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Experimental transplantation of Callitriche cophocarpa: (a) the map indicating collection (the Dłubia river, Laski Dworskie) and introduction (the “Tannery” stream, Nowy Targ) sites, (b) unpolluted Dłubnia river, natural habitat of Callitriche, (c) collection of plant material, (d) a clump, (e) plants prepared for transport, (f) distribution of experimental sites within the “Tannery” stream (marked with starlets), (g) the “Tannery” stream contaminated with chromium, (h) plant introduction, and (i) a clump after transplantation
Source publication
This work is the first attempt to evaluate suitability of Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn. (water-starwort) to remove Cr under real-world conditions. Our earlier laboratory-scale studies demonstrated outstanding hyperaccumulation properties of this aquatic higher plant (macrophyte) toward chromium in solution. We introduced C. cophocarpa plants into...
Citations
... The enterprises of tanning leather, metalworking, metal plating, copper alloys, ceramic glazes, timber protection, moisture corrosive environment suppression, heat-resistant masonry, pneumatically wood products, textile materials, as well as dyestuff, powders and acrylics, and paper and pulp making, are to blame for the excessive amount of chromium in the environment. Also, the high levels of Chromium in the environment are caused by things that people do, like dumping liquid and solid wastes that are contaminated with Chromium (Apel and Hirt 2004;Asada 1994;Asada and Takahashi 1987;Ashraf et al. 2017;Augustynowicz et al. 2020). There is a belief that the emissions of Cr from cooling towers of industries are an important source of Chromium (Augustynowicz et al. 2014;Balasaraswathi et al. 2017; Barbosa et al. 2007). ...
Abiotic stresses, which include high salt accumulation, drought, high temperature, heavy metal stress, light, lack of nutrients, radiation, and many others, pose a constant threat to plants living in an environment that is in a state of constant change. The productivity, as well as the quality of the crops, may be significantly reduced as a result of such stresses. It has been established that Cr is a human carcinogen that can enter the body of a person either through inhalation or the consumption of food products that are contaminated with Cr. Due to the hazardous consequences of the deposition of chromium in the environment, as well as the hazards that the metal may produce, both the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the United States Environmental Protection Agency categorize chromium as a major contaminant. As Cr is found in nature in several valence states, such as Cr3+ and Cr6+, it is possible to find it in several different valence states. Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal that is known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are especially harmful to vegetation and need to be controlled to safeguard species against osmotic damage caused by high concentrations of Cr. One of the most dangerous and enduring types of Cr in the soil is Cr6+. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced as a result of Chromium, as well as some cellular and metabolic processes can be disrupted. Researchers who study plant genetics and transcriptional control have discovered that when plants are under Cr stress, various genes involved in detoxification are up-regulated, which confers tolerance on the plants. The higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important indicator of the presence of such stresses at the molecular level. ROS are highly reactive in their natural state because they can interact with many different molecules and metabolites found within cells, which can ultimately result in irreversible metabolic dysfunction and death. As ROS were produced and scavenged in various structures of plant cells, the ROS-scavenging routes that arise from the various components of plant cells can also be integrated with the ROS-producing routes that are found in plant cells. New research on plants has demonstrated that extremely small concentrations of ROS may serve as chemical messengers and raise a plant’s sensitivity to abiotic and biotic stresses by regulating the activities of protective genes. Several studies have also demonstrated that plants with higher antioxidant levels, whether these antioxidants are inherent or induced, are more resilient to a range of environmental challenges. This phenomenon has been observed in both wild and cultivated plants. We aim to synthesise current findings on the role of ROS in abiotic stress tolerance in this chapter as well as the possible regulatory roles that ROS may play. In addition, We go over the improvements that have been made in the last several decades in terms of enhancing plants’ ability to withstand oxidative stress through the application of genetic engineering by various ROS detoxifying systems in plants.
... Besides its tensile strength and corrosion resistance, some other features attract its presence, as an adjunct during industrial processing. The ability of Cr salts to change colour at different concentrations is another aspect for its consideration as a colouring agent, during industrial requirements (Augustynowicz et al. 2020). The production and post-production processes released wastes, rich in Cr(VI) to surroundings and responsible for occurrence of soil pollution, directly or indirectly. ...
The chromium is a common ingredient of industrial products for providing tensile strength, corrosion inhibition and shining ability to metals. The overuse of chromium during industrial production is one of the factors responsible for rhizospheric soil chromium contamination and phytotoxicity. Billion dollars of chromite resources are present across the world. The chromite mining and release of hexavalent chromium from industrial refuges, augment the risk associated with rhizospheric soil chromium contamination. The hexavalent chromium is recognized by USEPA, as a hazardous metal. Selection of hyper-accumulators for operation of phytoremediation is a possible solution for this burning environmental problem. The hyperaccumulator, associated soil biota and available chromium, interactions in rhizospheric soil decides the fate of phytoremediation. The disposal of hyperaccumulators biomass used during phyto-remediation may have dire consequences but found to be sustainable, economical, and advantageous, as compared to possible physico-chemical processes. The present approach of biomass use, during rhizospheric remediation of chromium contaminated soil is gaining acceptance over the years. For process efficiency improvisation, it is required to optimize the operating conditions, during pilot and field scale applications. The successful operation of phytoremediation using selected chromium hyperaccumulators, at pilot and field stages of application could help in promoting the detoxification of environmental components like soil and minimization of adverse impacts of chromium on public health and environment. It is a step towards up-gradation of environmental quality and protection of living society on a sustainable basis.
... Best known for their phytoremediation abilities in the temperate zone are Elodea canadensis, Callitriche stagnalis, Potamogeton natans, and P. pectinatus. Free-floating and submerged macrophytes are used primarily for phytoremediation of common heavy metals and metalloids: Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, but also Cr, Ni (Augustynowicz et al., 2020;Delgado-Gonzales et al., 2021.) and U (Favas et al., 2014), and to a lesser extent, also for phytoremediation of organic compounds and textile dyes (Ansari et al., 2020). In emerging macrophytes, the root system develops in soil or sediment, while the upper part of the plant is above the water level. ...
A large part of the civilizational progress has been achieved at the expense of the natural environment, which recently reached the stages that threaten its creator. Plants play an important role in various areas of our lives, and it turned out that we can rely on them to reduce this threat. The ability of living organisms and the systems they create to protect and restore the environment is at the core of a technology called environmental biotechnology. Advances in science and technology have created a plant-based discipline known as phytoremediation. This technology allows us to remove or reduce the level of pollutants in our surroundings. We can phytoextract heavy metals from contaminated soil and water with the help of resistant plant species and recover noble metals and rare elements. When the soil or water is contaminated with organic compounds, we try to eliminate them completely with the help of plants and their microbiome. Phytoextraction from water is related to the accumulation of pollutants in water and sediments, in which macrophytes from all water groups participate, including free-floating submerged and emerged plants. The task of these plants, apart from the accumulation of metals or organic toxins, is also the uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen to prevent the eutrophication of water. In recent years, the quality of air has deteriorated. Nowadays, 90% of the population breathes air that does not meet WHO standards. It should be emphasized that in the case of outdoor air, there is no industrial system for removing pollutants. In fact, we can only count on nature: rainfall and plants. Indoor air is sometimes even more polluted than outside and, therefore, we should be safe in it with the help of plants that are able to create a refuge. Additionally, it fulfills biofilling desires and improves our mood.
... This phenomenon is probably caused by the fact that Cu and Zn are essential elements necessary for the proper growth of the examined species (Olivares et al. 2009;Nabi 2021). According to Augustynowicz et al. (2020) Callitriche absorbs Cr through the shoots. The concentration of ions in aquatic plants is usually at some equilibrium between uptake and leakage of accumulated metals back into water (Nyquist and Greger 2007). ...
... However, the same authors recommend this species also as an efficient Pb accumulator. The other discrepancy is the statement of Augustynowicz et al. (2020) that C. cophocarpa absorbs Cr by shoots with very low concentration factors for roots. Transfer of metals from roots to shoots was calculated to involve internal transport of these elements in C. cophocarpa (Table 5). ...
The anthropogenic impact of metals on aquatic environments is a risk for biota, and thus their levels must be controlled. Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn. belongs to a genus with a potential for accumulation of elevated metal levels. Thus, it may provide consolidated evidence of contamination. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in this species collected together with water and bottom sediments from rivers with various levels of pollution. Of these rivers, one less polluted and one more polluted was selected for the collection of C. cophocarpa for an experiment to compare its Cu and Zn concentration potential. Both metals were supplemented at concentrations 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.14 mg L⁻¹ of Cu as CuSO4 × 5H2O and 0.4, 0.6, 0,9, 1,35, 2.03 and 3.04 mg L⁻¹ of Zn as ZnSO4 × 7H2O, and in the binary design containing (mg·L⁻¹) 0.01Cu + 0.4Zn, 0.02Cu + 0.6Zn, 0.03Cu + 0.9Zn, 0.05Cu + 1.4Zn, 0.08Cu + 2.03 Zn and 0.14Cu + 3.04Zn. The upper concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn in C. cophocarpa shoots from both types of rivers as well as of Ni and Pb in shoots from more polluted rivers were higher than the values typical for toxicity thresholds with no visible harmful effects, which may indicate accumulation abilities of C. cophocarpa for these metals. Both roots and shoots of C. cophocarpa may be included in the group of macroconcentrators for bottom sediments with respect to Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn and deconcentrators of Pb. Greater accumulation of most metals in roots than in shoots indicates their restricted mobility and translocation by C. cophocarpa to shoots. C. cophocarpa from the less polluted river and exposed to all experimental solutions contained significantly higher levels of Cu and Zn than that from the more polluted river exposed to identical experimental solutions. The plants collected from the more polluted river influenced by surplus of metals and living under chemical stress could probably limit further accumulation by developing a resistance mechanism. Cu and Zn contents in C. cophocarpa were higher when treated with separate metals than for binary treatment both in the more and less polluted river. Such research presenting the impact of a combination of metals could be important for understanding and explaining the interactions of these elements which may influence their bioavailability in nature as well as importance in the evaluation of the risk of environmental toxicity.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-023-28372-5.
... The use of aquatic plant communities for the treatment of several types of effluents has been successfully exploited by domestic effluent (Mamine et al., 2019), dairy industry wastewater (Schwantes et al., 2019), and tannery effluent (Augustynowicz et al., 2020). However, the exposure of purifying plants to these pollutants leads to changes in cell homeostasis through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Nahar et al., 2017;Khaldi et al., 2019) such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and hydroxyl radicals ( − OH), which are highly reactive molecules with high oxidizing potential and have the property of attacking and altering the molecular components of the cell (Krayem et al., 2018). ...
Domestic liquid effluents, in the absence of treatment, constitute a risk to human health and represent a significant contribution to the general contamination of the environment, particularly aquatic environments. The most frequently encountered contaminants are detergents, pathogenic microorganisms, metals, organohalogen compounds, and drug residues. This work aims to study the fate evaluated the impact of raw wastewater from the Hannancha commune of the city of Souk Ahras (Northeast Algeria) and their effects on biochemical parameters and biomarkers antioxidant in the halophyte Typha latifolia, considered as a purifying organism, bioaccumulator and bioindicator of pollution. The experimental device is composed of four trays with a capacity of 40 L planted with young stems of Typha latifolia (with a density of eight plants/m2). The first, second, and third planted basins are kept for a treatment period of 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days, respectively. However, the fourth planted tray is taken as a control. The systems are fed with raw wastewater from the river of Medjerda. The evolution of chemical pollution translated by the presence of toxic heavy metals such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) with average contents varies from 0.001 to 0.78 mg.l−1. The study of the toxicity of these pollutants on the aquatic plant of the Typha latifolia species under the effect of different residence times (7, 4, and 21 days) allowed a significant increase in total sugars, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) to be observed in the organ studied (leaf). These results would testify to the initial biological response to the xenobiotics in the environment.Keywords
Typha latifolia
WastewaterEnvironmentPollutionBiochemicalBiomarkers
... Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn. (waterstarwort) sp., an outstanding Cr accumulator, was able to remove Cr under real-world conditions and was helpful in recovering Cr polluted sediments in controlled conditions (Augustynowicz et al., 2020). Another two plants-Phlomis and Carduus nutans showed 43.5 mg/kg and 55.4 mg/kg of Cd accumulation, respectively in a field study at the Gumuskoy mining area (Palutoglu et al., 2018). ...
As we progress farther into the industrial age of the twenty-first century, we see that many types of pollutants emitted into the air, water, and land are becoming increasingly burdensome to our environment. These pollutants have a major impact on humans, plants, and animals. Heavy metals are the most hazardous elements in our ecosystem since they are extremely harmful to the environment and continue to build up in our food chain. We must learn about the harmful consequences of heavy metals and work to reduce them using the most environmentally friendly methods feasible. This review discusses how bioremediation helps to reduce heavy metal concentrations in our ecosystem using biological agents, such as algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants. The paper also investigates various phytoremediation and microbial remediation mechanisms involved in metal detoxification or transformation into less toxic forms, which lower the adverse effects of heavy metals in animals, plants, and humans.
... Soils from the areas located along the southern border and in the latitudinal strip of land located in the central part of the voivodeship were assessed as strongly contaminated with Cr. The presence of chromium of anthropogenic origin in soils may be due to the large number of tanneries operating in this region (Augustynowicz et al. 2020). The northwestern region, bordering the heavily industrialized Silesia, and part of the Krakow area were characterized by the highest PI values calculated for Cd, Pb, and Zn. ...
Purpose
The aim of the study was the calculation of geochemical, ecological, and ecotoxicological indices for the assessment of risk resulting from the presence of trace metals in soil.
Methods
Around 320 soil points were determined for the tests by the regular square-grid method with a square side equal to 7.5 km. A total of 11 indices were used, including 6 geochemical indices, 1 index assessing potential ecological risk, and 4 indices assessing soil ecotoxicity.
Results
Two groups of elements were distinguished. The first one included Ni, Cr, and Cu. The calculated geochemical indices generally indicated their natural content and low degree of soil contamination with them and that the elements’ sources were connected with natural processes. The second group included Cd, Pb, and Zn. These elements occur in high concentrations in the studied area, which is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. However, contamination with these elements is heterogeneous in the Małopolska and generally observed in its northwestern part. PCA showed that Cd and Pb had the greatest effect on the degree of soil contamination and pose the greatest potential threat to the soil environment. Heterocypris incongruens proved to be a more sensitive indicator of soil ecotoxicity compared to plant tests. The potential ecological risk index and biotests indicated that most of the soil samples had low potential ecological risk and low ecotoxicity.
Conclusion
The key to the effective assessment of soil contamination with trace elements is the combined use of geochemical, ecological, and ecotoxicological indices, which allows comprehensive monitoring of soil quality.
... Aquatic plants can remove Cr(VI) from polluted waters by both external (surface adsorption and/or absorption) and internal (accumulation inside tissues) mechanisms (Augustynowicz et al. 2020). In this sense, chemical reactions such as Cr(VI) reduction and/or complexation with organic acids have also been reported (Espinoza-Quiñones et al. 2009;Gomes et al. 2017). ...
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is extremely toxic to plant cells and has been recognized to possess a high redox potential. Tolerant plant species have shown the ability to reduce Cr(VI), but the operating mechanism involved in this process is not elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of thiolic and phenolic compounds and thioredoxin expression during Cr(VI) reduction in S. minima. In addition, a probable enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) was investigated. Plants were exposed to 20 mg L⁻¹ Cr(VI) concentration during 7 days under controlled conditions. The amount of metal accumulated in lacinias (root-like submerged leaves) and fronds (floating leaves) indicated that a low percentage of absorbed Cr(VI) was mobilized from lacinias to fronds. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that Cr(III) was the only chromium species occurring in S. minima plants. Thiols and phenolics of lacinias and fronds were increased significantly by Cr(VI) treatment, but accumulation patterns were different. The expression of an h-type thioredoxin (Trx h) was demonstrated for the first time in Cr-exposed lacinias. Enzymatic reduction showed a low contribution to the Cr(VI) reduction. Data of this study provide evidences on the involvement of thiols, thioredoxin, and phenolics in the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in S. minima tissues.
... The highest Cr concentrations were recorded in roots of Diectomis fastigiata (2371 mg/kg dry matter) and shoots of Vernonia cinerea (5500 mg/kg dry matter) showing their Cr phytoremediation capability. Besides, Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn was introduced into the heavily polluted watershed with sediments to demonstrate its outstanding hyperaccumulation properties towards Cr [128]. ...
... Annual, herbaceous legume Hyper-accumulation [114] Plantaginaceae Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn. Water-submerged, macrophyte Hyper-accumulation [128] Poaceae Arundo donax L. Tall perennial cane Hyper-accumulation [126] Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf Evergreen, perennial grass Phyto-stabilizer [125] Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty Perennial, bunch-grass Hyper-accumulation [121] Diectomis fastigiata (Sw.) ...
Extensive industrial activities resulted in an increase in chromium (Cr) contamination in the environment. The toxicity of Cr severely affects plant growth and development. Cr is also recognized as a human carcinogen that enters the human body via inhalation or by consuming Cr-contaminated food products. Taking consideration of Cr enrichment in the environment and its toxic effects, US Environmental Protection Agency and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry listed Cr as a priority pollutant. In nature, Cr exists in various valence states, including Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is the most toxic and persistent form in soil. Plants uptake Cr through various transporters such as phosphate and sulfate transporters. Cr exerts its effect by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hampering various metabolic and physiological pathways. Studies on genetic and transcriptional regulation of plants have shown the various detoxification genes get up-regulated and confer tolerance in plants under Cr stress. In recent years, the ability of the plant to withstand Cr toxicity by accumulating Cr inside the plant has been recognized as one of the promising bioremediation methods for the Cr contaminated region. This review summarized the Cr occurrence and toxicity in plants, role of detoxification genes in Cr stress response, and various plants utilized for phytoremediation in Cr-contaminated regions.
