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Cholesteatoma of the middle ear is a kind of cystic disease with clear boundary formed by the abnormal growth of keratosquamous epithelium in temporal bone. Cholesteatoma otitis caused by it is a common disease in otorhinolaryngology. The EPR effect promotes the selective distribution of macromolecular substances in tumor tissues, which can increas...
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... In total, 118 articles were retrieved through the database search. After applying the search strategy described above, a total of 18 articles were identified that met all inclusion criteria [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. A flow diagram of the detailed study selection process is presented in Figure 1. ...
... All included studies used cholesteatoma tissues for analysis. Additionally, the majority of studies included in vitro experiments on cell lines [30,32,[34][35][36][37][38][39][42][43][44]46,47]. In the Zheng study [46], a mouse model was also used for in vivo testing. ...
... Additionally, the majority of studies included in vitro experiments on cell lines [30,32,[34][35][36][37][38][39][42][43][44]46,47]. In the Zheng study [46], a mouse model was also used for in vivo testing. ...
Cholesteatoma is a temporal bone disease characterized by dysfunctions of keratinocytes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionary conserved noncoding RNAs that regulate mRNA expression. They can be packaged into exosomes and transported to target cells that can be used in the future therapy of cholesteatoma. This study aimed to collect knowledge on the role of miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs in cholesteatoma and was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Four databases were screened: Pubmed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The last search was run on the 6th of June 2023. We included full-text original studies written in English, which examined miRNAs in cholesteatoma. The risk of bias was assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool, modified for the needs of this review. We identified 118 records and included 18 articles. Analyses revealed the downregulation of exosomal miR-17 as well as miR-10a-5p, miR-125b, miR-142-5p, miR34a, miR-203a, and miR-152-5p and the overexpression of exosomal miR-106b-5p as well as miR-1297, miR-26a-5p, miR-199a, miR-508-3p, miR-21-3p, miR-584-5p, and miR-16-1-3p in cholesteatoma. The role of differentially expressed miRNAs in cholesteatoma, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, the cell cycle, differentiation, bone resorption, and the remodeling process, was confirmed, making them a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
... Innovative nanotechnology-based approaches show promise in treating pediatric cancers such as diffuse midline gliomas [125], leukemia [126], osteosarcoma [127], and brain cancers [128]. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been found to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration in cholesteatoma and pediatric brain tumor cells [129,130]. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery enables the specific targeting of anticancer agents to leukemic cells, thereby reducing toxic side effects [131]. The development of nanotechnology has the potential to improve therapeutic efficiency, drug targeting, reduce toxicity, and mask the bitter taste of drugs, with anticancer drugs being the most frequently encountered therapeutic drug class [132]. ...
... [137] Cholesteatoma Cells Nanoparticle-based delivery of miR-34a-inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration. [129] Pediatric Brain Tumor Cells Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siApe1-promising strategy for sensitizing cells to radiotherapy and circumventing resistance. [130] Pediatric Formulations Nanotechnology development-have potential for greater therapeutic efficiency, drug targeting, reduced toxicity, and masking bitter drug taste, with anticancer drugs being the most commonly encountered therapeutic drug class. ...
The utilization of nanotechnology has brought about notable advancements in the field of pediatric medicine, providing novel approaches for drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and tissue engineering. Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, resulting in improved drug effectiveness and decreased toxicity. Numerous nanosystems, including nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and nanotubes, have been explored for their therapeutic potential in addressing pediatric diseases such as HIV, leukemia, and neuroblastoma. Nanotechnology has also shown promise in enhancing disease diagnosis accuracy, drug availability, and overcoming the blood-brain barrier obstacle in treating medulloblastoma. It is important to acknowledge that while nanotechnology offers significant opportunities, there are inherent risks and limitations associated with the use of nanoparticles. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the existing literature on nanotechnology in pediatric medicine, highlighting its potential to revolutionize pediatric healthcare while also recognizing the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed.
... Their most important potential regulatory mechanisms, pathways, and clinical outcomes are presented in Table 2 (organized by the type of RNA). [23,25,28,29] miR-34a PTEN/PI3K/Akt/EGFR proliferation, apoptosis [30] miR-106b-5p Angpt2 angiogenesis [31] miR-142-5p CDK5/MAPK/NF-κB positive correlation with: TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-17A [32] miR-146 (TNF-α) (IL-1 β)/TLR mucosal hyperplasia [33] miR-199a PNRC1 keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion [34] miR-203a Bmi1/p-Akt proliferation, migration and antiapoptotic abilities [35] miR-210 NF-κB/HIF-1α cell viability, apoptosis [36] [40] miR-802 PTEN/PI3K/Akt proliferation of kerationocytes [41] circ-0000007/ miR-508-3p PTEN/PI3K/Akt proliferation apoptosis [20] circ-0074491/ miR-22-3p PI3K/Akt proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis of keratinocytes [42] circ-0074491/ miR-125a-5p PI3K/Akt proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis of keratinocytes [42] circRNA-101458/ miR-let-7a PI3K/Akt proliferation of kerationocytes [25] circ-102747/ miR-21-3p PI3K/Akt formation and invasion of cholesteatoma [25] 2.1. Noncoding RNA in Acute, Recurrent, and Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion ...
... An experimental study using nanotechnology conducted by Zheng et al. represents an important step forward in the practical use of miRNAs in treatment [30]. Based on AMEC tissue, the authors prepared and delivered rubine, a regulator of miR-34a, into cells. ...
... Overexpression of miR-34a can promote apoptosis and prevent cell proliferation and migration. The study thus confirmed that the expression of miR-34 may be enhanced by nanoparticles and thereby influence CyclinD1, Bcl-2, and Cdk6 [30]. ...
The aim of this comprehensive review was to present the current knowledge on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in acute, recurrent, and chronic forms of otitis media. Special attention was focused on cholesteatoma of the middle ear. MicroRNAs modulate gene expression, which, in turn, influences the development and likelihood of the recurrence of acute and aggressive chronic middle ear inflammatory processes. Moreover, this study discusses the modulating role of a specific subgroup of noncoding RNA, circular RNA (circRNA). Recognizing the precise potential pathways and the mechanisms of their function may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular bases of middle ear diseases and identifying novel methods for treating this demanding pathology. Articles published between 2009 and 2022 were used in this analysis. In this review, we provide a complete overview of the latest progress in identifying the role and mechanisms of particular miRNAs and circRNAs in acute, recurrent and chronic forms of otitis media.
Cholesteatoma of the middle ear is a common disease in otolaryngology that is receiving increasing attention. It is estimated that over 5 million people around the world are suffering from middle ear cholesteatoma. The yearly frequency of middle ear cholesteatoma is detailed as 9.2 per 100,000 in adults and 3 per 100,000 in children. Without timely discovery and intervention, cholesteatomas can become perilously large and attack intratemporal structures, coming about in various intra- and extracranial complications. So far, no practical nonsurgical treatments are available. Although multiple hypotheses exist, research directions are relatively consistent, focusing on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and bone destruction. Recently, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) especially miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have received increasing attention because of their key roles in gene expression, cell cycle regulation, and the development of many diseases. Although ncRNAs are not involved in protein translation, they are abundant in the genome, with only approximately 2% of genes encoding proteins and the remaining approximately 98% encoding ncRNA. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the specific role of ncRNA in middle ear cholesteatoma.
