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Exhaust gaseous emissions result from laboratory testing at 90 km/h and several accelerator positions (APP)
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Biodiesel is regarded as one of the most beneficial forms of renewable energy, with qualities similar to diesel fuel. Commercially, biodiesel is used in the form of blends – a mixture of diesel and biodiesel, and they have proven to reduce hazardous emissions in the environment. The desire for Euro 5 fuel adoption is essential to meet growing marke...
Citations
... Biodiesel is commonly applied in diesel engines, especially in the transportation sector and it has gained popularity as a substitute for diesel fuel for having comparable performance such as thermal efficiency without the need for engine modification when used in diesel engines [6,7]. Although the widespread adoption of 100% biodiesel in commercial vehicles hasn't occurred yet, diesel-biodiesel blends, varying from 5% to 30% biodiesel mixed with pure diesel, are globally accepted and used in diesel engines with either no or minimal modifications [8,9]. In Malaysia, palm oil biodiesel is the most utilized biodiesel [10]. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the evaporation characteristics of different types of fuels by applying the hot surface deposition test (HSDT). Generally, HSDT method is a simplified method to simulate fuel deposition in diesel engines. In this study, diesel fuel (DF) and palm oil biodiesel with different blend ratios (B10-B50) were used to evaluate the fuel droplet evaporation behavior on a heated aluminum alloy plate surface. Single fuel droplet was impinged on the heated plate at various surface temperatures (Ts). Important data from the evaporation characteristics was the maximum evaporation point (MEP), which is the temperature point where a droplet evaporates in the shortest lifetime (tlife). MEP is referred to identify the surface temperature range in which fewer deposits will be produced by the test fuel. Furthermore, MEP is also used to determine the appropriate droplet interval to create wet and dry conditions in the fuel deposition test. The obtained MEP was 360°C (DF), 365°C (B10, B50), 375°C (B20, B40), and 385°C (B30).
... Comparison was done between the current study (finned pipe) and Kamel et al., [19] study which used helical tape in inner pipe of heat exchanger and with Salman et al., [7] which used twisted tapes in inner pipe of heat exchanger to estimate which heat transfer enhancement device gives better influence on the hydrothermal performance of double pipe of heat exchanger. The boundary condition is air inlet temperature (200-300) o C , oil inlet temperature 40 o C , oil flow rate (0.06 kg/s), air velocity is (20,27 and 34) m/s. Figure 10 show comparison between experimental results of heat transfer rate. It is clear that maximum heat transfer rate in current study and it increased with enhancement ratio 30%, 65% respectively compared with previous studies. ...
... In good light. For this reason, researchers studied modern methods and methods to reduce the use of fuel and energy and reduce emissions [20]. In the brick factory in Iraq as shown in Figure 11 there are two heaters, first one is the diesel burner which is heating the oil in the tank directly to 40 o C using the burner hot gases, and the second one is the electrical heater on the discharging pipe. ...
In present work, the effect of helical fins with height 20 mm and pitch 100 mm on the performance of the double pipe heat exchange investigated experimentally. The heat exchanger had been chosen as a heat recovery device in bricks factory to recover heat from exhaust gases to preheat the heavy fuel oil. Air had been chosen as a hot gas instead of furnace exhaust gases because of the similar thermal properties and it flows in the inner pipe with different velocity (20, 27, and 34) m/s and inlet temperature (200, 225) °C while, heavy fuel oil enters shell side with counter flow at mass flow rates (0.06, 0.08, and 0.1) kg/s and constant inlet temperature of 40 °C. Both of pipes and helical fins are made from stainless steel. The experimental results show that increasing Reynolds number from 139139 to 333934 led to increase heat transfer rate, oil outlet temperature, overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of heat exchanger with (8%, 4%, 5% and 5%) respectively while, increasing oil mass flow rate from (0.06 to 0.1) kg/s cause decreasing oil outlet temperature and effectiveness of with (10% ,14%) respectively. The results shown the double pipe heat exchanger with helical fins produce heat transfer rate and oil outlet temperature higher than smooth double pipe heat with average 15% and 8.6%, as well as increasing Nusselt number, Overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of heat exchanger with average 26%,15% and 13% respectively. The results clear that, for 225°C exhaust air and velocity 27 m/s, the application of double pipe with helical fins by preheat heavy fuel oil could reduce the viscosity and reduce electric power required and save 1.69 MW annually for one factory.
... However, palm oil biodiesel might have different fuel properties compared to the common diesel found in the market, which can influence the performance of the engine operations. While the use of 100% biodiesel is not yet widespread in commercial vehicles, diesel-biodiesel blends ranging from 5% to 30% biodiesel mixed with pure diesel are globally accepted and employed with no or minor modification in diesel engines [5,6]. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of the engine, when fuelled by biodiesel blends, was comparable to that of pure diesel fuel [7]. ...
The evaporation characteristics of a single fuel droplet of diesel fuel (DF) and the Malaysian palm oil biodiesel-diesel blend (B10-B50) were studied experimentally. The fuel droplet properties consisted of different ratios of palm oil biodiesel mixtures which could influence the droplet behaviour when impinged on the heated surface. By employing the hot surface deposition test (HSDT) method, the droplets impinging on the heated surface of an aluminum alloy plate were observed to evaluate the droplet's evaporation characteristics including the evaporation lifetime and maximum evaporation point (MEP) of the tested fuels. Furthermore, the deposit’s surface temperature for dry condition (timp=7 seconds) and wet condition (timp=3 seconds) test were also measured during the deposition test. Finally, the deposit development on the heated surface was evaluated through a logarithmic expression of MR/mD = αNDβ. The results showed that the evaporation lifetime of each test fuel decreased with increasing hot plate surface temperature. Furthermore, the MEP was the highest for B30 (380°C), followed by B20 and B40 (375°C), B10 and B50 (365°C), and DF (360°C). In the dry condition test, the recorded average minimum and maximum deposit surface temperatures were observed to be within the range of Td=295°C to Td=325°C for DF and Td=290°C to Td=350°C for B10-B50 fuels. On the other hand, for the wet condition test, the recorded average minimum deposit surface temperatures for both DF and B10-B50 fuels were consistently lower than the hot plate temperature. DF exhibited the most variation, ranging from Td=200°C to Td=300°C, whereas, for B10-B50, the recorded deposit surface temperature was only ranging from Td=150°C to Td=200°C.
... Biodiesel can be made from a variety of feedstocks using a variety of processes. Transesterification, direct mixing, micro-emulsion, and pyrolysis are some of the processes used [1][2][3]. Furthermore, biodiesel feedstocks include virgin oil (such as rapeseed oil or palm oil), animal fats, used oil (such as yellow grease), and micro-algal oils [4,5]. It provides many benefits to the environment such as reducing carbon dioxide emission, greenhouse gases, and acid rain forming sulfur dioxide. ...
Utilization of membrane reactors for biodiesel production has been an alternative to conventional batch reactors. The membrane in the reactor acts as a separation layer, preventing the formation of by-products and allowing the desired biodiesel product to pass through. This can improve yields and reduce waste, making the process more environmentally friendly and economically viable. This study aimed to analyze the fluid flow and velocity profile inside the membrane reactor and determine the volume fraction of biodiesel. The modeling and simulation of the fluid flow of biodiesel in a membrane reactor was carried out using SOLIDWORK and ANSYS software. Using a Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model, multiphase simulations were carried out. Three different temperatures, 333 K, 338 K, and 343 K, were used in the simulation. The results have found that at 333K, the biodiesel production in the membrane reactor shows the best flow characteristics compared to reaction temperatures of 338 K and 343 K. Additionally, the highest volume fraction can be predicted at the temperature of 333K. Further research and simulation study can be implemented to explore the effects of inlet velocity and reaction time on the fluid flow pattern of biodiesel inside the membrane reactor.
... Designed specific internal combustion engines should be developed in such a manner to meet emission standards globally by minimizing poisonous concentrations in smoke and by minimizing fuel consumed [2]. This task can be achieved by controlling the combustion process, adding additives, and normalizing exhaust gas emissions in the afterburning process [3][4][5]. For a long, it has been observed that fluid motion or turbulence within the combustion chamber is the most important parameter which controls the combustion process. ...
Over the years, there has been a drastic reduction in petroleum-based fuel stocks and stringent emission requirements for internal combustion engines by environmental authorities around the world. A marginal improvement in efficiency and emissions shows significant benefits. Fluid motion within the combustion chamber plays a vital role and is considered a crucial parameter for controlling the combustion process. The fuel supply system or induction system of the Spark Ignited engine prepares and controls air-fuel mixing. The system in the SI engine is capable of generating bulk motion and turbulence prior to the ignition process. In the CI engine Induction system (Swirl and Tumble), the shape of the chamber (Squish) controls the path and quality of air whereas the diesel injection system controls Spray characteristics (Penetration, Atomization, Break-up, and Evaporation of Spray). During the last three decades, a lot of efforts have been made by researchers to develop multidimensional fluid dynamics codes for the prediction of flow in an engine for reducing engine development time and cost. To be a more trusted and acceptable tool, the results of numerical analysis of the combustion chamber. and its fluid dynamics have to show accuracy in the prediction of emission standards and combustion parameters by taking the minimum possible time. This article reviews the methods and results of numerical analysis and CFD results of CI engines run on diesel and biofuels. It also reviews results and their accuracy for different CFD.
... Conventional combustion processes exhibit several drawbacks, including the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) due to high flame temperatures, the generation of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) due to incomplete combustion, and flame instability leading to combustion oscillations [4]. These challenges have led to stringent environmental regulations and the need for improved combustion technologies [5,6]. Flameless combustion, also known as distributed combustion or homogeneous combustion, offers a potential solution to overcome the limitations of conventional combustion. ...
... Recirculated ratio (Kv) = ṁ rec ṁ jet (5) where ṁr ec = recirculated mass flux ṁj et = initial jet mass flux ...
This study investigates the influence of recirculation ratio on the combustion characteristics of an asymmetric swirling flameless combustor. The recirculation ratio, defined as the ratio of the total recirculation mass flow rate to the primary air mass flow rate, plays a crucial role in determining the performance and emission characteristics of combustion systems. The asymmetric swirling flameless combustor offers potential advantages in terms of enhanced fuel flexibility, reduced pollutant emissions, and improved combustion stability. Through varying the recirculation ratio, the combustion performance and emission characteristics can be optimized to meet specific requirements. In this research, experimental investigations were conducted to analyse the effect of recirculation ratio on the combustion stability, temperature field and emission of the asymmetric swirling flameless combustion. From the results obtained, it was observed that recirculation ratio has significant effect on the performance of the combustor i.e., as the recirculation ratio increases due to decrease in the exhaust area, more uniform temperature and less emission was observed. At 30mm exhaust diameter and lean condition, average recirculation of 7.21 was obtained with 2ppm NOx emission and 118ppm CO emission along with uniform temperature in the combustion zone.
... This leads to a higher in-cylinder gas temperature which is imperative for promoting the Zeldovich NO x formation mechanism. Compared to the double injection scheme, the rate of NO x in the triple injection scheme is higher [40]. Injector Nozzles Bore (mm) ...
The power generation mainly depends on fossil diesel fuel, the primary source of harmful emissions and global warming. Therefore, the researcher aims to explore alternative fuels that got greater attention in compression ignition engines. The commercial Diesel-RK software simulates the current numerical study of diesel engine direct injection with speed engine 1500 rpm, compression ratio 17.5, single cylinder, and naturally aspirated. In the basis of the parliamentary research, the literature did not investigate the influence of combustion and emission characteristics of compression ignition engines by using various double and trouble injection strategies along with different injector nozzle bore sizes. Also, the initiative was undertaken to study the effect of the different diesel-biodiesel blends ratio studied, SP20 (80% diesel+20% spirulina), Sp40(60% diesel+40% spirulina), and Sp100(0% diesel +100% spirulina) While the scope of the gap expanded to include a comparison of results with baseline diesel fuel. The results show that MPR increased by 4.2%, maximum gas temperature increased by 8.9%, ignition delay increased by 7.9%, maximum heat release rate decreased by 9.5%, NOx decreased by 7.8%, CO2 decreased by 3.9%, and particularly matter emissions decreased by 6.3% were compared to the double injection scheme , at 0.2 mm(INB)
... The road vehicles are consumed more than 1.3 trillion litres of diesel and petrol, this is causing a high level of pollution (CO2) due to burning this fossil fuels [1,2]. The calculation method of the specific exhaust emissions for a compression ignition (C.I) engine fuelled by palm biodiesel blend was proposed by Sarwani et al., [3] and the percentage of volumetric emission into specific emission (g/km) was investigated. The effect of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) was studied to reduce consumption of fuel in transportation systems for cold storage trucks [4]. ...
Improving the aerodynamic performance of a heavy vehicles is one of the essential issues used in automotive industry to reduce the fuel consumption. In this work, various drag reduction devices were added to improve the vehicle profiles and the effects of each device were experimentally and computationally investigated. These additional devices are Cap of truck with different angle, Gap device with different length and Flat Flap with different angle and dimensions. 1/50th scale of a standard heavy truck were taken to construct the computational and experimental model. The drag coefficient, contours of turbulence kinetic energy, pressure, velocity, streamlines, velocity vectors were predicted with and without additional devices. The obtained results show that these attached devices have a notable impact on the aerodynamic drag reduction of the heavy vehicles and trucks. Installing all supplementary parts at the same time help to reduce the drag coefficient by about 59 % compared with the truck without any profile’s modifications. Finally, the experimental results show good agreement with the computational results with acceptable percentage error of about 5%.
... Siddique et al., [22] adopted the fuzzy perturbation method to compute the solution of the flow problem of thin films at an inclined plane in a fuzzy environment. Sarwani et al., [23] specified a formula for calculating the biodiesel's specific energy emission rate (g/km) based on the volumetric emissions percentage. Asghar and Ying [24] examined the expansion/contraction plate's influence on a three-dimensional hybrid nanofluid's boundary layer flow characteristics and heat transfer rate. ...
In this paper, a new technique to solve a mathematical model of thin film flow of third- grade fluid in an inclined plane is presented. This technique is based on combining the homotopy perturbation method with the Laplace transform and Pade´ approximation approach. The results we obtained showed that the proposed technique has high accuracy than other classical methods to solve this model. The measurements of error are tabulated. the validity and usefulness of the new method are derived. Moreover, the influence of parameters on the velocity profile is discussed graphically.
... Therefore, many researchers still develop some methods to including type of fuel to control the emission. However, changing type of fuel should consider the emission standard which should be fulfilled [3]. ...
Nowadays, lack of space in city center has forced the architects a propose a vertical construction to provide public facility, including the parking garage. Generally, this vertical parking garage has enclosed environment condition, which could be constructed under the building or in the middle of other buildings. This environment causes the parking garage will not have an adequate fresh air circulation or air change rate and gives a more risk due to the accumulation of air pollutants which is emitted from the cars inside. In this research, it observes a simple enclosed parking garage which normally can accommodate six cars. The air pollutant, particularly Carbon Monoxide (CO), from three gasoline cars is extracted by an exhaust fan in a proper location. Two location of exhaust fan are proposed to investigate better air circulation and better air pollutant extraction from the parking garage. The first option (Position of A) installs the exhaust fan near to the parking space units and the other installs the exhaust fan near to the pathway. Each option will follow two worst condition of simulations which are predicted will give a significant impact to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Each simulation has to extract the emission from three idle cars with same rate of air circulation of six air change per hour. The results show the influence of air flow pattern to the dispersion of air pollutant. An adequate air flow near to the emission source will cause the increase the maximum of air pollutant concentration. On the other hand, it can minimize the spread of air pollutant dispersion.
