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![Explorer-1, the first operational U.S. satellite [6], lunched in 1958](publication/335872905/figure/fig2/AS:804283746381824@1568767596200/Explorer-1-the-first-operational-US-satellite-6-lunched-in-1958.jpg)
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![FIGURE 2. Explorer-1, the first operational U.S. satellite [6], lunched...](publication/335872905/figure/fig2/AS:804283746381824@1568767596200/Explorer-1-the-first-operational-US-satellite-6-lunched-in-1958_Q320.jpg)
![FIGURE 7. Coverage of Geostationary Earth Orbit [24]](publication/335872905/figure/fig5/AS:804283746365442@1568767596390/Coverage-of-Geostationary-Earth-Orbit-24_Q320.jpg)
Mobile satellite systems can be characterized as a major solution since they offer mobile communication services to users in different environments and for several significant purposes. In numerous conditions, satellite systems have exclusive competences in terms of broad coverage, robustness, broadcast, and multicast capabilities. However, the imp...
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... tropical and equatorial countries, rain attenuation is the main impairment; particularly for signals of frequency > 10 GHz (see Figure 23). At the high frequencies bands, additional rain attenuation causes severe signal losses and resulting in a major threat for the system accessibility, particularly in the tropical region like Malaysia as it is characterized by heavy rain rates overall the year. ...
Citations
... Multiple satellites may be used to cover a larger area of the Earth's surface utilizing a communication system based on geostationary satellites. [6] While using portable Terminals a satellite can move in a certain manner that it can return to a different region many times a year [7]. ...
... This satellite phone has the largest display of any satellite phone on the market and is made of toughened glass to withstand the roughest conditions. The screen is glare-resistant, allowing for optimal visibility in direct sunshine, and a brightness sensor adjusts the illumination of your display automatically [7]. ...
... Even if the satellite connection is too weak to receive the call itself, the Thuraya allows it to receive a call notice [7]. This is especially beneficial when the Thuraya is in your pocket and the antenna is stowed, ensuring that you are always connected. ...
Satellite communication has grown highly essential in recent years as a result of its uses. The many types of satellites and their orbits are explained in this study paper. It has also been explained how satellite phones can be used to communicate. With all of the benefits and drawbacks of satellite communication, satellite systems are a viable option for providing communication services to mobile users in sparsely inhabited areas, emergency situations, and aboard aircraft, trains, and ships. Satellite systems offer unique advantages in terms of robustness, wide-area coverage, and broadcast/multicast capabilities in all of these scenarios. This study examines contemporary mobile satellite networks and services from a variety of perspectives, including research concerns and recent standardization developments.
... The goal is to enable the services of enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) to be available anytime and anywhere with high quality of service. However, many satellite systems and the 6G network function use mmwave ranges, leading to increased mobility problems [91][92][93][94][95][96]. Examining the SO techniques of these systems is an important research goal that must be conducted in future. ...
The need for load balancing will be more significant in fifth generation mobile network and beyond due to the massive upsurge in the quantity of users and rising use of small cell sizes. The load balancing function must be efficiently designed to distribute loads between various cells by moving excess traffic from high-load cells to adjacent inactive cells. The load balancing self-optimization feature is an important function that optimises the handover control parameter by switching some loads in overloaded cells to adjacent cells with fewer loads. This paper has focused on analysing the performance of load balancing self-optimization within fifth generation cellular networks. Also, this paper provides a brief overview about load balancing in 5G and 6G mobile networks and highlighting the sources of issues, technical challenges, some of the suggested solutions and highlighting the research challenges that are needed to be addressed in the second phase of 5G and 6G mobile networks. At the same time highlighting the research that has been conducted in the literature to address these stranding issues. Study also, developing simulation model that can be utilized to study, investigate and analysing LBSO in 5G mobile network with a variety of mobile speed scenarios. The work developed a simulation model that is utilized to study, investigate, and analyse LBSO in 5G mobile networks with a variety of mobile speed scenarios. Optimization algorithms were selected from the literature and validated to ensure their efficiency and functionality with different mobility scenarios, based on the UE condition after each measurement report. The network evaluation and analysis have been conducted in terms of ping-pong handover probability, radio link failure and spectral efficiency. The simulation outcomes explain that the Optimization based on the Distance algorithm demonstrated a noticeable performance enhancement through significantly reduces the PPHP, RLF and SE for different mobile speed scenarios over the entire simulation as compared to the Cost Function and Fuzzy Logic algorithms. These obtained results indicate that the location of user is a significant factor that contributes effectively in optimizing handover control parameters in future mobile networks. Thus, considering the distance as a direct or not direct factor in designing handover Optimization algorithms will contribute effectively in estimating the suitable handover control parameters in mobile networks.
... The LMS model is traditionally used for mobile users in L-band. Recent advancements in mobile terminal antenna technology and the increasing demand for broadband services and higher data rates have made the utilization of the Ka-band applicable for mobile satellite services [57]. ...
This paper addresses two key challenges in the multibeam multicast non-orthogonal multiple access (MB-MC-NOMA) scheme and respective beamforming design problems in satellite systems. Achieving the max-min fairness (MMF) and maximum sum-rate among multiple multicast groups of users are jointly considered in a theoretical information framework. It is assumed that each frame contains information of multiple users in multicast transmission. Therefore, contrary to the unicast linear precoding, we have developed the multicast linear precoding with mapping function considering trade-offs to deal with the lack of the spatial degree of freedom. In our proposed scheme, each beamforming vector conveys information to more than one group of users in a NOMA framework, relying on the superposition techniques at the transmitters and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receivers. We have derived the capacity rates achievable in each beam, proposing the methods to maximize the minimum rate and weighted sum-rate. Considering the dependency of the broadcasting power and the respective achievable rates, the equivalent channel and water-filling algorithm for the MB-MC-NOMA is developed; as such, the optimal transmit power density for the groups of users within multiple beams are efficiently computed. The extensive simulation results confirm the proposed theoretical findings, providing a considerable boost in both minimum-rate and sum-rate with respect to state-of-the-art multibeam multicast satellite systems.
... The performance of a dual-hop DF-based LMS communication network is proposed in [35], where both the uplink and downlink of the two hops undergo SR distribution. An inclusive survey of LMS systems as well as services from various perspectives have been studied in [36]. In [37], the propagation problems of LMS communication links and the statistical resolutions is presented. ...
We investigate the performance of satellite communication systems acquiring the space shift keying (SSK) modulation technique over shadowed-rician (SR) land mobile satellite (LMS) link. Specifically, we discuss the analytical performance of the considered system over independent and identically distributed SR fading channels in terms of symbol error rate (SER), diversity order, and average capacity. The SER of the considered set-up is derived by utilizing moment generating function (MGF) expression over the SR fading LMS communication links. The analytical diversity order of the scheme is derived by using SER expression. We consider the effect of elevation angles on the SER performance, diversity order, and channel capacity of the considered SSK-assisted satellite communication system. As observed from simulation and analytical results, the performance of the considered set-up can be raised by improving elevation angles. Further, a closed-form expression of the average capacity of the SSK assisted satellite communication system is also derived. It is shown through simulation and analysis that the fading conditions and elevation angle does not affect the diversity order of the system, but it adversely acts on the SER performance and average capacity of the system.
... Some of the uses of satellite communication clearly make it advantageous over terrestrial services, and it also offers great advantages in delivering multicast and broadcast traffic; this cannot be done with terrestrial mobile communication due to network resource duplication that is, multiple base stations transmitting the same signal. However, implementing land mobile satellite(LMS) system still comes with challenges in connectivity, outages, inefficient communication and stability (Abo-Zeed et al., 2019). According to (Yan, Xiao, Wang, et al., 2018) , the channel link between the satellite and the mobile client poses a significant challenge in communication reliability. ...
Channels in satellite communication play a significant role in effective communication, determination of the quality of service, network availability and reduction in outages.It is paramount to analyze the behavioral features of satellite signal transmission to ensure that the limited assigned frequency is judiciously utilized in the envisioned service. Greater attention has been devoted on narrowband channeling with a view to ameliorate challenges associated with transmission links. However, due to advancements in modern technology, there is a need to focus on wideband channel modeling. This research proposes a modified land mobile satellite (LMS) channel built on two-state Latz's statistical model with the Markov chain state model applied on two transmission environments, which are shadowing and unshadowing conditions. The satellite diversity method was applied to cushion the challenge of outages. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified and simulated using Matlab software. The results show that the satellite diversity improves channel outages and the concurrent channel availability is ensured with two satellites accessing mobile terminals compared to one satellite channel.
... According to Ref. 41, the emergence of aerial base stations was necessitated by the inability of the land mobile stations (LMS) to offer the optimal network requirement for efficient industrial operations due to the high cost of installation in inaccessible areas and handover challenges. 42 Yaacoub and Alouini 43 presented an insight into the need for improved rural connectivity. ...
Nowadays, automated and intelligent solutions are required by different services and applications to satisfy current industrial necessities. Internet of things/robotic devices have been found useful in the collection and processing of data for pattern recognition, analyzing and anticipating incident information, optimization, and provision of better and timely decision-making to enable network providers to measure the quality of services, thereby ensuring efficiency. Telecommunication systems need reliable and fast internet networks for connected devices and other business activities; thus, technologies are being explored to determine efficient ways of planning and installing base stations. Recently, possibilities of deploying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as base stations had been investigated. Although successes have been recorded, not much work has been done on network planning tools for location optimization of UAV base stations (UAV-BS) in 5G and beyond networks to the best of our knowledge. In this paper, an intelligent network planning tool (iNPT) for location optimization of UAV-BS has been developed with different channel models and network planning parameters. The developed tool has resources to suggest a better positioning of the UAV-BS using the simulated annealing meta-heuristic to optimize their locations. The tool also includes a battery management interface that can calculate the battery dissipation with reference to the received and transmitted power of the UAV-BS and display the estimated time of flight for the UAV-BS. Geographical information, such as the height of a specific region, obtained from a map is considered in the simulations. The results obtained using the COST231-Hata, Hata path loss, log distance, and two-ray ground reflection models have been presented in this paper. Based on the experimental results, the developed simulator can be useful in network planning tasks to improve coverage areas using UAV-BSs. In addition, the proposed tool has a friendly interface that provides geographical images, and the BSs and UAVs optimized locations.
... The satellite services can be classified in two main categories on the basis of the user and application typologies that they try to service, namely, fixed satellite service (FSS) and mobile satellite service (MSS), that can use geosynchronous (GSO) and non-geosynchronous (NGSO) satellites, respectively. In the context of a mobile environment, a key role is reserved for the land mobile satellite (LMS) systems: a MSS system in which mobile Earth stations are located on land ( Figure 1) [3]. Many studies of research on satellite platforms deal with the use of these networks together with other technologies such as high-altitude platforms (HAPs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and terrestrial networks [4]. ...
As demands on the network continue to grow, it is increasingly important to upgrade the existing infrastructure in order to offer higher bandwidth and service level guarantees to users. Next generation networks (NGNs) represent a fully IP-based architecture that is able to support different technologies. In this context, the satellite networks are considered a fundamental part for future hybrid architectures. In this scenario, knowing satellite channel propagation characteristics in order to be able to design a communication system to respond to new user needs is of fundamental importance. Many papers in the literature show channel models in different satellite scenarios both for fixed and mobile applications; however, to the best of our knowledge, nobody presents an overview on different satellite models based on Markov chains. This paper wants to present a comprehensive review of the most recent developments in satellite channel communications related to mobile services and, in particular, for the land mobile satellite systems. The work presents all different types of Markov models, from single-state to multi-state models, that have been proposed in the literature from the early 1980s.
... Satellite connectivity is the first and most widely used method to enable IFC [28], [29]. The external antenna at the top of the aircraft sends broadband signals to the satellite in satellite connectivity. ...
The aeronautical networks attract the attention of both industry and academia since Internet access during flights turns to the crucial demand from luxury with the evolving technology. This In-Flight Connectivity (IFC) necessity is currently dominated by the satellite connectivity and Air-to-Ground (A2G) network solutions. However, the high installation/equipment cost and latency of the satellite connectivity reduce its efficiency. The A2G networks are utilized through the 4G/5G ground stations deployed on terrestrial areas to solve these satellites’ problems. This terrestrial deployment reduces the coverage area of A2G networks, especially for remote flights over the ocean. The Aeronautical Ad-hoc Networks (AANETs) are designed to provide IFC while solving the primary defects of dominating solutions. The AANET is an entirely novel solution under the vehicular networks since it consists of aircraft with ultra-dynamic and unstructured characteristics. These characteristics separate it from the less dynamic Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs). Therefore, the environmental and mobility effects cause specific challenges for AANETs. This article presents a holistic review of these open AANET challenges by investigating them in data link, network, and transport layers. Before giving the details of these challenges, this article explores the state-of-the-art literature about satellite and A2G networks for IFC. We then give our specific interest to the AANET by investigating its particular characteristics and open research challenges. The main starting point of this study is that there is a lack of compact research on this exciting topic, although IFC is an inevitable need for the aeronautical industry. Also, the AANET could be underlined by giving all state-of-the-art about the dominating IFC solutions. Therefore, this is the first work exploring the state-of-the-art for all the existing aeronautical networking technologies under a single comprehensive survey by deeply analyzing specific characteristics and open research challenges of AANETs. Additionally, the AANET is a novel topic and should be separately investigated from the FANETs as given in current literature.
... It is particularly important for commercial airlines, which rely on constant communication with ground stations in order to maintain safe and efficient operations. For example, with AMSS pilots can communicate with air traffic control to receive updated weather and flight information, which can help them to make more informed decisions about the best route to take (Abo-Zeed et al., 2019). ...
... The signal from these satellites can be blocked by the terrain, such as mountains or tall buildings. This can result in a weaker signal reaching the aircraft or even a complete loss of signal, which can affect the quality of the communication (Abo-Zeed et al., 2019). ...
Nowadays, technology is developing rapidly, therefore satellite and aviation systems need to keep pace with modern trends and new technology. The paper is focused on satellite systems and aviation systems. Based on analysis of the issues it is possible to take measures against problems that may arise in the future. There is a need for satellite-based navigation system that can solve the problems of the existing systems and make the existing systems better and more efficient by providing great convenience to the airspace users for the safe, efficient, comfortable and economical realisation of flights in the future. The paper contains information about Air Communication and Navigation Systems and discusses the state of current aviation and satellite systems.
... This joint operation allows MSs to be transferred from one segment to the other as postulated in the EU H2020-SANSA project and in many other terrestrial-satellite integrated proposals [27]- [29] as well as in recent 3GPP standardization activities [20]. It is noteworthy that such an integrated approach has already been implemented in the first generation of commercial LEO systems, Iridium, albeit mainly targeting voice traffic and low bit-rate communications [30]. Unlike [21], this work focuses on the downlink (DL) of LEO deployments operating on the S-band (2.2 GHz), as this allows the direct LEO-to-MS communication (i.e., satellite-to-handheld terminal) without the need to route traffic through a satellite gateway. ...
This paper presents an integrated network architecture combining a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-M-MIMO) terrestrial layout with a low Earth orbit satellite segment where the scalability of the terrestrial segment is taken into account. The main purpose of such an integrated scheme is to transfer to the satellite segment those users that somehow limit the performance of the terrestrial network. Towards this end, a correspondingly scalable technique is proposed to govern the ground-to-satellite user diversion that can be tuned to different performance metrics. In particular, in this work the proposed technique is configured to result in an heuristic that improves the minimum per-user rate and the sum-rate of the overall network. Simulation results serve to identify under which conditions the satellite segment can become an attractive solution to enhance users’ performance. Generally speaking, although the availability of the satellite segment always leads to an improvement of users’ rates, it is in those cases where the terrestrial CF-M-MIMO network exhibits low densification traits that the satellite backup becomes crucial.
