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Exogenous trehalose treatment affects expression of hormone-responsive tomato defense genes, and trehalose-mediated disease resistance is partially regulated by salicylic acid signaling. Effects of trehalose treatment on expression of diverse defense genes in Bonny Best tomato stems, determined by qRT-PCR at A) 6 h and B) 48 h after trehalose treatment at the roots (one-sample t-test to a hypothetical mean of 1.0 where 1.0 = no difference in expression; asterisks: � , P = .01-.05; �� , P = .001-.01; ��� , P = .0001-.001; ���� , P < .0001). Expression levels are shown as fold-change relative to those in mock (water)-treated plants. Data represent three biological replicates per time point, each containing five plants per treatment. Bars represent standard deviation. C) Wilt disease progress following R. solanacearum inoculation of water-or trehalose-treated NeverRipe ET-insensitive tomatoes and their parent cultivar 'Pearson' (one-way ANOVA of Area Under the Curve or AUC; 'Pearson' H 2 0 vs. NeverRipe H 2 0, P = .91; 'Pearson' tre vs. NeverRipe tre, P = .98). D) Wilt disease progress following R. solanacearum inoculation of water-or trehalose-treated SA-insensitive NahG over-expressing plants and their parent cv. Moneymaker (one-way ANOVA of AUC, Moneymaker H 2 0 control vs. NahG H 2 0 control, P = .74; Moneymaker tre vs. NahG tre, P = .04). For C) and D) plants were treated at the roots with trehalose, then inoculated with R. solanacearum via soil drenching 48 h later. Data represent three biological replicates, each containing 15 plants/treatment (45 plants total). Bars represent standard error.
Source publication
Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease, leading to severe crop losses. Xylem sap from R. solanacearum-infected tomato is enriched in the disaccharide trehalose. Water-stressed plants also accumulate trehalose, which increases drought tolerance via abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Because R. solanacearum-infected plants suffer reduced wa...
Contexts in source publication
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... measured expression of two JA-responsive genes, PIN2 and LOXA [60,61]. PIN2 was significantly downregulated 6 h after trehalose treatment (Fig 5A), suggesting JA levels may have been affected by trehalose treatment, while LOXA expression did not change after trehalose treatment. GLUA, PR1A, and PR1B are tomato pathogenesis-related (PR) genes induced by SA and by pathogen challenge [62][63][64]. ...
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... PR1A, and PR1B are tomato pathogenesis-related (PR) genes induced by SA and by pathogen challenge [62][63][64]. Both GLUA and PR1A were expressed 10-fold more in trehalose-treated plants compared to water controls 6 h after treatment ( Fig 5A) and their expression increased to over 100-fold at 48 h (Fig 5B). PR1B and OSM, which respond to the defense hormone ethylene (ET), were also significantly upregulated 48 h after trehalose treatment [62,65]. ...
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... PR1A, and PR1B are tomato pathogenesis-related (PR) genes induced by SA and by pathogen challenge [62][63][64]. Both GLUA and PR1A were expressed 10-fold more in trehalose-treated plants compared to water controls 6 h after treatment ( Fig 5A) and their expression increased to over 100-fold at 48 h (Fig 5B). PR1B and OSM, which respond to the defense hormone ethylene (ET), were also significantly upregulated 48 h after trehalose treatment [62,65]. ...
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... and OSM, which respond to the defense hormone ethylene (ET), were also significantly upregulated 48 h after trehalose treatment [62,65]. The ET synthesis gene ACO5 was also 10-fold more highly expressed compared to water controls 6 and 48 h after trehalose treatment (Fig 5A and 5B) [66]. Transcripts of the ABA-responsive genes RD22 and DHN_TAS were slightly but significantly upregulated 48 h after trehalose treatment, possibly in response to the increased levels of ABA in xylem sap shown in Fig 5B [67][68][69]. ...
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... Best, trehalose treatment increased bacterial wilt resistance of Pearson and Moneymaker plants. Trehalose also increased bacterial wilt resistance of both the NeverRipe and NahG plants compared to untreated controls (Fig 5C and 5D). However, trehalose-mediated bacterial wilt resistance does not require ET perception Exogenous trehalose treatment affects expression of hormone-responsive tomato defense genes, and trehalose-mediated disease resistance is partially regulated by salicylic acid signaling. ...
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... plant hormone SA, which mediates resistance to R. solanacearum in many systems, is also necessary for induction of plant innate immunity and activation of systemic acquired resistance [66,[107][108][109][110][111]. We found SA-responsive tomato defense genes were highly upregulated 6 and 48 h after trehalose treatment (Fig 5A and 5B). These same genes are upregulated in diseased tomato plants following R. solanacearum soil soak infection, suggesting trehalose treatment activates SA-mediated resistance pathways that could affect R. solanacearum infection [112]. ...
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... treatment increased wilt resistance of SA-degrading NahG tomato plants, but not of the parental Moneymaker cultivar (Fig 5D). There are several possible explanations for this result. ...
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... is involved in R. solanacearum-host interactions and ET-responsive defense genes were upregulated at 6 and 48 h post trehalose treatment (Fig 5A and 5B). Interestingly, ET and JA signaling-responsive defense-related genes were downregulated in tomatoes with silenced SlTPS3, 4, and 7 [51]. ...
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... ET and JA signaling-responsive defense-related genes were downregulated in tomatoes with silenced SlTPS3, 4, and 7 [51]. However, ET-insensitive NeverRipe tomatoes were neither more nor less resistant to R. solanacearum than wild type after trehalose treatment (Fig 5C). Treatment with a biocontrol strain of the oomycete Pythium enhanced resistance to R. solanacearum in NahG tomatoes, but not in a JA mutant [116]. ...
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... instance, an Arabidopsis mutant impaired in secondary wall deposition had higher SA concentrations in the root and increased resistance to R. solanacearum infection, possibly through vascular immunity [120]. Taken together, the increased SA levels in xylem sap (Fig 6A), the increased expression of SA-dependent defense genes (Fig 5A and 5B), and the trehalose-dependent NahG resistance phenotype (Fig 5D) suggest that the protective effect of trehalose requires systemic resistance induced via SA. ...
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... instance, an Arabidopsis mutant impaired in secondary wall deposition had higher SA concentrations in the root and increased resistance to R. solanacearum infection, possibly through vascular immunity [120]. Taken together, the increased SA levels in xylem sap (Fig 6A), the increased expression of SA-dependent defense genes (Fig 5A and 5B), and the trehalose-dependent NahG resistance phenotype (Fig 5D) suggest that the protective effect of trehalose requires systemic resistance induced via SA. ...
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... JA-mediated plant defense responses are often antagonistic [122,123]. Our gene expression analysis followed this pattern; at 6 h post trehalose treatment JA-responsive pin2 was downregulated, while SA-responsive PR1b and gluA were upregulated (Fig 5A). Roots of wilt resistant Hawaii7996 tomatoes displayed a similar gene expression profile 24 h after R. solanacearum infection [57]. ...
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... systemic resistance response to DAMPs, mechanical wounding, or pathogen challenge typically involves accumulation of SA, JA, and defense oxylipins, and increased expression of SA, JA, and ETresponsive defense genes [70,75,124,137]. Consistent with this definition, we found that treating tomato roots with trehalose increased SA, JA, and defense oxylipins (Fig 6), and upregulated SA, JA, and ET defense genes (Fig 5A and 5B). Our finding adds to the growing evidence that sugars, specifically trehalose, contribute to plant innate immunity [138]. ...
Citations
... It has been verified as a stress protectant, defense priming, and immunity inducer in various organisms (Lunn et al. 2014). Trehalose is synthesized through a phosphorylated intermediate, trehalose 6-phosphate, which acts as a Suc availability signal to maintain the Suc and starch concentration (MacIntyre et al. 2022). Trehalose feeding improved the wheat defenses against the powdery mildew by eliciting expressions of the pathogen-related (PR) and anti-oxidative enzyme genes (Tayeh et al. 2014). ...
Advances in carbohydrate metabolism prompted its essential role in defense priming and sweet immunity during plant-pathogen interactions. Nevertheless, upstream responding enzymes in the sucrose metabolic pathway and associated carbohydrate derivatives underlying fungal pathogen challenges remain to be deciphered in Populus, a model tree species. In silico deduction of genomic features, including phylogenies, exon/intron distributions, cis-regulatory elements, and chromosomal localization, identified 59 enzyme genes (11 families) in the Populus genome. Spatiotemporal expression of the transcriptome and the quantitative real-time PCR revealed a minuscule number of isogenes that were predominantly expressed in roots. Upon the pathogenic Fusarium solani (Fs) exposure, dynamic changes in the transcriptomics atlas and experimental evaluation verified Susy (PtSusy2 and 3), CWI (PtCWI3), VI (PtVI2), HK (PtHK6), FK (PtFK6), and UGPase (PtUGP2) families, displaying promotions in their expressions at 48 and 72 h of post-inoculation (hpi). Using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based non-targeted metabolomics combined with a high-performance ion chromatography system (HPICS), approximately 307 metabolites (13 categories) were annotated that led to the quantification of 46 carbohydrates, showing marked changes between three compared groups. By contrast, some sugars (e.g., sorbitol, L-arabitol, trehalose, and galacturonic acid) exhibited a higher accumulation at 72 hpi than 0 hpi, while levels of α-lactose and glucose decreased, facilitating them as potential signaling molecules. The systematic overview of multi-omics approaches to dissect the effects of Fs infection provides theoretical cues for understanding defense immunity depending on fine-tuned Suc metabolic gene clusters and synergistically linked carbohydrate pools in trees.
... Choudhary and Senthil-Kumar (2022) have reported that moderate drought stress enhances the susceptibility of A. thaliana plants to P. syringae infection by antagonistically modulating the transcription factors and regulating the production of salicylic acid and abscisic acid under combined stress. The drought-associated genes involved in trehalose metabolism and abscisic acid signaling were differentially expressed to improve the tolerance in R. solanacearum-infected S. lycopersicum plants (MacIntyre et al., 2022). Pal et al. (2022) also demonstrated that multi-stress tolerance genes have improved the stress tolerance for combined drought stress and bacterial leaf blight-causing Xanthomonas oryzae pathogen in Oryzae sativa. ...
... Our experiments confirmed that salt stress made plants adapt to the stressed environ ment by synthesizing soluble substances (48,49). Our study showed that Tre treatment increased soluble protein content efficiently under salt stress, indicating that Tre is the exogenous stimulant that increases stress resistance by improving the efficiency of water use in plants (50). As one of the important substances regulating osmosis, soluble protein also participates in the regulation of plant water. ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could establish symbiosis with plant roots, which enhances plant resistance to various stresses, including drought stress and salt stress. Besides AMF, chemical stimulants such as trehalose (Tre) can also play an important role in helping plants alleviate damage of adversity. However, the mechanism of the effect of AMF combined with chemicals on plant stress resistance is unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the synergistic effects of Claroideoglomus etunicatum AMF and exogenous Tre on the antioxidant system, osmoregulation, and resistance-protective substance in plants in response to salt stress. Tomato seedlings were inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum and combined with exogenous Tre in a greenhouse aseptic soil cultivation experiment. We measured the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont development, organic matter content, and antioxidant enzyme activity in tomato seedlings. Both AMF and Tre improved the synthesis of chlorophyll content in tomato seedlings; regulated the osmotic substance including soluble sugars, soluble protein, and proline of plants; and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. The combination of AMF and Tre also reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde and alleviated the damage of harmful substances to plant cells in tomato seedlings. We studied the effects of AMF combined with extraneous Tre on salt tolerance in tomato seedlings, and the results showed that the synergistic treatment of AMF and Tre was more efficient than the effects of AMF inoculation or Tre spraying separately by regulating host substance synthesis, osmosis, and antioxidant enzymes. Our results indicated that the synergistic effects of AMF and Tre increased the plant adaptability against salt damage by enhancing cell osmotic protection and cell antioxidant capacity.
IMPORTANCE
AMF improve the plant adaptability to salt resistance by increasing mineral absorption and reducing the damage of saline soil. Trehalose plays an important role in plant response to salt damage by regulating osmotic pressure. Together, the use of AMF and trehalose in tomato seedlings proved efficient in regulating host substance synthesis, osmosis, and antioxidant enzymes. These synergistic effects significantly improved seedling adaptability to salt stress by enhancing cell osmotic protection and cell antioxidant capacity, ultimately reducing losses to crops grown on land where salinization has occurred.
... Trehalose plays a crucial role in abiotic stress response in plants, and studies have shown that overexpression of OsTPS1 increases trehalose concentration and enhances rice tolerance to cold, salt, and drought stress [78]. In addition, trehalose contributes to resistance against bacterial wilt disease in tomatoes [79]. MSTRG.17424.2 was identified as a target of the upregulated osa-miR1846 family miRNAs, osa-miR1846a-5p and osa-miR1846b-5p. ...
... Another protein of interest is OsTPS1, a trehalose synthase that regulates the biosynthesis of trehalose. Trehalose is known to contribute to plants' stress response and disease resistance [78,79]. In our study, we observed the up-regulation of OsTPS1 in the OsRpp30-OE samples, and its regulation involved both the miRNA osa-miR171d-5p and the lncRNA MSTRG.16012.6. ...
Background
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in various biological processes in plants. Extensive studies utilizing high-throughput RNA sequencing have revealed that many lncRNAs are involved in plant disease resistance. Oryza sativa RNase P protein 30 ( OsRpp30 ) has been identified as a positive regulator of rice immunity against fungal and bacterial pathogens. Nevertheless, the specific functions of lncRNAs in relation to OsRpp30-mediated disease resistance in rice remain elusive.
Results
We conducted a comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs expression patterns in wild type (WT), OsRpp30 overexpression (OsRpp30-OE), and OsRpp30 knockout (OsRpp30-KO) rice plants. In total, we identified 91 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), 1671 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), and 41 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) across the different rice lines. To gain further insights, we investigated the interaction between DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs, leading to the discovery of 10 trans- and 27 cis- targeting pairs specific to the OsRpp30-OE and OsRpp30-KO samples. In addition, we constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network comprising differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs to elucidate their intricate interplay in rice disease resistance. The ceRNA network analysis uncovered a set of gene targets regulated by lncRNAs and miRNAs, which were found to be involved in pathogen recognition, hormone pathways, transcription factor activation, and other biological processes related to plant immunity.
Conclusions
Our study provides a comprehensive expression profiling of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in a collection of defense mutants in rice. To decipher the putative functional significance of lncRNAs, we constructed trans- and cis- targeting networks involving differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, as well as a ceRNA network incorporating differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. Together, the findings from this study provide compelling evidence supporting the pivotal roles of lncRNAs in OsRpp30-mediated disease resistance in rice.
... Restricting nutrient supply to pathogens by targeting sugar transporters can effectively inhibit pathogen growth under combined stresses. Similarly, focusing on signaling pathways involved in the metabolism of osmoregulators such as proline, putrescine, and trehalose can strengthen defense against combined stress (MacIntyre et al., 2022). Proline, in particular, has emerged as a critical metabolite that protects plants against various stresses. ...
... Exogenous application of trehalose, which is also induced under several abiotic stress conditions in plants, has been shown to increase resistance to R. solanacearum infection in tomatoes (MacIntyre et al., 2022). Another promising area to explore is the plant antioxidant defense, as many abiotic stresses induce ROS production, which can reduce pathogen multiplication (Ramegowda et al., 2013). ...
Combined abiotic and biotic stresses modify plant defense signaling, leading to either the activation or suppression of defense responses. Although the majority of combined abiotic and biotic stresses reduce plant fitness, certain abiotic stresses reduce the severity of pathogen infection in plants. Remarkably, certain pathogens also improve the tolerance of some plants to a few abiotic stresses. While considerable research focuses on the detrimental impact of combined stresses on plants, the upside of combined stress remains hidden. This review succinctly discusses the interactions between abiotic stresses and pathogen infection that benefit plant fitness. Here, we discuss various factors that govern the positive influence of combined abiotic stress and pathogen infection on plant performance. We also provide a brief overview of the role of pathogens, mainly viruses, in improving plant responses to abiotic stresses. We further highlight the critical nodes in defense signaling that guide plant responses during abiotic stress towards enhanced resistance to pathogens. Studies on antagonistic interactions between abiotic and biotic stressors can uncover candidates in host plant defense that may shield plants from combined stresses.
... Recently, Gerlin et al. (2021) found that the loss of water observed during infection by R. solanacearum was in a range similar to what was observed during drought in tomato (Gerlin et al., 2021). This supports the findings that bacterial wilt can induce significant drought stress in plants (Gerlin et al., 2021;MacIntyre et al., 2022;Xu et al., 2022). Interestingly, a recent study by Shi et al. (2022) showed that the CaPti1-CaERF3 module positively regulates the resistance of pepper to bacterial wilt disease by coupling enhanced immunity and tolerance to dehydration, suggesting that both plant immunity and tolerance to dehydration could contribute to disease resistance. ...
... R. solanacearum colonizes the root cortex to reach the vasculature and spreads by xylem vessels, which eventually causes the plant to wilt by blocking water uptake (Mansfield et al., 2012). Recent studies showed that the loss of water observed in the plant during R. solanacearum infection was similar to what was observed during drought stress to some extent (Gerlin et al., 2021;Shi et al., 2022), and bacterial wilt seems to physiologically mimic drought stress (MacIntyre et al., 2022). Thus, the tolerance of plants to dehydration may contribute to or at least be associated with its resistance to bacterial wilt. ...
... Petiole inoculations were performed as previously described (MacIntyre et al., 2022). To describe briefly, a true leaf of each pepper plant was removed and 2000 bacterial cells in 10 ll of water were slowly pipetted onto the cut petiole (MacIntyre et al., 2022). ...
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to defend against invasion by pathogens. In response, pathogens deploy copious effectors to evade the immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms used by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity remain unclear. Herein, we report that an effector secreted by Ralstonia solanacearum , RipAK, modulates the transcriptional activity of the ethylene‐responsive factor ERF098 to suppress immunity and dehydration tolerance, which causes bacterial wilt in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Silencing ERF098 enhances the resistance of pepper plants to R. solanacearum infection not only by inhibiting the host colonization of R. solanacearum but also by increasing the immunity and tolerance of pepper plants to dehydration and including the closure of stomata to reduce the loss of water in an abscisic acid signal‐dependent manner. In contrast, the ectopic expression of ERF098 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances wilt disease. We also show that RipAK targets and inhibits the ERF098 homodimerization to repress the expression of salicylic acid‐dependent PR1 and dehydration tolerance‐related OSR1 and OSM1 by cis ‐elements in their promoters. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism used by the R. solanacearum effector RipAK to increase virulence by specifically inhibiting the homodimerization of ERF098 and reprogramming the transcription of PR1 , OSR1 , and OSM1 to boost susceptibility and dehydration sensitivity. Thus, our study sheds light on a previously unidentified strategy by which a pathogen simultaneously suppresses plant immunity and tolerance to dehydration by secreting an effector to interfere with the activity of a transcription factor and manipulate plant transcriptional programs.
... Silicon application in tomatoes can increase the activities of peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the contents of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), leading to lignin deposition that can alleviate the harm of bacterial wilt [10]. Treatment with seaweed polysaccharides increases the content of JA in the xylem of tomato and enhances the resistance against bacterial wilt, which may be related to the damageassociated molecular pattern reaction pathway [11]. L-arabinose could reduce the damage of bacterial wilt on tomatoes by upregulating the defence genes related to SA and ethylene responses, such as PR-1a/GLUa/OLP, in tomato plants [12]. ...
... Silicon application in tomatoes can increase the activities of peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the contents of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), leading to lignin deposition that can alleviate the harm of bacterial wilt [10]. Treatment with seaweed polysaccharides increases the content of JA in the xylem of tomato and enhances the resistance against bacterial wilt, which may be related to the damage-associated molecular pattern reaction pathway [11]. L-arabinose could reduce the damage of bacterial wilt on tomatoes by upregulating the defence genes related to SA and ethylene responses, such as PR-1a/GLUa/OLP, in tomato plants [12]. ...
... POD is involved in the final step of lignin biosynthesis. MacIntyre et al. (2022) [11] showed that seaweed polysaccharides could induce an increase in PAL and POD activities in tomato seedlings, resulting in an increase in lignin content and the enhancement of bacterial wilt resistance. In this study, we found that the expression of SlPAL, Sl4CL, and SlCHI1 in tomato roots was upregulated after day 1 of cis-abienol treatment, and the activities of PAL, POD, and PPO increased within 1-6 days after treatment. ...
Bacterial wilt negatively impacts the yield and quality of tomatoes. cis-Abienol, a labdane diterpenoid abundantly produced in the trichome secretion of Nicotiana spp., can induce bacterial wilt resistance in plants; however, study on its practical application and acting mechanism is very limited. This study established the application conditions of cis-abienol for inducing tomato bacterial wilt resistance by pot-inoculation experiments and investigated the underlying mechanism by determining the physio-biochemical indexes and transcriptomic changes. The results showed that applying cis-abienol to the roots was the most effective approach for inducing tomato bacterial wilt resistance. The optimal concentration was 60 μg/mL, and 2-3 consecutive applications with 3-6 days intervals were sufficient to induce the bacterial wilt resistance of tomato plants. cis-Abienol could enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity and stimulate the defensive signal transduction in tomato roots, leading to the upregulation of genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. It also upregulated the expression of JAZ genes and increased the content of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), which control the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and the content of phytoalexins in tomato roots. cis-Abienol-induced resistance mainly depends on the JA signalling pathway, and the SA signalling pathway is also involved in this process. This study established the feasibility of applying the plant-derived terpenoid cis-abienol to induce plant bacterial wilt resistance, which is of great value for developing eco-friendly bactericides.
... Trehalose, a sugar consisting of two glucose molecules, functions as an osmoprotectant and plays a protective role against different adverse environmental conditions in both plants and animals [63]. It has also been implicated in the regulation of stomatal movement and water use efficiency in higher plants. ...
Sweet potato is one of the most economically important crops for addressing global food security and climate change issues, especially under conditions of extensive agriculture, such as those found in developing countries. However, osmotic stress negatively impacts the agronomic and economic productivity of sweet potato cultivation by inducing several morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes. Plants employ many signaling pathways to respond to water stress by modifying their growth patterns, activating antioxidants, accumulating suitable solutes and chaperones, and making stress proteins. These physiological, metabolic, and genetic modifications can be employed as the best indicators for choosing drought-tolerant genotypes. The main objective of sweet potato breeding in many regions of the world, especially those affected by drought, is to obtain varieties that combine drought tolerance with high yields. In this regard, the study of the physiological and biochemical features of certain varieties is important for the implementation of drought resistance measures. Adapted genotypes can be selected and improved for particular growing conditions by using suitable tools and drought tolerance-related selection criteria. By regulating genetics in this way, the creation of drought-resistant varieties may become cost-effective for smallholder farmers. This review focuses on the drought tolerance mechanisms of sweet potato, the effects of drought stress on its productivity, its crop management strategies for drought mitigation, traditional and molecular sweet potato breeding methods for drought tolerance, and the use of biotechnological methods to increase the tolerance of sweet potato to drought.
... Extreme weather patterns brought on by climatic changes may predispose crops to damage and increase their vulnerability (Pörtner et al., 2022). For example, drought-like circumstances may increase the prevalence of bacterial and fungal wilt (MacIntyre et al., 2022). By raising CO 2 In the atmosphere, diseases caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum may thrive in more favorable environments. ...
Climate change is predicted to have a significant impact on the geographic distribution of various flora, fauna, and insect species by expanding, contracting, or shifting their suitable climate environment. The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium is known for causing crop diseases like blight, root and stem rots, and wilts, making it the most significant mycotoxigenic genus in weeds and food across various climatic zones worldwide. In this study, we hypothesize that crop diseases caused by Fusarium spp. will increase across all four corners of the world by 2050 and 2070 in response to future climate conditions. A series of correlative species distribution models (SDMs), including a generalized linear model (GLM), maximum entropy (MaxEnt), generalized boosting model (GBM), and surface range envelope, were employed to project and compare how the niche of Fusarium spp. will change from the present time to 2050 and 2070 under two Climate Change Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) of 8.5 and 4.5 (scenarios of high and low greenhouse gas emissions, respectively). Our approach (the ensemble predictions of 4 SDMs) minimizes the uncertainty (differences) of the projection results from each one of the models. The findings of this study have global implications because Fusarium spp. are associated with host species that are present on major continents such as Asia, Europe, Australia, and North and South America. The information gathered could be beneficial to farmers and planners when creating strategies to prevent the proliferation of Fusarium spp. as well as calculating the expenses associated with using pesticides to minimize contamination and increase yields.
... The transgenic A. thaliana plants overexpressing AtTPS1 showed the accumulation of trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate controlling the ABA signalling genes (Avonce et al. 2004). Further, the hormonal homeostasis of jasmonic acid and ABA are known to be regulated by trehalose during drought stress conditions (Yu et al. 2019;MacIntyre et al. 2022). To investigate further the role of trehalose in activating stress defense, the regulation of stress-responsive genes by trehalose was analyzed. ...
... The higher RWC levels in leaves of trehalose-treated plants subjected to DH and DL stress hints at the trehalose-mediated regulation of transpiration in plants. This is consistent with the results of drought-stressed tomato plants where the days taken for the wilting of the plants treated with 30 mM trehalose considerably increased with the lower transpiration rate and stomatal conductance compared to control plants (MacIntyre et al. 2022). The DH and DL plants subjected to rehydration showed complete recovery of only DH plants, however, the recovery rate of DL plants was very less (data not shown). ...
Trehalose, a naturally occurring non-reducing sugar although observed in organisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and invertebrates, its abundance is very low or undetectable in many angiosperm plants. However, there were noticeable levels of trehalose with increased accumulation during dehydration and desiccation in resurrection plants such as Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring and Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. specifying its importance in affording protection to cells from stress-induced damage. Recent evidences suggest the active role of trehalose in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. In the current study, callus tissues from leaves and seeds, seedlings, and adult plants representing different tissues at distinct stages of growth of A. thaliana plants were used to increase the cellular concentration of trehalose either by treating the tissues with different concentrations of trehalose or by treating them with validamycin A (trehalase inhibitor) under non-stress conditions to study its role in modulation of oxidative stress responses and expression of dehydrins. Accumulation of trehalose in callus tissues generated from seeds and leaves by validamycin A treatment resulted in induction in the expression of multiple dehydrins particularly at 50, 100, and 200 µM concentrations. Although the induction in the expression of dehydrins was higher in the seed derived callus than leaf callus in validamycin A-treated samples, accumulation of trehalose has shown induced expression of dehydrins in both the callus tissues under unstressed conditions indicating the role of trehalose in stress-signalling. The gradual increase in the trehalose content observed in the seedlings of A. thaliana treated with different concentrations of trehalose or with different concentrations of validamycin A correlated well with the increased expression of RAB18, LEA64, ERD10, XERO2, and COR47 dehydrin genes and increased antioxidant activity. The leaves of adult A. thaliana plants treated with 50 mM trehalose under control (80–90% RWC), drought with high RWC (DH 50–60% RWC) and drought with low RWC (10–30% RWC) showed trehalose mediated modulation in oxidative stress responses and dehydrin gene expression. Although remarkable changes in RWC and EC were not observed in leaves of DH and DL plants treated with 50 mM trehalose, the decrease in ROS levels in trehalose-treated leaves correlating with higher activityf of SOD, CAT, and APX antioxidant enzymes and increased expression of dehydrin genes strongly indicates trehalose as a modulator for oxidative responses and dehydrin gene expression. Cumulatively our results with trehalose under non-stress control conditions and dehydration stress conditions suggests that trehalose mimics the stress responses in plants thereby modulating the expression of stress-responsive dehydrin genes and antioxidant enzymes equipping the plants with early defense.
