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... with the above-cited high-erucic species, Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) owns peculiar morphological traits, such as taller plants, smaller seeds and elongated leaves ( Figure 3). Its cultivation is widespread, especially in its native geographic area (India and Pakistan), due to some interesting agronomic characteristics (e.g., drought resistance) and the low incidence of pod shattering, which can significantly reduce yield losses. ...
Citations
... Consequently, the development of carinata cultivars with high erucic acid has become an important research focus in recent years due to the rising demands of the crop for various industrial applications. Some of the industrial applications of the crop include biofuel and feedstock for oleo-chemical industries, as slip agents for plastic film production, lubricants and detergents [6,[8][9][10][11]. ...
Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is currently one of the potential oilseeds dedicated to the production for biofuel and other bio-industrial applications. The crop is assumed to be native to Ethiopia where a number of diversified B. carinata germplasms are found and conserved ex situ. However, there is very limited information on the genetic diversity and population structure of the species. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of B. carinata genotypes of different origins using high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We used Brassica 90K Illumina InfiniumTM SNP array for genotyping 90 B. carinata genotypes, and a total of 11,499 informative SNP markers were used for investigating the population structure and genetic diversity. The structure analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PcoA) and neighbor-joining tree analysis clustered the 90 B. carinata genotypes into two distinct subpopulations (Pop1 and Pop2). The majority of accessions (65%) were clustered in Pop1, mainly obtained from Oromia and South West Ethiopian People (SWEP) regions. Pop2 constituted dominantly of breeding lines and varieties, implying target selection contributed to the formation of distinct populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a higher genetic variation (93%) within populations than between populations (7%), with low genetic differentiation (PhiPT = 0.07) and poor correlation between genetic and geographical distance (R = 0.02). This implies the presence of gene flow (Nm > 1) and weak geographical structure of accessions. Genetic diversity indices showed the presence of moderate genetic diversity in B. carinata populations with an average genetic diversity value (HE = 0.31) and polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.26). The findings of this study provide important and relevant information for future breeding and conservation efforts of B. carinata.
... The commonly found oilseeds around the world are soybean, rapeseed, canola, peanuts, sunflower, palm, mustard, carinata, jatropha, and cottonseeds. 12,18,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] The different types of oilseeds are broadly classified based on the edibility of the vegetable oils and byproducts produced from oilseeds, as edible and inedible. 12,33,34,[38][39][40][41] Soybean, corn, sunflower, canola, peanut, palm, and camelina are classified as edible vegetable oil, and carinata, pennycress, rapeseed, and jatropha are classified as inedible. ...
... 95 Carinata seed yield in the southern Europe is 2.5-3.6 metric tons per hectare (t/ha), which is a high seed yield for the Brassica family, to which carinata belongs. 35,105 Pennycress can be planted in winter in the USA while all the other oilseeds, including soybean, cottonseed, camelina, sunflower, canola, and carinata, are planted in the spring and are grown throughout summer. 49,106 Pennycress can be grown across the Midwestern USA region during the winter and can be harvested in late spring. ...
... Unsaturated fatty acids provide superior cold flow properties, high lubricity, and fire resistance to the fuels produced, which are desirable properties in fuels. 35 Unsaturation causes the molecules to bend and the intermolecular forces between the molecules become weaker as they are unable to pack tightly. This decreases the melting point of the compounds with unsaturated bonds improving the cold flow properties of the fuel. ...
Diesel and jet fuel contribute to ~22–27% and ~ 8–13% of the total energy used in the US transportation sector, producing ~25% and ~ 9% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from this sector, respectively. Biobased alternatives, such as biodiesel and renewable jet fuel (RJF) produced from oilseeds, have lower GHG emissions than their petroleum counterparts, are renewable in nature, and support energy security. Thus, the objective of this review was to analyze the information on different oilseed types and characteristics along with their production, harvest and post‐harvest operations; oilseeds conversion to biodiesel and RJF along with their properties and uses; and their cost and environmental status in the USA. More than 80% of the feedstock currently used for biodiesel production in the USA consists of edible oilseeds, including soybean, corn, and canola. Carinata and pennycress are inedible oilseeds that are promising feedstock for biodiesel and RJF production. The biodiesel and RJF produced from oilseeds have similar density, calorific value and cetane number while having lower acid value and sulfur content compared to their petroleum counterparts. At the current state of technology, the retail prices for biodiesel (B20) are 1.0–1.4 times, and RJF are 3–4 times higher than their petroleum counterparts. However, GHG emissions of oilseed‐based biodiesel and RJF are 37–92% and 32–121% lower than their petroleum counterparts, respectively. The economic competitiveness of oilseed‐based biofuels production and use could be improved by enhancing oilseed traits and optimizing field operations, which would further reduce the emissions from the transportation sector. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
... Erucic acid is considered as anti-nutritional for animals (Rajcan et al., 1999, Zitouni et al., 2016 and a potent inhibitor of mammalian vasculature and heart functions (Christophersen and Bremer, 1972). However it is a valuable industrial feedstock (Domergue et al., 1999;Kaushik and Agnihotri, 2000) with a large number of applications in the chemical industry thanks to its technological characteristics, such as high lubricity, cold stability and fire resistance (Merchaoui et al., 2016;Zanetti et al., 2012). Moreover, high erucic acid seed oils can be processed enzymatically to produce biodiesel (Nath et al., 2016;Tao and He, 2006 ...
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... Erucic acid is considered 249 as anti-nutritional for animals ( Rajcan et al., 1999, Zitouni et al., 2016) and a potent inhibitor of mammalian 250 vasculature and heart functions (Christophersen and Bremer, 1972). However it is a valuable industrial 251 feedstock ( Domergue et al., 1999;Kaushik and Agnihotri, 2000) with a large number of applications in the 252 chemical industry thanks to its technological characteristics, such as high lubricity, cold stability and fire 253 resistance ( Zanetti et al., 2012, Merchaoui et al., 2016. Moreover, high erucic acid seed oils can be 254 processed enzymatically to produce biodiesel ( Tao and He, 2006). ...
Agricultural intensification necessary for global food security as well as changes in temperature and precipitation patterns expected from climate change are likely to cause further deterioration irrigated lands in various part of the world. Salinization is spreading particularly in arid and semi-arid regions and urban sprawl is forcing agricultural production into marginal areas. Many salted marginal areas could support biomass production if halophytes able to tolerate high salinity were used. This chapter presents general data on Cakile maritima, a halophyte, concerning its ecological characteristics, diversity and distribution, adaptation to environment and its potential uses as medicinal plant, for oilseed production or phytoremediation. In a second part we present what have been uncovered in C. maritima in term of mechanisms and physiological adaptations to salinity when compared to other plants. Cakile maritima appears worthy of attention since it meets numerous criteria for being a good genetic model of halophyte. It has a small diploid genome, a short life cycle and produces large amount of seeds. Furthermore Cakile maritima represents a promising species owing its large geographical and ecological amplitude, its economic potential because of its ability to produce numerous secondary compounds and as an oilseed and energy crop. This renders the cultivation of this plant on salted marginal soil of practical significance in the context of the necessary development of biosaline agriculture in the future.
... For example, the varieties Belann and Belenzian, cultivated in the Po Valley or Padan Plain, northern Italy in the early 1990s, showed a good adaptability to this latitude, good yields (up to 3.2 ton/ha), short cultivation period (90-100 days), low seed dehiscence even at full maturity, optimal resistance to water shortage, and good resistance toward fungal, bacterial, and insect attacks (Fontana et al., 1998;Lazzeri et al., 1994). As a major source of erucic acid, the cultivation of crambe has recently been tested and recommended in southern Europe (Zanetti et al., 2012). ...
Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst), belonging to the family Brassicaceae, is an annual oilseed crop. Its seeds contain up to 38% oil and the main fatty acid in the seed oil is erucic acid with about 60%. Since erucic acid is an important feedstock in the oleochemical industry, mainly used as slip agent in plastic production, the natural high level of erucic acid in the seed oil makes crambe a suitable oilseed crop for industrial oil production. The interest in developing crambe into an industrial crop has been greatly increased in recent years in an effort to find out renewable oil sources for replacing the fossil oil. Crambe breeding was already carried out in Europe in 50s, but more progress was made in 70s with new cultivars released in US and in 90s in Netherlands. Genetic improvement of crambe using modern breeding tools started in recent years and a considerable progress has been made in altering the fatty acid composition of the seed oil by using the gene technology. With help of modern breeding tools it is possible to develop this dedicated oilseed crop into an efficient industrial crop platform with different oil qualities in a near future.
... Crucifer species are characterised by extensive morphological diversity and ability to adapt to a wide range of habitats and growing environments. Brassicaceae are the most interesting botanical family for producing erucic acid, due to the large number of suitable species and varieties, providing on their own the whole amount of erucic acid needed worldwide (Zanetti et al., 2012). Recently, there has been strong pressure from agricultural and industrial lobbies to develop very high-erucic-acid rapeseed varieties adapted to non-food use (Taylor et al., 2010), firstly, to absorb crop surpluses and reduce "set aside" development and secondly, to reduce the dependence on finite fossil oils (Norton, Harris, 1983). ...
A total of 56 seed samples of five spontaneus Brassicaceae species - flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.), wallflower mustard (Erysimum cheiranthoides L.), fanweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), sea rocket (Cakile baltica Jord. ex Pobed.) and garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.)) were collected in different regions of Lithuania. The samples were sown in autumn (2008-2009) and spring (2009-2010) in the fields of Experimental Station of Lithuanian University of Agriculture on a Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol (LVg-p-w-cc). Phenological observations and assessment of productivity parameters were performed. All the investigated autumn-sown species, except for T. arvense, produced higher stems and surpassed spring-sown plants in productivity parameters. Meanwhile, for T. arvense the weather conditions had greater influence than sowing time. The most stable parameters for the study period were the amount of oil in seeds (V = 6.3-11.3) and the number of silicles per inflorescence (V = 20.7- 43.2). The most unstable parameters were the number of inflorescences (V = 30.93-94.4) and seed yield per plant (V = 16.5-135.0). D. sophia (6.4 ± 0.9 g) exhibited the highest single plant productivity and stability of features. Among the studied species E. cheiranthoides distinguished itself by the highest (37.8 ± 2.6% DM (dry mass) and the most stable (V = 6.9) oil content in the seeds.
... The actual world need for seeds containing erucic acid is not very large, about 100,000-120,000 tons, but the positive trend observed in the last few years should allow significant extension of cultivation of erucic-acid-rich crops. This implies that studies on the adaptation of species containing erucic acid in various environments are essential (Zanetti et al., 2012). Erucic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid (C22:1) with a large number of applications in the chemical industry because it confers desirable technological characteristics, such as high lubricity, cold stability and fire resistance, on oils and derived compounds (Zanetti et al., 2012). ...
... This implies that studies on the adaptation of species containing erucic acid in various environments are essential (Zanetti et al., 2012). Erucic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid (C22:1) with a large number of applications in the chemical industry because it confers desirable technological characteristics, such as high lubricity, cold stability and fire resistance, on oils and derived compounds (Zanetti et al., 2012). The use of erucic acid in industry (green chemistry) has been increasing considerably in the last 10 years (Zanetti et al., 2009). ...
Metabolic engineering enables oilseed crops to be more competitive by having more attractive properties for oleochemical industrial applications. The aim of this study was to increase the erucic acid level and to produce wax ester (WE) in seed oil by genetic transformation to enhance the industrial applications of B. carinata. Six transgenic lines for high erucic acid and fifteen transgenic lines for wax esters were obtained. The integration of the target genes for high erucic acid (BnFAE1 and LdPLAAT) and for WEs (ScWS and ScFAR) in the genome of B. carinata cv. ‘Derash’ was confirmed by PCR analysis. The qRT-PCR results showed overexpression of BnFAE1 and LdPLAAT and downregulation of RNAi-BcFAD2 in the seeds of the transgenic lines. The fatty acid profile and WE content and profile in the seed oil of the transgenic lines and wild type grown in biotron were analyzed using gas chromatography and nanoelectrospray coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A significant increase in erucic acid was observed in some transgenic lines ranging from 19% to 29% in relation to the wild type, with a level of erucic acid reaching up to 52.7%. Likewise, the transgenic lines harboring ScFAR and ScWS genes produced up to 25% WE content, and the most abundant WE species were 22:1/20:1 and 22:1/22:1. This study demonstrated that metabolic engineering is an effective biotechnological approach for developing B. carinata into an industrial crop.
