Experimental method. (A) Stranger hand massages performed at 360° roll per 1 s for 3 min. (B-a and -b) 89 Hz and 9.8 μm amplitude vibrotactile stimulation. (C-a) Thermometers on the facial skin, electrodes of electrocardiogram (ECG), and electrical poles of functional near-infrared spectroscopy ( fNIRS) in the frontal cortex and the position of electrodes of ECG. (C-b) Photograph of electrical poles of fNIRS and thermistors. (D) The position of cotton rolls into the intraoral cavity. Cotton rolls under the tongue were recorded salivations of the submandibular and lingual glands and cotton rolls on the buccal mucosa of the upper jaw were recorded salivations of the parotid glands.

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... massage is not able to treat patients with handicap and cerebral apoplexy. So, we focused at the exercise for 3 minutes and stranger massage (hand massage), as shown in Figure 1A. ...

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... a stranger massage (a light touch and paratripsis massage) of the facial skin, we performed a rotation every second to increase the temperature of the skin and thus boost local blood circulation and improve the metabolism of the parotid glands and around the facial skin ( Figure 1B). ...

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... of 89 Hz frequency and 9.8 μm amplitude vibrotactile stimulation was chosen by data of the previous papers [1,[5][6][7][8], as shown in Figure 1B-a, -b. We tried three vibrotactile stimuli, (89, 114, and 180 Hz, and others all of 9.8 μm amplitude), and the best salivation was 89 Hz frequency in comparison with others, as shown in Figure 2. ...

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... skin temperature was measured by thermistor-pots (BioResarch Co.) located on the facial skin of parotid glands of both sides with adhesive tape, as shown in Figure 1C-a, -b. We recorded the temperature through the experiment and analyzed 3 min from start to finish during resting phase, 3 min from start to finish during stranger hand massage, and 15 min from start to finish during the vibrotactile stimulation. ...

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... electrocardiogram (ECG) recording was induced by the standard limb lead. The heart rate was measured by the RR interval rate (time between R and R) and was analyzed by the variance plot and frequency distribution, as shown in Figure 1C-a. On the other hand, in the distribution of frequency measured by RR interval rate, we decided a mean RR interval value in order to show almost monomodal peaks [9]. ...

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... mouths of each subject were fitted with rolls of cotton placed on both sides of the mouth at the following sites on the duct openings of the parotid glands of the buccal mucosa near the second upper molar teeth, and under the tongue to collect saliva from the sublingual and submandibular glands for a measurement of total salivation, as shown in Figure 1D. The total salivations indicate the sum of four cotton rolls (both sides of parotid, and submandibular and sublingual glands), as shown in Figure 1D. ...

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... mouths of each subject were fitted with rolls of cotton placed on both sides of the mouth at the following sites on the duct openings of the parotid glands of the buccal mucosa near the second upper molar teeth, and under the tongue to collect saliva from the sublingual and submandibular glands for a measurement of total salivation, as shown in Figure 1D. The total salivations indicate the sum of four cotton rolls (both sides of parotid, and submandibular and sublingual glands), as shown in Figure 1D. We measured the resting salivation for 3 min and after a relaxing interval of a minute, we did stranger hand massages salivation for 3 min again. ...

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... recording was conducted using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) OEG16 instrument (SpectraTech, Inc., Shelton, CT, USA) from the frontal cortex. As shown in Figure 1C-a, -b, the fNIRS probe assembly consisted of six LEDs as light sources, each of which emitted two kind of wavelengths, 770 and 840 nm, and six photodiodes as detectors. The sources and detectors were symmetrically arranged in an area of 3.0-14.0 ...

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... of the LEDs was turned on in sequence, and the diffuse NIR light from each source was acquired through the cortical region at the nearest detector. Thus, 16 source-detector pairs (channels) in total were measured ( Figure 1C-a, -b). The sampling rate across all 16 channels was 0.76 Hz. ...

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... the other hand, the apparatus of 89 Hz frequency and 9.8 μm amplitude vibrotactile stimulation was chosen by data of the previous papers [1,[5][6][7][8], as shown in Figure 1. This vibrotactile stimulation was the best salivation in comparison with others, as shown in Figure 2. In the resting phase, facial skin temperature showed about 32°C. ...