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Age-associated losses in muscle mass, or sarcopenia, are marked by accompanying decrements in strength and muscle quality, impairing balance and increasing the risk for falls. Although progressive resistance training has been widely accepted as an appropriate modality for the treatment of sarcopenia, it has yet to offer consistent results in terms...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... training session began with a dynamic warm-up consisting of body weight squats, high knee walking, butt kick walking, torso rotation, and arm rotations. Full-body workouts, consisting of 7-8 exercise movements, were performed during each session (Table 1). Three sets of each exercise were performed with the number of repeti- tions systematically varying on a weekly basis ranging from 8 to 15 repetitions. ...
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Background and objectives:
Reduced muscle mass and strength are prevalent conditions in dialysis patients. However, muscle strength and muscle mass are not congruent; muscle strength can diminish even though muscle mass is maintained or increased. This study addresses phenotype and mortality associations of these muscle dysfunction entities alone...
Aging is a normal process that can be indicated by muscle mass reduction or sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is problematic, since it is correlated with a higher risk of falls. Therefore, early measurement of physical performance in the elderly is necessary. Hand grip strength can be measured to assess hand muscle strength, while the timed up-and-go test (TU...
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Skeletal muscle is a major component of the human body. Age-related loss of muscle mass and function contributes to some public health problems such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Skeletal muscle, mainly composed of appendicular lean mass (ALM), is a heritable trait. Copy number variation (CNV) is a common type of human genome variant which may pl...
Unlabelled:
Background: Age-related changes in pulmonary function increase respiratory muscle work. In the face of this increased demand, poor muscle mass, frequently associated with age and multi-morbidity, can reduce endurance and strength of respiratory muscles. Furthermore, poor muscle mass may per se contribute to exercise intolerance and low...
Citations
... 57 Moreover, resistance training in older adults results in improved balance and stability. 53,58,59 This can occur in as little as 6 weeks training 2 days/week when specifically designed to incorporate a balance component. 59 Relevant to both our own and other analyses, as power and strength are generally lost faster than muscle mass, loss of muscle mass may be a lagging indicator of poor neuromuscular function. ...
... 53,58,59 This can occur in as little as 6 weeks training 2 days/week when specifically designed to incorporate a balance component. 59 Relevant to both our own and other analyses, as power and strength are generally lost faster than muscle mass, loss of muscle mass may be a lagging indicator of poor neuromuscular function. 60 Measures of relative and absolute strength will, therefore, be more important when examining associations between muscle mass and cognitive function at the population level. ...
Introduction
Multiple domains of cognitive function decline with age, resulting in a significant burden on quality of life and the healthcare system. Recent studies increasingly point to links between muscle mass, particularly low muscle mass, and risk of cognitive decline. However, complex relationships exist between muscle mass, muscle function, physical activity, and overall health.
Methods
Data from 1,424 adults 60+ years old in the 1999‐2000 and 2001‐2002 editions of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to investigate the relationship between low muscle mass and cognitive function after accounting for strength, physical activity, and nutritional and metabolic risk factors for cognitive decline.
Results
Muscle strength and physical activity independently predicted performance in the digit symbol substitution test, with muscle mass and muscle strength explaining 0.5% and 5% of the variance in cognitive function, respectively. In graphical network analyses, the association between low muscle mass and cognitive function appeared to be primarily mediated by neuromuscular function. Physical activity was associated with strength but, surprisingly, not muscle mass, which was instead more closely related to total mass.
Conclusions
Low muscle mass is a relatively poor predictor of cognitive function after accounting for physical activity and strength in older individuals from a representative population dataset in the US. Future studies should account for the way in which muscle mass is accrued, which is likely to confound any association between muscle mass and health outcomes.
... Balance and postural control are very important for older adults to prevent falling. The single-leg-stance test is used for measuring static balance and postural control that is correlated to muscle strength and joint proprioception [28,29]. The single-leg-stance test is an important predictor of fall risk or fall injury risk in older adults [30]. ...
Background
To evaluate the training effects of whole body vibration (WBV) combined with weighted vest (WV) in older adults.
Methods
This randomized controlled trial study was conducted in healthy older adults living in the community. Fifty-one participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups: group 1 ( n = 17), WBV alone, training on WBV at a frequency 30 Hz, amplitude 2 mm, 10 sets of 1 min squats, with 60 s rest, group 2 ( n = 15), WV alone, squat exercise, 10 sets of 1 min, with 60 s rest, while WV loaded with 10% body weight and group 3 ( n = 19), WBV + WV, combining WBV exercise with the addition of a WV. All groups completed training 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The outcomes were total muscle mass, muscle thickness, maximal isometric strength, single-leg-stance and timed-up-and-go evaluated at baseline and after training.
Results
As a result of training all groups improved their isometric muscle strength with little difference between groups. The single-leg-stance significantly improved only in WBV + WV group 25.1 ± 10.8 s (mean ± 95% CI, p < 0.01). The timed-up-and-go improved in all groups, but the improvement was significantly greater in the WBV + WV group (17.5 ± 6.9%) compared to the WV (8.5 ± 3.2%) and WBV groups (9.2 ± 5.4%, p = 0.043, 0.023 respectively). Rectus femoris muscle thickness and total muscle mass were significantly increased in all groups equally with little difference between groups.
Conclusion
The combined WBV + WV had a greater effect on the single-leg-stance and the timed-up-and-go compared to WV or WBV alone.
Trial registration
TCTR20190306001. Thai Clinical Trials Registry ( www.thaiclinicaltrials.org ). Date of registration: 6 March 2019.
... Resistance training is known to improve singleleg standing time among older individuals. 42 Thus, we recommend cardiac rehabilitation, including resistance training, to improve frailty among older patients with heart failure. ...
Introduction:
There are no clinical prediction models to predict the prognosis of pre-frailty or frailty in patients with heart failure. We aimed to develop prediction models for the prognosis of pre-frailty and frailty in older patients with heart failure using the classification and regression tree (CART) method; we then tested the predictive accuracies of the developed models.
Methods:
Patients with pre-frailty or frailty at admission were divided into improved and non-improved groups. The CART method was used to establish two models: A, which predicted the presence or absence of pre-frailty improvement during hospitalisation; and B, which predicted the presence or absence of frailty improvement during hospitalisation.
Results:
Patients with heart failure complicated by pre-frailty (n=28) or frailty (n=156) were included. In model A, the accuracy of predicting pre-frailty improvement was high; the best predictor was single-leg standing time at admission, followed by left ventricular ejection fraction at admission. In model B, the accuracy of predicting frailty improvement was moderate; the best predictor was hand grip strength at admission, followed by estimated glomerular filtration rate at admission, haemoglobin level at admission, and change in single-leg standing time during hospitalisation. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the CART models were 0.96 and 0.84 in models A and B, respectively.
Conclusion:
Although conditions at admission may predict the improvement of pre-frailty and frailty during hospitalisation, cardiac rehabilitation that improves single-leg standing time may help to improve frailty, particularly when conditions at admission are poor.
... Los programas de entrenamiento de los distintos estudios evaluados se basan fundamentalmente en 2 tipos de ejercicio: ejercicios exclusivamente de fuerza 17,19,24 y ejercicios multimodales 25,26 , incluyendo en estos últimos combinaciones de ejercicios de tipo neuromuscular 16 , de resistencia y aeróbicos, destacando en este último caso la marcha como ejercicio habitual de elección 17 . ...
From the third decade of life and due to multiple causes, muscle mass and strength are gradually lost, which affects the function of the musculoskeletal system.
This combined loss of muscle mass and strength with aging is called sarcopenia, and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Early treatment is therefore essential, and physical exercise is the therapeutic approach that has given the best results.
This literature review intended to analyze the effect of physical exercise, excluding the role that other treatments proposed, including the nutritional approach, could play in the treatment of sarcopenia, refers to 12 articles.
In studies including high intensity strength exercises in isolation, either alone or combined with aerobic exercise, improvements were seen in muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional test times. There is also a significant increase in fat-free mass in individuals who exercised more frequently (more than two sessions per week).
Current evidence shows that strength-resistance training and its combination in multimodal programs with aerobic exercise show significantly beneficial effects on anthropometric and muscle function parameters. Programs of prescribed exercises including strength exercises adequate to the characteristics should therefore be adapted to the characteristics of each individual and replace the usual practice of prescribing aerobic exercises (walking) only.
... Twelve studies were included in the review, and all were published in the English language. The randomized controlled trials were conducted in the following countries: USA = 4 [24][25][26][27], Portugal = 2 [28,29], Australia = 1 [30], Brazil = 1 [31], Chile = 1 [32], Japan = 1 [33], Norway = 1 [34], and Spain = 1 [35]. The total number of participants analyzed in all studies was 499 (only including resistance-trained participants). ...
... Three studies reported mean ages of ≥65-69.9 years [27,28,33], 6 studies reported mean ages between 70-79.9 years [24][25][26]29,31,32], two studies reported mean ages between 80-89.9 years [30,34], and one study reporting a mean age of >90 years [35]. ...
... Nine of the twelve studies recruited participants that were community-dwelling [24][25][26][27][28][31][32][33][34], whereas three studies recruited participants from residential care facilities [29,30,35]. Of those studies that had recruited participants from the community, only two had reported further underlying conditions; Nicklas et al. included participants that were overweight or obese and Sylliaas et al. investigated hip fracture patients [27,34]. ...
In this work we aimed to perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials within an aging population that investigated the general impacts of a resistance training (RT) protocol on key outcome measures relating to gait and/or balance. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines, two electronic databases (PubMed, and Scopus) were searched for randomized controlled trials that measured at least one key outcome measure focusing on gait and/or balance in older adults. 3794 studies were identified, and after duplicates were removed, 1913 studies remained. 1886 records were removed due to the abstract not meeting the inclusion criteria. 28 full-text articles were assessed further, and 20 of the articles were identified as meeting the criteria for inclusion. The remaining 20 studies were assessed for quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale; 12 studies remained and were included in this systematic review. Our review suggests that RT has a positive effect on both gait and balance in an elderly population. RT improves gait, specifically straight-line walking speed in older adults. RT is an adequate training method to improve balance in an aging population. Improvements in strength, attributed to RT, may allow for greater autonomy and independence to carry out activities of daily living as we age.
... These findings agree with a review published in 2008, which concluded that progressive resistance training alone is not uniformly effective in improving balance, as only approximately half of the included studies (14/29) showed positive results [51]. Nevertheless, recent studies found a relationship between strength gains and static balance in older people [52][53][54][55], which makes necessary future studies that shed light on this controversy. ...
Whole-body electromyostiulation (WB-EMS) has experienced a boom in recent years, even though its effectiveness is controversial. A sedentary lifestyle is deeply rooted in the European population, mainly in the elderly. This experimental study analyzed the impact of WB-EMS on the physical fitness of postmenopausal women. Thirty-four healthy sedentary women between 55 and 69 years followed an experimental design pre-post-test. Both groups conducted a ten-week aerobic and strength training program. The experimental group overlaid the WB-EMS during exercise. At the end of the intervention, both groups improved upper and lower body strength, lower extremity flexibility, agility, and speed levels (p Bonferroni < 0.05). Significant interactions were observed at upper and lower body strength, agility, speed, and cardiovascular endurance (p < 0.05). The WB-EMS group scored better agility than the control group at the end of the intervention (p Bonferroni < 0.05) and was the only group that improved cardiovascular endurance. WB-EMS shows a favorable isolate effect on the development of dynamic leg strength, agility, and cardiovascular endurance but did not in dynamic arm strength, gait speed, balance, or flexibility of postmenopausal women.
... Although there are no significant differences in COD, ACD, and MWD between the exercise groups, it is consensual that PAD patients have lower limb muscle strength and less calf muscle mass related to the general population, which causes functional impairment, that isolated aerobic exercise by itself cannot overtake. Isolated resistance training can attenuate agerelated changes in muscle function (Papa et al., 2017), and can be associated with improvements in balance (Gonzalez et al., 2014), muscle strength, walking performance (Ritti-Dias et al., 2010;Wang et al., 2010), psychological well-being, and quality of life (Pedersen et al., 2017). However, among patients with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the combined training may provide more cardiovascular benefits, when compared to time-matched aerobic or resistance training alone (Schroeder et al., 2019). ...
Background: The short-term benefits of aerobic and resistance exercise in subjects affected by Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) are scarcely examined in interaction. This study aimed to identify the effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise programs on walking performance compared with isolated aerobic exercise or with the usual care in patients with intermittent claudication.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement. A total of five electronic databases were searched (until October 2019) for randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. The focus comprised PAD patients with intermittent claudication who performed a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program that assessed the walking performance.
Results: Seven studies include combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs. isolated aerobic or vs. usual care. The studies represented a sample size of 337 participants. The follow-up ranged from 4 to 12 weeks, 2 to 5 times-per-week. The risk of bias in the trials was a deemed moderate-to-high risk. After the interventions, the percent change in walking performance outcomes had a large variation. In the combined and isolated aerobic programs, the walking performance always improved, while in the usual care group oscillates between the deterioration and the improvement in all outcomes. Combined exercise and isolated aerobic exercise improved the claudication onset distance from 11 to 396%, and 30 to 422%, the absolute claudication distance from 81 to 197%, and 53 to 121%, and the maximal walking distance around 23 and 10%, respectively.
Conclusions: Currently, there is insufficient evidence about the effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise compared to isolated aerobic exercise or usual care on walking performance. However, despite the low quality of evidence, the combined aerobic and resistance exercise seems to be an effective strategy to improve walking performance in patients with intermittent claudication. These combined exercise modes or isolated aerobic exercise produce positive and significant results on walking performance. The usual care approach has a trend to deteriorate the walking performance. Thus, given the scarcity of data, new randomized controlled trial studies that include assessments of cardiovascular risk factors are urgently required to better determine the effect of this exercise combination.
... In addition, exercise interventions in community-dwelling older people reduce fear of falling (320). Progressive resistance training programs including both free-weight-and machine-based exercises for the whole body, including closedchain standing exercises, such as squats and split squats, are effective at improving static balance (221). ...
Fragala, MS, Cadore, EL, Dorgo, S, Izquierdo, M, Kraemer, WJ, Peterson, MD, and Ryan, ED. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-Aging, even in the absence of chronic disease, is associated with a variety of biological changes that can contribute to decreases in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Such losses decrease physiologic resilience and increase vulnerability to catastrophic events. As such, strategies for both prevention and treatment are necessary for the health and well-being of older adults. The purpose of this Position Statement is to provide an overview of the current and relevant literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for resistance training for older adults. As presented in this Position Statement, current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat the loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, physiological vulnerability, and their debilitating consequences on physical functioning, mobility, independence, chronic disease management, psychological well-being, quality of life, and healthy life expectancy. This Position Statement provides evidence to support recommendations for successful resistance training in older adults related to 4 parts: (a) program design variables, (b) physiological adaptations, (c) functional benefits, and (d) considerations for frailty, sarcopenia, and other chronic conditions. The goal of this Position Statement is to a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to resistance training for older adults, b) promote the health and functional benefits of resistance training for older adults, and c) prevent or minimize fears and other barriers to implementation of resistance training programs for older adults.
... Effets d'un programme d'activités physiques adaptées sur les capacités d'équilibre et de marche chez les personnes âgées et obèses1. IntroductionL'AP est un déterminant majeur de l'état de santé des individus à tous les âges de la vie(OMS, 2017), car elle permet d'améliorer les capacités d'équilibre et de la marche chez les personnes obèses(Del Porto et al., 2012;Matrangola & Madigan, 2009;Sun et al., 2015) ou âgées(Cadore et al., 2013;Gonzalez et al., 2014a;Penzer et al., 2015) en agissant sur différentes composantes (e.g., capacités neuromusculaires, capacités proprioceptives). Cela permet, par conséquent, de maintenir l'autonomie et l'indépendance dans la réalisation des activités de la vie quotidienne(Baumgartner et al., 2004b; Liu-Ambrose et al., 2004;Nantel et al., 2011;Ziden et al., 2013). ...
... D'une part, un grand nombre d'études a montré des améliorations de l'équilibre statique chez les personnes âgées, suite à un programme d'AP. Par exemple,Gonzalez et al., (2014a) ont rapporté une augmentation de la durée de maintien de l'équilibre (+42,1%) lors d'une tâche d'appui unipodal chez 23 sujets âgés (71,1 ± 6.1 ans) ayant suivi 6 semaines de renforcement musculaire.Penzer et al., (2015), ont, quant à eux, observé qu'un entraînement de 6 semaines à base d'exercices de renforcement musculaire et d'équilibre, chez des personnes âgées de 72,1 ± 5,1 ans, a permis de diminuer les déplacements du CP dans l'axe A-P (-35,7%), au coursd'une tâche posturale sur une surface d'appui souple. Ces résultats confirment ceux déjà rapportés par Freiberger et al., (2012), Hauer et al., (2001), Kim et al., (2012), Kuiack et al.,(2004) et Shubert (2011). ...
It is well established that obesity and
aging, separately, impair individuals’ balance and
walking abilities. These alterations are associated
with a greater difficulty in performing daily life
activities. However, the magnitude of the effects
of the combination of aging and obesity on
functional abilities, as observed in obese elderly,
requires further investigations. Through this
thesis work, we, first, showed that obesity
presents an additional constraint to age
throughout the process of stabilization and
walking in elderly. This aggravates the functional
limitations of the obese elderly in daily life
activities.
Then, we demonstrated that an adapted
physical activity program based on balance,
muscular reinforcement and mobility
exercises in obese elderly improves their
lower limb neuromuscular capacities and
consequently optimizes balance and walking
abilities.
... L'équation de la droite de régression linéaire : Amplitude EMG GM = 1,09 (r² = 0,45;r = 0,67;p<0,05). (Del Porto et al., 2012;Matrangola & Madigan, 2009;Sun et al., 2015) ou âgées (Cadore et al., 2013;Gonzalez et al., 2014a;Penzer et al., 2015) en agissant sur différentes composantes (e.g., capacités neuromusculaires, capacités proprioceptives). Cela permet, par conséquent, de maintenir l'autonomie et l'indépendance dans la réalisation des activités de la vie quotidienne (Baumgartner et al., 2004b;Liu-Ambrose et al., 2004;Nantel et al., 2011;Ziden et al., 2013). ...
... D'une part, un grand nombre d'études a montré des améliorations de l'équilibre statique chez les personnes âgées, suite à un programme d'AP. Par exemple, Gonzalez et al., (2014a) ont rapporté une augmentation de la durée de maintien de l'équilibre (+42,1%) lors d'une tâche d'appui unipodal chez 23 sujets âgés (71,1 ± 6.1 ans) ayant suivi 6 semaines de renforcement musculaire. Penzer et al., (2015), ont, quant à eux, observé qu'un entraînement de 6 semaines à base d'exercices de renforcement musculaire et d'équilibre, chez des personnes âgées de 72,1 ± 5,1 ans, a permis de diminuer les déplacements du CP dans l'axe A-P (-35,7%), au cours d'une tâche posturale sur une surface d'appui souple. ...
