a l e . Fig. 206. TL: 1.83-1.88 mm (n=4). Ratio of Pr to Ur length is about 1.9 : 1. Ans with parallel lateral margins (A); internal structure of Gns slightly asymmetrical, with large dark pigmented area close to lateral margin of Gns (C). P5 with 1 free segment, terminated by 3 short stout spines, the inner spine the longest (E). M a l e . Fig. 207. TL: 1.56-1.81 mm (n=6). P5 relatively large (B); chitinous peg on left P5 Exp1 with distal knob (E). Prehensile A1 with toothed ridges on segment 18, 19-21; the ridge on segment 17 is naked (C). Table 2) in which the species was found. ...
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... to species of Candacia (adapted from Adult females 1 In dorsal view, 1 robust spine-like process extending obliquely posteriad from left side, and 1 robust spine extending posteriad from right side of Gns; both surpass posterior margin of Gns (Fig. 218 C) In dorsal view, lateral borders of Gns slightly convex ( Fig. 222 C); apex of terminal segment of P5 ends in 3 spine-like points (Fig. 222 G) In dorsal view, Gns with distinctly convex protrusions on each side (Figs 214 C; 225 C)...…………………………………………………………..……..... ..…………………… 3 3 In lateral view, Gns with ventral, rounded protrusion directed posteriad ( Fig. 214 D); P5 terminal segment with 2 outer ...
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... Adult females 1 In dorsal view, 1 robust spine-like process extending obliquely posteriad from left side, and 1 robust spine extending posteriad from right side of Gns; both surpass posterior margin of Gns (Fig. 218 C) In dorsal view, lateral borders of Gns slightly convex ( Fig. 222 C); apex of terminal segment of P5 ends in 3 spine-like points (Fig. 222 G) In dorsal view, Gns with distinctly convex protrusions on each side (Figs 214 C; 225 C)...…………………………………………………………..……..... ..…………………… 3 3 In lateral view, Gns with ventral, rounded protrusion directed posteriad ( Fig. 214 D); P5 terminal segment with 2 outer marginal spines and 3 inner marginal setae, apex with 3 teeth (Fig. 214 ...
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... lateral view, anterior part of Gns is the widest (Fig. 225 D); P5 terminal segment with 2 outer spines and 1 distal spine (Fig. 225 F) Fig. 219 A); in dorsal view, Gns with a process on right side, consisting of single broad and rounded projection (Fig. 219 C) Fig. 215 D); right A1 has teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 215 A); apical spine on terminal segment of left P5 long, its length is more ...
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... lateral view, anterior part of Gns is the widest (Fig. 225 D); P5 terminal segment with 2 outer spines and 1 distal spine (Fig. 225 F) Fig. 219 A); in dorsal view, Gns with a process on right side, consisting of single broad and rounded projection (Fig. 219 C) Fig. 215 D); right A1 has teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 215 A); apical spine on terminal segment of left P5 long, its length is more than half the length of the segment (Fig. 215 D) Fig. 226 D); right A1 has ...
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... and 1 distal spine (Fig. 225 F) Fig. 219 A); in dorsal view, Gns with a process on right side, consisting of single broad and rounded projection (Fig. 219 C) Fig. 215 D); right A1 has teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 215 A); apical spine on terminal segment of left P5 long, its length is more than half the length of the segment (Fig. 215 D) Fig. 226 D); right A1 has no teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 226 B); A1 segment 16 with elongate protrusion distally ( Fig. 226 C) Fig. 214. Candacia catula female. A -dorsal; B -lateral; C -Ur, dorsal; D -Ur, lateral; E -Md; F -Mx2; G - ...
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... view, Gns with a process on right side, consisting of single broad and rounded projection (Fig. 219 C) Fig. 215 D); right A1 has teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 215 A); apical spine on terminal segment of left P5 long, its length is more than half the length of the segment (Fig. 215 D) Fig. 226 D); right A1 has no teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 226 B); A1 segment 16 with elongate protrusion distally ( Fig. 226 C) Fig. 214. Candacia catula female. A -dorsal; B -lateral; C -Ur, dorsal; D -Ur, lateral; E -Md; F -Mx2; G - ...
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... broad and rounded projection (Fig. 219 C) Fig. 215 D); right A1 has teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 215 A); apical spine on terminal segment of left P5 long, its length is more than half the length of the segment (Fig. 215 D) Fig. 226 D); right A1 has no teeth in geniculate region ( Fig. 226 B); A1 segment 16 with elongate protrusion distally ( Fig. 226 C) Fig. 214. Candacia catula female. A -dorsal; B -lateral; C -Ur, dorsal; D -Ur, lateral; E -Md; F -Mx2; G - ...
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... 221. Occurrence of Candacia pachydactyla at different layers. X axis represents percentage of sam- ples from the corresponding layer (see Table 2) in which the species was found. Candacia samassae Pesta, 1941 Figs 222-224;Pict. 59 Candacia samassae Pesta, 1941Candacia samassae: Pillai, 1967 Table 2) in which the species was found. % F e m a l e . Fig. 225. TL: 1.85-2.10 mm (n=7). Posterior corners of metasome are pointed and directed ventrally so that they are scarcely visible from above (A, B). Ans short and often fused with CR. A1 23-segmented, proximal 8 segments are thickened (B). Mx2 basal endite distal spine much longer and thicker than the proximal spine (E). P5 segment 3 ...
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... 1999) Table 1. Circles represent stations sampled, closed circles represent stations where the species was found. Fig. 228. Occurrence of Candacia truncata at different layers. X axis represents percentage of samples from the corresponding layer (see Table 2) in which the species was found. % Family Acartiidae Sars, 1903 F e m a l e s . Small, more or less slender copepods. A single eye present. Ce and Pd1 separate, Pd4 and Pd5 always fused, posterolateral ...
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... fi laments present. Posterior metasomal borders drawn out into lateral spines, likewise the posterior borders of Ur segments, especially in the male (with the exception of A. lilljeborgi Gns and Ur2 with fi ne posterodorsal spinules (Fig 233 E); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively short, straight, with coarse spinules for short distance just distal to midlength ( Fig. 233 G); A1 segment 1 with 1 coarse anterodistal spine (Fig. 233C, D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr extend to anterior border of Ur2 ( Fig. 230 C); Ur2 wider than Ur1 in dorsal view; CR not longer than Ans (Fig. 230 C) F e m a l e . Fig. 229. ...
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... metasomal borders drawn out into lateral spines, likewise the posterior borders of Ur segments, especially in the male (with the exception of A. lilljeborgi Gns and Ur2 with fi ne posterodorsal spinules (Fig 233 E); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively short, straight, with coarse spinules for short distance just distal to midlength ( Fig. 233 G); A1 segment 1 with 1 coarse anterodistal spine (Fig. 233C, D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines ...
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... the posterior borders of Ur segments, especially in the male (with the exception of A. lilljeborgi Gns and Ur2 with fi ne posterodorsal spinules (Fig 233 E); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively short, straight, with coarse spinules for short distance just distal to midlength ( Fig. 233 G); A1 segment 1 with 1 coarse anterodistal spine (Fig. 233C, D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to ...
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... in the male (with the exception of A. lilljeborgi Gns and Ur2 with fi ne posterodorsal spinules (Fig 233 E); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively short, straight, with coarse spinules for short distance just distal to midlength ( Fig. 233 G); A1 segment 1 with 1 coarse anterodistal spine (Fig. 233C, D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border ...
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... spine-like segment relatively short, straight, with coarse spinules for short distance just distal to midlength ( Fig. 233 G); A1 segment 1 with 1 coarse anterodistal spine (Fig. 233C, D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR ...
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... spinules for short distance just distal to midlength ( Fig. 233 G); A1 segment 1 with 1 coarse anterodistal spine (Fig. 233C, D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border ...
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... for short distance just distal to midlength ( Fig. 233 G); A1 segment 1 with 1 coarse anterodistal spine (Fig. 233C, D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr ...
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... D Gns with 2 posterodorsal spines ( Fig. 229 F); P5 terminal spine-like segment relatively long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr extend to anterior border of Ur2 ( Fig. 230 C); Ur2 wider than Ur1 in dorsal view; CR not longer than Ans (Fig. 230 C) F e ...
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... long and curved, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part ( Fig. 229 H); A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr extend to anterior border of Ur2 ( Fig. 230 C); Ur2 wider than Ur1 in dorsal view; CR not longer than Ans (Fig. 230 C) F e m a l e . Fig. 229. TL: 1.07-1.18 mm (n=11). Posterior metasome terminated in ...
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... 1 with 2 coarse anterodistal spines (Fig. 229 C) Fig. 238 B); left P5 Exp2 with 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr extend to anterior border of Ur2 ( Fig. 230 C); Ur2 wider than Ur1 in dorsal view; CR not longer than Ans (Fig. 230 C) F e m a l e . Fig. 229. TL: 1.07-1.18 mm (n=11). Posterior metasome terminated in symmetrical points (A, B). Gns and Ur2 with dorsal spinules on the posterior border; Gns longer than ...
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... 3 terminal spines as well as another plumose spine inserted just distal to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr extend to anterior border of Ur2 ( Fig. 230 C); Ur2 wider than Ur1 in dorsal view; CR not longer than Ans (Fig. 230 C) F e m a l e . Fig. 229. TL: 1.07-1.18 mm (n=11). Posterior metasome terminated in symmetrical points (A, B). Gns and Ur2 with dorsal spinules on the posterior border; Gns longer than the following somite (E). A1 extends as far as CR; its fi rst segment with a ...
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... to midlength (Fig. 238 D) Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr extend to anterior border of Ur2 ( Fig. 230 C); Ur2 wider than Ur1 in dorsal view; CR not longer than Ans (Fig. 230 C) F e m a l e . Fig. 229. TL: 1.07-1.18 mm (n=11). Posterior metasome terminated in symmetrical points (A, B). Gns and Ur2 with dorsal spinules on the posterior border; Gns longer than the following somite (E). A1 extends as far as CR; its fi rst segment with a strong, thick spine (C). P5 basis longer than wide; terminal spine twice as ...
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... Spines on posterior border of Pr do not extend to posterior border of Ur1 ( Fig. 234 C); Ur1 and Ur2 of about the same width in dorsal view; CR slightly longer than Ans (Fig. 234 C) Spines on posterior border of Pr extend to anterior border of Ur2 ( Fig. 230 C); Ur2 wider than Ur1 in dorsal view; CR not longer than Ans (Fig. 230 C) F e m a l e . Fig. 229. TL: 1.07-1.18 mm (n=11). Posterior metasome terminated in symmetrical points (A, B). Gns and Ur2 with dorsal spinules on the posterior border; Gns longer than the following somite (E). A1 extends as far as CR; its fi rst segment with a strong, thick spine (C). P5 basis longer than wide; terminal spine twice as long as its segment, ...
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... (A, B). Gns and Ur2 with dorsal spinules on the posterior border; Gns longer than the following somite (E). A1 extends as far as CR; its fi rst segment with a strong, thick spine (C). P5 basis longer than wide; terminal spine twice as long as its segment, denticulate at the end; external seta about 3 times longer than the spine (G). M a l e . Fig. 230. TL: 0.72-0.78 mm (n=8). Posterior metasome terminated in symmetrical points (A, B). Ur1 and Ur2 with lateral hairs; Ur2-Ur4 with dorsal spinules on posterior border (B, C). P5 right basis with a pointed projection on the inner border and outer distal seta extending to Exp1 distal border; left basis with a pointed projection on the ...
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... outer distal seta extending to Exp1 distal border; left basis with a pointed projection on the inner border and outer distal seta extending slightly beyond the distal margin of Exp1, Exp2+3 with 3 terminal and 2 sub-terminal spines (D). Table 1. Circles represent stations sampled, closed cir- cles represent stations where the species was found. Fig. 232. Occurrence of Acartia (Acartia) danae at different lay- ers. X axis represents percentage of samples from the correspond- ing layer (see Table 2) in which the species was found. F e m a l e . Fig. 233. TL: 1.03-1.11 mm (n=16). Posterior metasome border rounded with 1 small spine and a range of dorsal fi ne hairs (D, E). Ur1 and Ur2 ...
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... and 2 sub-terminal spines (D). Table 1. Circles represent stations sampled, closed cir- cles represent stations where the species was found. Fig. 232. Occurrence of Acartia (Acartia) danae at different lay- ers. X axis represents percentage of samples from the correspond- ing layer (see Table 2) in which the species was found. F e m a l e . Fig. 233. TL: 1.03-1.11 mm (n=16). Posterior metasome border rounded with 1 small spine and a range of dorsal fi ne hairs (D, E). Ur1 and Ur2 with dorsal spinules on posterior border (D, E). A1 extends beyond the the end of CR when it is fully extended. P5 basis longer than wide, inner spine dentate and nearly twice the length of its segment; ...
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... posterior border (D, E). A1 extends beyond the the end of CR when it is fully extended. P5 basis longer than wide, inner spine dentate and nearly twice the length of its segment; external seta long, about 5 times longer than the spine (F). Table 1. Circles represent stations sampled, closed circles represent stations where the species was found. Fig. 236. Occurrence of Acartia (Acartia) negligens at different layers. X axis represents percentage of samples from the corresponding layer (see Table 2) in which the species was found. ...
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... (Odontacartia) amboinensis Carl, 1907 Figs 237-240;Pict. 63 Acartia amboinensis Carl, 1907 F e m a l e . Fig. 237. TL: 1.33-1.44 mm (n=18). Posterior metasome terminated laterally in symmetrical points, with 2 posterodorsal spines (F, G). Ur1 with 2 posterodorsal spines, Ur2 with 1-4 very small posterodorsal spinules (F, G). A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse distal spines andand 4 with 1 distal spine each. P5 basis longer than wide; terminal spine-like ...
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... posterodorsal spines, Ur2 with 1-4 very small posterodorsal spinules (F, G). A1 segment 1 with 2 coarse distal spines andand 4 with 1 distal spine each. P5 basis longer than wide; terminal spine-like segment curved inwards, with a doubled infl ation at its proximal part and with a few tiny hairs on the inner border at its midlength (H). M a l e . Fig. 238. TL: 1.25-1.32 mm (n=9). Posterior metasome extends laterally into symmetrical points, with 2 pairs of small posterodorsal spines (A, C). Ur1 without spines; Ur2 with 2 large posterodorsal, 2 smaller posterolateral and 2 small posteroventral spines; Ur3 with 2-4 small posterodorsal spines; U4 with 4-6 small posterodorsal spines (C, D). ...
Citations
... The subsamples were counted and categorised into distinct taxa, from which Copepoda was separated into individual vials for further examination. Copepoda were recognised at the species level using inverted light microscopy and standard literature (Sewell, 1999;Conway et al., 2003;Prusova et al., 2011). The abundance of zooplankton was expressed as the number of Individuals per cubic meter (Ind. ...
The largest continental shelf Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) in the world is formed along the Indian western shelf in the eastern Arabian Sea during the Southwest Monsoon [(SWM); June–September], which is a natural pollution event associated with the coastal upwelling. This study examines the composition, abundance, and
distribution of copepods during the Northeast Monsoon [(NEM); November to February] and SWM in 50 m depth zones along the Indian western shelf in the eastern Arabian Sea. The NEM was characterised by warm, stratified, and low-salinity waters in the southeast Arabian Sea and cold, high-salinity, and well-mixed waters in the
northeastern Arabian Sea. During the SWM, cold and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) deficient waters (<22 μM/0.5 ml L−1), which are the signs of coastal upwelling, were evident all along the study zone, but with more intensity off Kochi, Mangalore, and Goa in the south than off Mumbai and Okha in the north. The zooplankton total biomass
and abundance showed seasonality with a general decrease during the SWM (av. 3.68 ±1.29 ml m−3 and av.5711 ±3096 Ind. m−3, respectively) compared to the NEM (av. 7.37 ±2.17 ml m−3 and av. 14,473 ±4966 Ind.m−3, respectively). At the same time, the abundance of Polychaeta and Siphonophora showed an increase during the SWM (av. 1187 ±1055 Ind. m−3 and av. 169 ±119 Ind. m−3, respectively), probably a result of the DO deficient waters associated with upwelling. Two striking seasonal features in Copepoda community were evident in this study: (a) a compositional shift from Cyclopoida dominant during the NEM to Calanoida dominant during the SWM, and (b) the coastal OMZ along the Indian western shelf during the SWM was dominated by Calanoida, which include oceanic OMZ species such as Pleuromamma indica, Lucicutia flavicornis, L.paraclausii, Eucalanus elongatus, Subeucalanus pileatus, S.subcrassus, and Clausocalanus furcatus. This forms a clear imprint for the extension of the oceanic OMZ into nearshore waters during the SWM due to coastal upwelling.
... Dimensions (length, width and thickness/depth) of the 64 most abundant mesozooplankton species or species groups (of which 52 were copepods) in the samples were measured. The measurements of the different species were taken using a ruler of 0.5 mm resolution and the scale bar provided with each species from various bibliographic sources in the region (Al-Yamani et al. 2011a, 2011bAl-Busaidi and Al-Aisri 2012;Prusova et al. 2012;Piontkovski et al. 2015) to calculate species-specific biovolumes. ...
Samples of mesozooplankton were collected and analysed from two contrasting coastal regions; Muscat (Sea of Oman) and Salalah (Arabian Sea). Copepods represented 41-44% of total biomass. Small species such as Temora turbinata, Oithona spp., Oncaea spp. and Microsetella spp. were abundant but their contribution to total biomass was small compared with the much rarer but larger species such as Eucalanidae, Calanoides natalis or Labidocera pavo. In Muscat, T. turbinata was particularly abundant, whereas C. natalis and Eucalanidae were more abundant in Salalah. Biomass in Muscat seems to be associated with a series of different species peaks showing no clear seasonality. However, biomass in Salalah followed a distinct seasonality with higher biomass during southwest monsoon., a seasonality pattern was observed with the meroplankton/holoplankton ratio in Salalah but not in Muscat. PERMANOVA analysis indicated that the communities structure showed geographic and seasonal differences. The effect of seasonality was particularly visible when the dataset included non-copepods, highlighting the role of this group in structuring mesozooplankton communities. Non-copepods such as chaetognaths and doliolids had a high biomass contribution to both geographic areas. normalized size spectra in both regions were similar and suggested that smaller species were underestimated Whereas, large species, especially chaetognaths, were over-represented.
... Members of genus Calanopia are typically marine inhabitants but also reported from estuaries during high saline periods (Costello 2001, Vineetha et al 2015. Of the fourteen species reported from Indo-Pacific waters, the species such as Calanopia elliptica Dana, 1849, Cleve, 1901, and Calanopia aurivilli Calanopia minor Scott A, 1902 are the common species distributed in the marine and coastal waters of the Arabian Sea (Prusova et al 2011). ...
The impact of different efficient water management options like sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, laser land levelling and raised bed
planting for rice-wheat cropping system on ground water draft, energy consumption and carbon emission was studied for different districts of
Bihar. The reduction in the total energy requirement under sprinkler irrigation system water management options in case-1(a), 1(b) and 1(c) (10
% , 20 % and 30 % of tube wellcomm and is converted from surface to sprinkler irrigation) were 5, 10 and 14%, respectively. The reduction in
the total energy requirement under drip irrigation system water management options in case-2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) (10% 20 and 30 % of total tube
well command is converted from surface to drip irrigation) were 8, 14.6 and 23.1% , respectively. The total carbon emission reduction under
drip irrigation system water management options in case-2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) were 7.5, 15 and 22.5%, respectively. The reduction in the total
energy requirement and carbon emission under laser land levelling water management options in case-3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) (If 10%, 20 % and 30
% of total irrigated area is levelled with laser land leveller) were 1.25, 2.5 and 3% respectively. The reduction in the total energy requirement
under bed planting system water management options in case-4(a), 4(b) and 4(c) were 3.6, 8.5 and 12%, respectively. Among the different
water management options, drip irrigation was most efficient for reduction in energy requirement and carbon emission for ground water
pumping. The different water management options which included sprinkler, drip, laser land levelling and raised bed planting for rice-wheat
cropping system can also be used as an alternative for a reduction in energy requirement and carbon emission for groundwater pumping.
... Then, using a Hensen-Stempel Pipette or a Hensen plunger, a subsample volume of 5 ml was drawn to be examined and counted under a stereomicroscope using a Bogorov chamber. The zooplankton species were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible using the available guides (Al-Yamani et al. 2011a, 2011bAl-Busaidi and Al-Aisri 2012;Prusova et al. 2012). The total copepod abundances reported here included adult and copepodite stages CI-CVI. ...
The different characteristics and atmospheric forces over the Sea of Oman and the Arabian Sea are assumed to influence zooplankton seasonality and community structure. This work aimed to characterize the abundances and seasonality of coastal and surface mesozooplankton communities in the Sea of Oman (Muscat) and the Arabian Sea (Salalah), and the effects of environmental factors on their distribution. Zooplankton samples two contrasting coastal regions; 22 in the Sea of Oman, and 20 in the Arabian Sea, were collected during 2013-2014 from the surface and analyzed. Total zooplankton abundance was divided by the number of samples to obtain the monthly average abundance per meter cube (ind•m-3) of seawater. A total of 91 species were observed from all 42 samples of which 58 were copepods, among which 47 were calanoid copepods. Species composition varied significantly between the two locations. The similarity between the two communities was highest (samples were closest to each other) during the winter, and showed the largest differences in composition in the summer. The seasonal changes in community structures were most significant for copepods and calanoid copepods (p= 0.0002 and p= 0.0003 respectively) and less significant for non-copepods (p= 0.0057). Only few species (17 in the Sea of Oman and 20 in the Arabian Sea) represented more than 90% of the total zooplankton abundance. There was a distinct pattern of seasonal variation in the abundance of zooplankton in the Arabian Sea, especially copepods and meroplankton, but there was no such pattern in the Sea of Oman. Some successful species such as Temora turbinata and Penilia avirostris in the Sea of Oman, and Oithona spp. in the Arabian Sea seem able to exploit a wide range of prey from phytoplankton to small ciliates and thus feed through the microbial loop.
... The identification of the mesozooplankton organisms was carried-out to the lower taxonomic level possible using the most recent identification keys (e.g. Al-Yamani et al., 2011a, b;Bowman, 1973;Conway, 2012a, b;Conway, 2015;Dos Santos & Gonzalez-Gordillo, 2004;Gravili et al., 2015;Grossmann et al., 2014;Guglielmo et al., 2015;Kehayias et al., 1999;Kramp, 1961;Lacuna et al., 2016;Martel et al., 2014;Mills et al., 2007;Naomi et al., 2006;Plate & Husemann, 1994;Pohle & Santana, 2014;Prusova et al., 2012;Semenikhina et al., 2008;Tregouboff & Rose, 1978). The abundance of each taxon was estimated and presented as individuals m -3 . ...
This study provides elements on the spatial and temporal mesozooplankton variability during a three-year study, encompassing vertical hauls from 50 m deep to the surface from four coastal locations of Cyprus. The total mesozooplankton abundance fluctuated between 190.4 and 882.5 individuals m-3. A total of 90 holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic taxa were recorded. Copepods dominated in the community and accounted for 71.7% of the total mesozooplankton, followed by appendicularians, molluscs, cladocerans, and siphonophores, which contributed 8.04%, 5.48%, 4.60%, and 3.31%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among the four sampling sites for any of the mesozooplanktonic taxa, though seasonal and interannual differences were recorded for several of them. The community composition reinforced the evidence for a higher resemblance of the Cyprus mesozooplankton to the offshore communities of the northern and central Levantine Sea and those around Rhodes Island, instead of the northeastern Mediterranean coastal areas. Comparisons of the seasonal abundance variation of the mesozooplankton taxa with other coastal areas of the Levantine Sea are provided. Considering the seasonality of the mesozooplankton, there was a separation of the taxa into distinct groups representing the summer, the winter-spring, and the autumn periods. Temperature was the most important variable that shaped the formation of the distinct seasonal groups of taxa, while chlorophyll-α, dissolved oxygen, and salinity contributed to a lesser extent. Chlorophyll-α concentrations verified the oligotrophic character of the area and seem to be unaffected by inland inputs. The mesozooplankton community showed a spatial consistency, probably as the result of the open sea influence, and seems to be regulated mainly by the properties of the central Levantine pelagic waters and less by terrestrial inputs of inland waters.
... In our recent study in the eastern Arabian Sea under the MEDAS programme, calanoids belonging to the families Eucalanidae, Lucicutiidae, Metridinidae, and Euchaetidae were dominant. Common OMZ copepods in the eastern Arabian Sea and their characteristic features based on standard taxonomic literature are presented in Fig. 8 (Sewell, 1999;Conway et al., 2003;Prusova et al., 2011). ...
... Mass specific Fig. 8. Common calanoid copepods identified in the OMZ waters of the Eastern Arabian Sea. Species diagrams are modified from Conway et al., 2003;Prusova et al., 2011. respiration rates and ETS activities are highest for copepods in surface waters, which decreases with depth, consistent with a decrease in temperature and an increase in body mass. ...
The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are cul-de-sacs of the northern Indian Ocean, and they contain more than half of the world's Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs). The current study reviews the vast and advancing literature on the oceanographic settings that lead to distinct OMZs in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and links them with the copepods thriving there, their status, and likely adaptations. The Arabian Sea has a thicker perennial subsurface OMZ (∼1000 m) than the Bay of Bengal (∼500 m), which is linked to high plankton production via upwelling and winter convection in the former and river influx and mesoscale eddies in the latter. Studies world over show that OMZs adversely affect the zooplankton community as their core always sustains reduced zooplankton biomass. Exclusive studies on copepods in the perennial OMZ in the northern Indian Ocean have been limited to the Arabian Sea so far, which showed that the calanoid copepod Lucicutia grandis is an indicator species of the OMZ lower boundary, whereas Calanoides natalis is a diapausing species in the OMZ. Studies also evidenced that many calanoids (Pleuromamma indica, Lucicutia longicornis, Rhincalanus nasutus, Paracalanus aculeatus, Eucalanus attenuatus, Euchaeta rimana, Subeucalanus subcrassus), cyclopoids (Oithona nana, Oncaea conifera, Oncaea subtilis, Saphirina), Harpacticoids (Microsetella sp., Aegisthus mucronatus) and Mormonilloids (Mormonilla minor) living in the perennial OMZ are either vertical migrators or having a patchy distribution between the epipelagic to the deeper OMZ stratum. These OMZ copepods are believed to have distinctive growth and reproductive traits that allow them to exist in the OMZs. Their high enzyme activity allows them to carry out vertical migration, their high lipid reserves allow them to stay alive in starving conditions, and their slow lifestyle reduces their energy consumption in deeper OMZs. Unlike the perennial OMZs in the Arabian Sea, copepods in the seasonal OMZs in the coastal upwelling zones are almost unexplored, except for a recent attempt that demonstrated that cyclopoids have better survival strategies there. The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal around India have a strong seasonal exchange of their water masses, but how they influence and shape the copepod communities in these regions and the OMZs they harbour is completely unknown.
... Thus, 80-90% of the copepods were females. Female and male copepods are usually morphologically differentiated by fifth pereiopoda and genital somite (Prusova et al., 2012). The body size of P. crassirostris females (up to 450 µm) is larger than that of the males (up to 350 µm). ...
Harmful blooms of nanophytoplankton (2–20 μm) are increasingly common and sometimes severe, but requirements and controls of such blooms (e.g., water quality constraints, requirements for nutrients, and the presence of different guilds of grazers) are poorly understood. Laboratory grazing experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for top-down control by the copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris on a small harmful algal species (an unidentified chlorophyte Picochlorum, 1–4 μm) and to test the effects of cell sizes on grazing rates. The Picochlorum sp. is a strain isolated from a long-lasting harmful algal bloom in the Indian River Lagoon that reached high densities (>1 × 10⁶ cells ml–1). Experiments contrasted grazing on Picochlorum sp. with grazing on the palatable prymnesiophyte Isochrysis galbana (4–6 μm) in monocultures and mixed cultures. When presented in monocultures, grazing rates on Picochlorum sp. were lower than grazing rates on the palatable alternative. When Picochlorum sp. were presented alongside I. galbana, copepods essentially ceased feeding on the former. In additional experiments, P. crassirostris were fed plastic beads with diameters of 2.0–17.9 μm to control for differences in taste, toxicity, production of mucilage and shape of potential food. Paracalanus crassirostris fed most efficiently on beads with diameters of 7.0–7.9 μm. Results revealed that P. crassirostris can consume Picochlorum sp., but small size and the presence of palatable cells reduces the likelihood of top-down control of blooms of Picochlorum sp.
... Широкая распространенность и существенный вклад эукаланид в общую численность и биомассу зоопланктона обусловливают их высокую значимость в продукционных процессах океанических планктонных сообществ и предопределяют необходимость изучения их экологии и биогеографии. Однако экологические характеристики эукаланид все еще исследованы слабо, особенно в тропических областях океанов, в том числе и в Аравийском море, где отмечены 11 видов эукаланид, представляющих все 4 рода этого семейства: Eucalanus elongatus (Dana, 1849), Pareucalanus attenuatus (Dana, 1849), P. sewelli (Fleminger, 1973), P. smithae Prusova, 2007, Rhincalanus nasutus Giesbrecht, 1888, R. rostrifrons (Dana, 1849), Subeucalanus crassus (Giesbrecht, 1888), S. mucronatus (Giesbrecht, 1888), S. pileatus (Giesbrecht, 1888), S. subcrassus (Giesbrecht, 1888) и S. subtenuis (Giesbrecht, 1888) (Prusova et al., 2012). ...
... Копеподитные стадии всех эукаланид определяли до уровня вида. В проанализированном материале выявлены все 11 видов семейства Eucalanidae, указанные в литературе для данного региона (Prusova et al., 2012). Из-за отсутствия четких морфологических различий между как взрослыми, так и неполовозрелыми особями Pareucalanus attenuatus и P. sewelli, на основании которых их можно идентифицировать при массовой обработке проб (Prusova et al., 2012), количественные данные по этим видам были объединены в категорию P. attenuatus s.l. ...
... В проанализированном материале выявлены все 11 видов семейства Eucalanidae, указанные в литературе для данного региона (Prusova et al., 2012). Из-за отсутствия четких морфологических различий между как взрослыми, так и неполовозрелыми особями Pareucalanus attenuatus и P. sewelli, на основании которых их можно идентифицировать при массовой обработке проб (Prusova et al., 2012), количественные данные по этим видам были объединены в категорию P. attenuatus s.l. (sensu lato). ...
В данной работе охарактеризованы количественные показатели и вертикальное распределение 10 видов веслоногих раков семейства Eucalanidae (Copepoda: Calanoida) в Аравийском море в слое 0–1000 м на основе зоопланктонных материалов, собранных в рамках программы US JGOFS на акватории между Оманом и Индией севернее 10о с.ш. в весенний межмуссонный период (март–апрель) 1995 г. Выявлено два типа распределения по вертикали в исследованном слое: 1) с преимущественным обитанием видов в эпипелагиали над слоем оксиклина и в верхней переходной зоне (Pareucalanus attenuatus s. l., Subeucalanus mucronatus, S pileatus, S. subcrassus и S. subtenuis) и 2) с нахождением основной массы популяции в пределах слоя минимума кислорода, на глубинах 300–800 м (Eucalanus elongatus, Rhincalanus nasutus, R. rostrifrons, S. crassus, P. smithae). Отмечен факт пространственного разобщения ядер популяций двух близкородственных видов S. subtenuis и S. mucronatus: первый из перечисленных сосредоточен, в основном, в водах с нормальным или пониженным уровнем содержания кислорода, а второй концентрируется в слое оксиклина. На основе анализа возрастной структуры популяций в исследуемом материале сделано предположение о существовании онтогенетических миграций у S. crassus. Выявлено отсутствие выраженных суточных миграций у исследованных видов.
... The other species are also briefly discussed: P. campaneri, P. gracilis, P. intermedius, P. serrulus, and P. tropicus. Revision of the original leaflet is produced after collating numerous other works (Bowman, 1971;Bradford, 1978;Bradford-Grieve, 1994Vives and Shmeleva, 2007;Prusova et al., 2012;Soh et al., 2013;Razouls et al. (2005Razouls et al. ( -2022). ...
... Bjørnberg (1980) refers to the difference in the shape of the receptaculum seminis in P. campaneri and P. aculeatus as the main difference between these two species. The leaf-like spine form on the posterior surface of P4 Exp2, a characteristic feature of P. aculeatus (Sewell, 1929), is visible on a segment only when it is separated and situated strictly flat (Prusova et al., 2012). P. aculeatus and P. denudatus are also discriminated according to the following criteria: proportion length of A1 terminal segment, anterior of head shape in lateral view, and the number of teeth on P4 Exp3 proximal outer margin. ...
... Author's drawings: (1) redrawn after Soh et al. (2013); (2) redrawn after Prusova et al. (2012); (3) Sars (1925); (4) redrawn after Björnberg (1980); (5) redrawn after Bradford (1978); (6) Bowman (1971); (7) Sewell (1929); (8) redrawn after Andronov (1977); (9) Hidaka et al. (2016); (10) Corral Estrada (1970); (11) Sars (1903); (12) redrawn after Shen and Bai (1956); (13) redrawn after Vervoort (1963); (14) redrawn after Shen and Lee (1963); (15) Mazzocchi et al. (1995). ...
This study describes the first simultaneous long-term effort to examine the nutrient inputs to the southern Mediterranean Sea from rivers and wet atmospheric deposition. Extensive daily rainwater sampling (280 samples) from the Annaba region (SW Mediterranean Sea, Algeria) and from river discharges (144 samples) at two river outlets feeding the Annaba Bay, the Seybouse River (SR) and the Mafragh River (MR),were collected and analyzed for dissolved nutrients from 2012 until 2017. During the 6-year study period, the Annaba region experienced contrasted hydrological conditions varying from heavy rainfall events during winter that have triggered large river flooding in 2012 and 2015 to the severe drought of 2016, which have profoundly affected both the atmospheric and riverine freshwater and nutrient inputs. The annual freshwater volume delivered to Annaba Bay averaged approximately 1.7 km³, of which 51% was from MR, 33% from SR, and 16% from precipitation. Precipitation over the Annaba region was associated with unusually high levels of DIP and DSi, resulting in deposition rates (0.54 mmol Si m⁻² yr⁻¹and 6.22 mmol P m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively) that are several times higher compared to the average values reported for the Mediterranean region. In contrast, both the DIN and DON deposition rates were relatively low (16.2 and 4.7 mmol N m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively) compared to the values reported for the Mediterranean region. Interestingly, the levels of nitrogen compounds in rainwater were similar to those in the MR waters. For all nutrient species analyzed in this study, SR waters always contained higher nutrient levels compared to those in MR and rainwater. The majority of nutrient loading entering Annaba Bay was delivered through the riverine inputs, averaging 2744, 962 and 92 t yr⁻¹ for DSi, DIN and DIP, respectively. The wet atmospheric deposition contributed only 2.5% of DSi, 10% of DIN and 7% of DIP total annual flux. The riverine stoichiometric N:P and Si:N ratios were imbalanced in most cases, averaging 28 and 0.84, respectively. The N:P and Si:N ratios in rainwater were more balanced, particularly during the dry season when Saharan airflow dominated the region and supplied more DIP and DSi.
... The remainder of the sample was deposited in the Department of Marine Science and Fisheries (College of Agriculture and Marine Science) of Sultan Qaboos University in Muscat, Oman (Smith et al., 2017). The adult stages and copepodite stages of six species of copepod were removed from the zooplankton subsamples and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level following keys and descriptions (e.g., Prusova et al., 2011). The analyzed species were C. natalis, from the family Calanidae, and five species of the genus Subeucalanus in the family Eucalanidae: S. crassus (Giesbrecht, 1888), S. pileatus (Giesbrecht, 1888), S. subcrassus (Giesbrecht, 1888), S. subtenius (Giesbrecht, 1888) and S. mucronatus (Giesbrecht, 1888). ...
Masirah Island, situated off the southern coast of Oman in the Arabian Sea, is surrounded by upwelled water during the Southwest Monsoon (SWM) and was used as a base for time-series studies of the copepod community for a decade beginning in 2006, covering the Spring Intermonsoon (SIM), April–May, and including June, and the SWM period, August–October. Subeucalanus pileatus and Calanoides natalis were the two most abundant copepod species (33.9% and 32.7% respectively of the total abundances). These two species shifted their dominance during the two main seasonal periods. During the SWM, C. natalis was the dominant species occurring mainly at sea surface temperatures (SST) between 18 and 27 °C while S. pileatus dominated during the SIM occurring at warmer SSTs, frequently between 25 and 28 °C. Results from generalized linear models indicated that the season and the SST were the best predicted variables affecting the abundances of C. natalis and S. pileatus. Calanoides carinatus was also affected by wind speed and wind direction, meaning that strong SWM winds and low temperatures (seasonal upwelling) favor the occurrence of this species. Upwelling favorable winds lasted longer in 2015/2016 than in 2009/2010; peak winds shifted from June in 2009–2011 to July in 2012–2016. The SST was higher in 2016 than in the previous five years. Time-series of C. natalis life stages showed three large peaks of early copepodites from June through September 2016 during the SWM season, in contrast to only one peak observed at the beginning of the SWM season from previous years. This result suggests that C. natalis was able to capitalize on the longer SWM in 2016 by continuing to reproduce throughout September. Diapausing C. natalis reached the surface in mid-to-late June as stage CV, ruling out any reproduction by this species at its overwintering depth. Unfavorable SST at the end of the SWM corresponded to a downward migration by C. natalis in 2015. Overall, the physical forcing of this upwelling region appears to be changing and C. natalis seems to be adapting to these changing conditions by continuing to reproduce at the surface as long as SST is favorable.
