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Extent of local suppliers. Share of firms that use mostly local and equally local and external suppliers 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0
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Isaksen A. Innovation dynamics of global competitive regional clusters: the case of the Norwegian Centres of Expertise, Regional Studies. This paper analyses the innovation dynamics in six regional clusters that have been appointed as Norwegian Centres of Expertise and have been assessed as some of the most internationally competitive regional clus...
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... local supplier base is substantial in four of the clusters; the three dominated by synthetic knowledge bases and in the Instrumentation cluster with many small and medium sized firms (Figure 2). Nevertheless, the picture becomes different when analysing the location of strategically important component suppliers. ...
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Citations
... In many cases, analytical and synthetic knowledge bases are combined in innovation processes, and knowledge actors are found in different types of regions. In the Norwegian case firms in regional clusters of synthetic knowledge-based engineering employ both locally created competence and analytical knowledge in national R&D organizations located in some few large cities in Norway and partly in international R&D organizations in their innovation activity (Isaksen 2009). The importance of synthetic knowledge in innovation processes results in much less regional and social inequality than found in the US, a larger group of creative people (as pointed to earlier) as well as a need for a lower degree of geographical mobility. ...
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... The development of innovation funding schemes constituted important elements in the new generation of innovation policy that was introduced around the turn of the millennium to stimulate localised clusters and innovation systems (Isaksen, 2009). With funding from the national cluster development programme (established in 2002), NCE 2 Raufoss was established in 2006, focusing on the territorial embedding and upgrading of existing knowledge bases related to automation and light-weight materials that had been developed over decades in defence-related as well as civilian production at RA. ...
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... For example, Monsey compared the importance of the three agglomeration mechanisms of labor, upstream and downstream relationships, and knowledge sharing, and find that the former two were more important (Monsey, 2011). And Isaksen find that with the support of the Norwegian government's industrial policies, six internationally competitive industrial clusters have been developed (Isaksen, 2009). ...
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... The studies developed by Visser and Atzema (2008) suggest strategies to improve the innovation process in organization, that are not based on the belief that clusters are the best way to do this, due to the fact that it is not always possible to develop clusters and have policies that seek this type of developments. Therefore, they suggest strategic networks between companies as a better alterativee Isaksen (2009) presents an empirical analysis of data to understand the innovation dynamic of six clusters in Norway, based primarily on the developed competitiveness between them and the support of higher education and research institutions located around the cluster. ...
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... This local focus is also identified by Mytelca who examines more closely the way in which local clusters can be transformed into innovation systems [33]. Breschi & Lissoni also provide a critical assessment of the recent fortunes met by the concept of "localized knowledge spillovers" [8], while Isaksen focuses on the local character of innovation, by identifying the unique competence of firms, which is strengthened by the fact that locally sited, state-owned higher education and research institutions have adapted activity to the needs of key local industries [19]. Cooke, P. also points out that whilst 'information is relatively globally mobile (…) knowledge is remarkably spatially rooted' [12,13]. ...
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... However, recent works suggest that the insertion and operation in a cluster, together with a naturally competitive environment, increases a company's competitive advantage compared to isolated companies established outside these concentrations Fromhold-Eisebith & Eisebith, 2005;Isaksen, 2009;Elola et al., 2012;. The literature justifies this favored condition of business competitiveness established in these agglomerations concerning the specific conditions of such arrangements, such as (1) reduced transaction costs, (2) intense of the information exchange between actors, (3) reduced logistical costs, and (4) asset sharing, among others (Elola et al., 2012;. ...
... The long-term presence of companies in a commercial concentration is essentially related to a condition of high local competition (Isaksen, 2009). ...
... Participation in a cluster can be associated with increased business competitiveness through reduced transaction costs, collective learning, knowledge sharing, and increased local competition, but within a dynamic balance of social welfare for the region (Isaksen, 2009; Jucevicius & Grumadaite, 2015). Other conditions, such as interaction with local consumers (drivers of learning processes), the constitution of more specialized demand, and technological, capital, and workforce specialization to meet the needs of market participants, can be verified or manifested involving organizational actors participating in agglomerations, conferring the superior competitiveness verified by scholars of this phenomenon ). ...
Objetivo: Inventário e reconhecimento de variáveis ou fatores associados à sobrevivência de clusters varejistas, na compreensão dos gestores de loja, como base para a avançar na compreensão do fenômeno, gestão das unidades de varejo, governança da rede constituída e adoção ou demanda de políticas públicas.Método: Pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa composta por levantamento exploratório e, posteriormente, avaliativo de 137 respondentes envolvendo variáveis relacionadas à sobrevivência do cluster varejista; o tratamento dos dados foi desenvolvido basicamente por meio de estatística descritiva e técnicas multivariadas de análise de dados.Originalidade / Relevância: Investigação inédita de condicionantes da sobrevivência de clusters varejistas, cuja importância social e econômica em grandes centros urbanos, particularmente em países em desenvolvimento, segundo a literatura, a partir da posição de gestores de lojas instaladas nesses arranjos.Resultados: Identificação de 4 construtos associados (correlacionados) à sobrevivência do cluster estudado: cooperação coletiva, segurança regional, conveniência de compra e concorrência positiva, sendo que os dois primeiros são preditores significantes do construto sobrevivência de clusters varejistas.Contribuições teóricas / metodológicas: Construção de variáveis e construtos associados à sobrevivência de clusters varejistas, partindo-se da posição de gestores de lojas, com identificação de fatores correlacionados e preditores a essa, oferecendo uma perspectiva relevante na compreensão do fenômeno.Contribuições sociais / práticas para a gestão: Indicação de variáveis e construtos como base para desenvolvimento de práticas de (i) gestão das unidades de varejo, (ii) governança da rede constituída e (iii) para a adoção ou demanda de políticas públicas
... Few theoretical constructs in the economic geography and regional science literatures rival the cluster concept in terms of academic interest and popularity among policy-makers (Asheim and Coenen, 2005;Harris 2021;Isaksen, 2009;Maguire and Davies, 2007;Porter, 2000;Trippl et al., 2015). The cluster approach has gained international prominence and resulted in a wide range of initiatives to develop or strengthen co-located (at local, regional or national levels) industries (Uyarra and Ramlogan, 2016), not least in EU countries (European Commission 2021). ...
... Core activities among cluster firms are production of technological equipment and systems for the offshore, maritime, aircraft, automotive, and defence industries. The key cluster firms all primarily rely on a predominant analytical knowledge base (Isaksen, 2009) and have overlapping competences in system engineering (SEi.e. design, develop and implement advanced systems). ...
... Today the cluster consists of 17 consortia firm partners. Reflecting the industries that constitute their main markets, Raufoss firms are generally specialized in mass production, and have been recognized to rely on a predominant synthetic knowledge base (Isaksen, 2009). The cluster firms rely on a common knowledge base on material technology and automation in manufacturing processes. ...
Specialized clusters rely on common knowledge resources and extra-cluster linkages, but how such resources develop over time is unclear. A case in point is how extra-cluster linkages are integrated into intra-cluster networks and the role of different cluster actors in enhancing cluster absorptive capacity. The paper explores the role of cluster intermediaries in linking clusters to external knowledge sources and contributing to knowledge dissemination among cluster firms. This perspective is relevant as manufacturing firms are facing rapid changes in technology, such as those associated with 'Industry 4.0'. Two manufacturing clusters in Norway are studied regarding cluster absorptive capacities and the role of cluster intermediaries. The authors derive two types of cluster intermediaries with different kinds of service provision well-adjusted to the firm structure. Cluster intermediaries in both cluster contexts can assist firms in tracking and adapting to rapid technological developments.
... Porter (1998) claims that local knowledge relationships are different from distant relationships (see also Storper and Venables 2004). A decade later, Isaksen (2008) emphasises that useful knowledge is mostly local and unique. Woodward et al. (2006) argue that firms usually opt for locations close to universities. ...
Relationships between firms and universities have been centre stage for some time. However, empirical studies on firms contracting research to universities remains limited. The likelihood of engaging in contract research depends on the characteristics of the firm and the university. Because existing literature further suggests that location is a key facilitator for knowledge transfer activities, the paper investigates the role played by regions and geographical distance between firms and universities when engaging in contract research. Hence, the analysis combines characteristics from both organisations and adds relationship-specific features with respect to the distance between them and the region they are located in. It also looks at the role played by cognitive distance. The paper contributes to the understanding of how academic research, commissioned by firms, is influenced by locational features: the ability to engage in contract research and the regional context, the regional embeddedness of research contract partners, and the geographical distance between these partners. It builds on an original dataset with information on contract research at firm. Based on a panel of three consecutive waves of R&D surveys in Belgium conducted in 2006, 2008 and 2010, the linkages of universities with R&D active firms are examined by linking a database on universities with one on firm R&D investments. Using the most recent insights in the social network approach, highlights the variables that impact the likelihood of firms engaging in research contracted to a university. Descriptive measurements are calculated from social network analysis to capture the basic structure of the firm-university network and construct an Exponential Random Graph model to predict firm-university relationships based on network characteristics and node attributes. Four main conclusions are drawn. First, more innovative regions do not show a higher likelihood of firms to engage in contract research with universities. Second, the likelihood for contract research is higher, if firms and universities are located in the same region. Third, geographical distance shows a negative relation to the likelihood of contract research suggesting cluster formation. Fourth, in the case of contract research cognitive distance complements geographic distance.
... Third, Asheim and Isaksen (2002) claimed that local knowledge relations are difficult to match for more distant relationships. A decade later, Isaksen (2009) again emphasized that useful knowledge is local and unique, strengthening the importance of small geographical distances. The diverse nature of knowledge itself-tacit versus codifiedleads to ambiguous interpretations with respect to geographical distance (Cowan et al., 2000;Gertler, 2003). ...
This article explores the role of geographical distance and regional co-location as a determinant of the size of contract research from firms to domestic universities. The analysis relies on a panel of three consecutive R&D surveys for Belgium, and controls for firm, university, and network characteristics. The findings reveal that firms tend to enter into larger-sized contract research with universities that are either located nearby or farther away. Regional co-location is also positively associated with the size of contract research from firms to universities.
