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Examples of self-concept-clarity shapes. (A) Monotonic increase, (B) “V” shape, (C) discontinuous change except “V” shape, (D) plateau, (E) monotonic decrease.
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Background: Self-Concept Clarity (SCC) describes the extent to which the schemas of the self are internally integrated, well defined, and temporally stable. This article presents a theoretical model that describes how different shapes of SCC change (especially stable increase and “V” shape) observed in the course of psychotherapy are related to the...
Citations
... (e.g.,Aguilar & Pérez, 2015;Armelin et al., 2017;Buisson, 2004;Caligiore et al., 2014;Carere-Comes, 2001;Castonguay, 2000;Fiedler et al., 2010;Gregoire, 2003;Koole et al., 2019;Labouvie-Vief et al., 2007;Maia & Gonçalves, 2015;Masciotra et al., 2001;Moskaliuk et al., 2012;Proulx & Inzlicht, 2012;Spachtholz & Kuhbandner, 2017;Styła, 2015;Walsh & Shapiro, 2006). For others, Piaget did not play an explicit role (e.g.,Carpenter, 2005;Joseph & Linley, 2005;Kunnen et al., 2008;Littleton & Grills-Taquechel, 2011; ...
This research provides a systematic overview of psychological areas using assimilation and accommodation to explain development and adaptation processes from 1998 to 2018. We primarily aimed to identify the main psychological research areas connected to assimilation and accommodation. We used assimilation and accommodation as keywords to extract data from SpringerLink, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES. Of 500 articles, 473 were included in the analysis. Ten categories were identified to allow systematization along with different research areas and development trajectories. The meanings of these terms were analyzed in terms of scientific impact, their connection to Piaget and Baldwin, application, and research methods. Our analysis has distilled the most driving and scientifically relevant approaches to assimilation and accommodation within psychological research, with the work of Baldwin and Piaget influencing practically all views. Thus, we have identified a common understanding of assimilation and accommodation, although the direction of the adaptation process should be made explicit in the future. Based on our analyses, we were able to identify white spots on the research map that should be focused on in future work: the need to better understand the interdependence and synchronicity of both processes, the connection to affects and emotions, and the potential co-research with artificial intelligence.
... Szkizotípiás személyiségzavarban a mágikus gondolkodást (Cicero, Docherty, Becker, Martin és Kerns, 2015) előre jelzi az alacsony SCC, a legerősebb kapcsolatot (r = 0,66) pedig a perszeveratív gondolkodással mutatja (DeMarree és Bobrowski, 2018). Az énkép egyértelműség fogalmának jelentőségét bizonyította Styla (2015), amikor neurotikus és személyiségzavarban szenvedő páciensekkel végzett empirikus kutatásában igazolta, hogy az énkép egyértelműségének változása szignifikáns magyarázó változója a tünetek mérséklődésének és ezáltal a pszichoterápia hatékonyságának. ...
Elméleti háttér: A Campbell és munkacsoportja (1996) által kidolgozott Énkép Egyértelműség Skála (Self-Concept Clarity Scale; SCCS) az énkép egyik strukturális jellemzőjének, önfogalmunk világosan és határozottan defi niált jellegének mérésére alkalmas eszköz.
Cél: A tanulmányban bemutatjuk a kérdőív magyar változatát, és értékeljük annak pszichometriai jellemzőit.
Módszer: Önbeszámolón alapuló, kérdőíves, keresztmetszeti vizsgálatban 1205 fő (245 férfi , 960 nő; átlagéletkor 27,05 év, SD = 9,8 év) vett részt. Az SCCS mellett a Rosenberg Önbecsülés Skálát (RSES-H), a Szorongásérzékenység Indexet (ASI), a Bizonytalansággal Szembeni Intolerancia (IUS) és a Szkizotípia Személyiség Kérdőívet (SPQ-BH) vettük fel.
Eredmények: A feltáró faktoranalízis egy faktort jelez, amely a variancia 50,8%-át magyarázza. Ezen egydimenziós modell illeszkedése elfogadhatónak bizonyult (CFI = 0,939; TLI = 0,925; RMSEA = 0,079; CI 90 = 0,072–0,085). A skála belső konzisztenciája jó (Cronbach-alfa: 0,88). A validitásra vonatkozó eredmények igazolták a nemzetközi adatokat: az önértékelés és az énkép egyértelműség egymással közepesen erősen, pozitívan kapcsolódó, ugyanakkor egymást nem helyettesíthető konstruktumok. Az énkép egyértelműsége közepesen erős mértékben, negatív módon asszociálódik a szorongáshoz kötődő szomatikus és kognitív tünetekkel (ASI), valamint a bizonytalan, kétértelmű helyzetekre/eseményekre vonatkozó negatív reagálási módokkal (IUS). A szorongáson alapuló személyiségvonások mellett igazoltuk az SCCS szkizotípiás érintettség mértékével (SPQ) való negatív kapcsolatát is. Következtetések: Az SCCS magyar verziója az énkép egyértelműségének, világosan artikulált jellegének megbízható és érvényes mérőmódszere, amely általános, pszichés sebezhetőséget, sérülékenységet jelző mérőeszközként támpontul szolgálhat pszichopatológiai tárgyú kutatások mellett a terápiás hatékonyság megítélésében.
Theoretical background: The Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS) developed by Campbell et al. (1996) is suitable for measuring one structural feature of the self-concept, its clearly and fi rmly defi ned nature. Purpose: In this study we present the Hungarian version of the Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS-H) and evaluate its psychometric characteristics. Method: 1205 persons (245 men, 960 women; average age 27.05 years, SD = 9.8 years) participated in a cross-sectional, self-reporting questionnaire-based research. Besides SCCS, the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-BH) were also administered. Results: The exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor, which explained 50.8% of the total variance. The fi t of our one-dimensional model was acceptable (CFI= 0.939; TLI=0.925; RMSEA=0.079; CI 90 =0.072-0.085). The reliability analysis indicated good internal consistency for the instrument (α=0.88). Construct-validity results are consistent with the literature: self-concept clarity moderately positively correlated with self-esteem, however they are not replaceable constructs. Self-concept clarity is moderately negatively associated with anxiety-based somatic and cognitive symptoms (ASI) and with negative responses to uncertain, ambiguous events/situations (IUS). In addition to anxiety-based personality traits we also verifi ed the negative correlation of SCCS with the degree of schizotypic involvement (SPQ). Conclusion: The Hungarian version of Self-Concept Clarity Scale can be considered a reliable and valid measurement tool for the clear and confi dent nature of self-concept. Being an indicator of general, psychological vulnerability, SCCS may serve both as a reference point for psychopathological research and as a screening tool for mental patients, furthermore for assessing psychotherapeutic effi cacy too.
... Indeed, researchers have demonstrated that one's selfconcept clarity, or the extent to which one's views of themselves are "temporally stable, consistent, and confidently held" (Campbell et al., 1996, p. 141), is significantly associated with a number of factors, including self-esteem, psychological well-being, and relationship outcomes (Baumgardner, 1990;Campbell et al., 1996;Lewandowski, Nardone, & Raines, 2014). It is important to note that self-concept clarity does not refer to the content of self-view, but the structure (Roepke et al., 2011;Styla, 2015). Therefore, while Baumgardner (1990) demonstrated that individuals with high self-esteem more quickly responded to self-descriptors than those with low self-esteem, exhibiting more confidently held views of the self, individuals with higher selfconcept clarity do not necessarily more accurately know themselves than those with less selfconcept clarity, but hold these views more confidently and consistently. ...
Self-concept clarity (SCC), the extent to which one’s self-views are cohesive and confidently
held with temporal stability, has been found to decrease when one experiences rejection. Rejection Sensitivity (RS), a construct developed from attachment theory, has been found to mediate SCC’s response to rejection, yet little research has examined attachment’s role in this response. In this study, sixty-eight undergraduate students were first measured on attachment and then randomly assigned to either an inclusion or exclusion condition of the Cyberball game (a virtual online task in which participants pass a ball to two other players). Participants’ SCC scores were then measured. Significant relationships were observed between attachment styles and SCC. A significant negative correlation was observed between SCC and attachment anxiety and avoidance in females randomly assigned to the exclusion condition; no such relationship was observed in females randomly assigned to the inclusion condition, nor was this found in male participants in either condition. This study provides support for the significant relationship attachment may have with rejection’s impact on SCC.
... However, disruption of one's self-concept creates dissonance between the perceived "actual" and "ideal" self, which can be associated with depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. 23,26 Facial paralysis and the resultant facial deformity are examples of potential disruption. Ishii et al 5,6 showed that patients with facial paralysis have impaired affect display and are considered less attractive. ...
Importance:
Though anecdotally linked, few studies have investigated the impact of facial paralysis on depression and quality of life (QOL).
Objective:
To measure the association between depression, QOL, and facial paralysis in patients seeking treatment at a facial plastic surgery clinic.
Design, setting, participants:
Data were prospectively collected for patients with all-cause facial paralysis and control patients initially presenting to a facial plastic surgery clinic from 2013 to 2015. The control group included a heterogeneous patient population presenting to facial plastic surgery clinic for evaluation. Patients who had prior facial reanimation surgery or missing demographic and psychometric data were excluded from analysis.
Main outcomes and measures:
Demographics, facial paralysis etiology, facial paralysis severity (graded on the House-Brackmann scale), Beck depression inventory, and QOL scores in both groups were examined. Potential confounders, including self-reported attractiveness and mood, were collected and analyzed. Self-reported scores were measured using a 0 to 100 visual analog scale.
Results:
There was a total of 263 patients (mean age, 48.8 years; 66.9% were female) were analyzed. There were 175 control patients and 88 patients with facial paralysis. Sex distributions were not significantly different between the facial paralysis and control groups. Patients with facial paralysis had significantly higher depression, lower self-reported attractiveness, lower mood, and lower QOL scores. Overall, 37 patients with facial paralysis (42.1%) screened positive for depression, with the greatest likelihood in patients with House-Brackmann grade 3 or greater (odds ratio, 10.8; 95% CI, 5.13-22.75) compared with 13 control patients (8.1%) (P < .001). In multivariate regression, facial paralysis and female sex were significantly associated with higher depression scores (constant, 2.08 [95% CI, 0.77-3.39]; facial paralysis effect, 5.98 [95% CI, 4.38-7.58]; female effect, 1.95 [95% CI, 0.65-3.25]). Facial paralysis was associated with lower QOL scores (constant, 81.62 [95% CI, 78.98-84.25]; facial paralysis effect, -16.06 [95% CI, -20.50 to -11.62]).
Conclusions and relevance:
For treatment-seeking patients, facial paralysis was significantly associated with increased depression and worse QOL scores. In addition, female sex was significantly associated with increased depression scores. Moreover, patients with a greater severity of facial paralysis were more likely to screen positive for depression. Clinicians initially evaluating patients should consider the psychological impact of facial paralysis to optimize care.
Level of evidence:
2.
... Moreover, companies could consider recruiting employees with higher levels of personal resources and supporting the development of these resources through training. For example, self-concept clarity can be raised through group psychotherapy (Styla, 2015). If self-concept clarity can contribute to the motivational process of employees, which occurs when personal resources facilitate work engagement and, in turn, work engagement facilitate well-being and performance (Bakker & Demerouti, 2014), this might be beneficial both to individuals and employees. ...
Work engagement is an important component of individual's well-being at work, it promotes one's advancement, performance and ability to cope with challenges. Thus, scholars have become increasingly interested what factors promote employees' work engagement. There is a variety of possible job and personal resources that might contribute to the development of work engagement. However, only a few studies have outlined the significance of high performance work practices, employees' mindfulness and self-concept clarity in relations to work engagement. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to analyze if high performance work practices, employees' mindfulness, and self-concept clarity are linked to work engagement. Employees (N = 125) from various private sector organizations filled anonymous questionnaires. The results have revealed that components of work engagement were positively related to self-concept clarity and one of the high performance work practices (namely, motivation). Thus, self-concept clarity and motivation might play an important role in employees' well-being at work. However, a longitudinal, or an interventional, study is needed to further explain the causality of engagement and other study variables.
... Moreover, companies could consider recruiting employees with higher levels of personal resources and supporting the development of these resources through training. For example, self-concept clarity can be raised through group psychotherapy (Styla, 2015). If self-concept clarity can contribute to the motivational process of employees, which occurs when personal resources facilitate work engagement and, in turn, work engagement facilitate well-being and performance (Bakker & Demerouti, 2014), this might be beneficial both to individuals and employees. ...
Globalization, innovations, digitalization, and non-standard work forms affect both organizations and employees. Seeking to optimize organizations’ financial reserves and assure employees’ performance and well-being, scholars and practitioners have become increasingly interested in fostering employees’ motivation to engage in work process. Such active performance concepts as work engagement have become an interest of scientific research (Schaufeli et al., 2002). Work engagement is related to performance, effective use of organizational resources, employees’ well-being. Revealing the spectrum of organizational and personal resources that are related to engagement is crucial.
The aim of the study was to analyze how such organizational resources as high performance work practices (HPWP), i.e. abilities, motivation and opportunities, and such personal resources as mindfulness and self-concept clarity are related to work engagement. The study involved 125 employees from various organizations. HPWP scale (Kroon et al., 2013), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), Self-Concept Clarity Scale (Campbell et al., 1996) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale - Short Form (Schaufeli et al., 2002) were used.
The results revealed positive links between work engagement, self-concept clarity, mindfulness and HPWP aspects. Moreover, work engagement can be predicted by a combination of aforementioned organizational and personal resources. Hence, the interplay of these resources might be important when expecting employees to be engaged. However, a longitudinal or an interventional study is needed to explain the causality of engagement and its factors.
Despite the limitations of the study, the findings suggest that in order to encourage work engagement HR management could employ aspects of HPWP, e.g., foster extrinsic motivation of employees’ by giving opportunities to participate in creating organization strategy and plans, creating formal plans for employees’ careers, etc. Also, recruiting employees with higher levels of personal resources and supporting the development of these resources, might benefit both organizations and employees.
Purpose:
Incoherence in sense of self in schizophrenia may mask individuals' ability to perceive reality accurately, and cause them to feel alienated from themselves and others. This descriptive correlational study investigates the relationship between positive and negative symptoms in relation to self-concept clarity (SCC) in schizophrenia.
Method:
A sample of 200 inpatients with schizophrenia were recruited to complete the Self-Concept Clarity Scale and were rated on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-version 4.0).
Results:
A strong inverse correlation between positive and negative symptoms in relation to SCC (r = 0.242, P < 0.001, and r = 0.225, P = 0.001, respectively).
Conclusion:
The overall BPRS scores were identified as independent precursors of low SCC.
Introduction: Research suggests that perceived true self-knowledge is important for well-being. However, less discussion exists about how perceived true self-knowledge affects therapy outcomes. We suggest that perceived true self-knowledge may be important when attempting to address client stuckness (i.e., lack of progress in therapy; Beaudoin, 2008). We argue that when clients perceive a lack of true self-knowledge, they are unable to draw upon the true self-concept as a source of meaning. This may hinder therapeutic progress and contribute to client stuckness.
Methods: We present theoretical evidence for the role of perceived true self-knowledge in experiences of stuckness. Then, we present case studies of two stuck clients and their therapeutic interventions as preliminary evidence for our model.
Results: Direct strategies geared at enhancing true self-knowledge by helping the client construct coherent self-concepts worked for one client, but not for the other. Indirect strategies, grounded in social psychological research, are outlined as a method of enhancing perceptions of true self-knowledge for clients who do not benefit from direct strategies.
Discussion: Potential moderators for the effectiveness of direct versus indirect strategies to enhance true self-knowledge are discussed. We then outline promising avenues for future research that include attempts to investigate the prevalence of self-alienation in clinical populations, and the effectiveness of strategies aimed at enhancing perceived true self-knowledge among clients experiencing stuckness.
Background:
Tailoring healthcare to patients' individual needs is a central goal of precision medicine. Combining smartphone-based interventions with machine learning approaches may help attaining this goal. The aim of our study was to explore the predictability of the success of smartphone-based psychotherapeutic micro-interventions in eliciting mood changes using machine learning.
Methods:
Participants conducted daily smartphone-based psychotherapeutic micro-interventions, guided by short video clips, for 13 consecutive days. Participants chose one of four intervention techniques used in psychotherapeutic approaches. Mood changes were assessed using the Multidimensional Mood State Questionnaire. Micro-intervention success was predicted using random forest (RF) tree-based mixed-effects logistic regression models. Data from 27 participants were used, totaling 324 micro-interventions, randomly split 100 times into training and test samples, using within-subject and between-subject sampling.
Results:
Mood improved from pre- to post-intervention in 137 sessions (initial success-rate: 42.3%). The RF approach resulted in predictions of micro-intervention success significantly better than the initial success-rate within and between subjects (positive predictive value: 0.732 (95%-CI: 0.607; 0.820) and 0.698 (95%-CI: 0.564; 0.805), respectively). Prediction quality was highest using the RF approach within subjects (rand accuracy: 0.75 (95%-CI: 0.641; 0.840), Matthew's correlation coefficient: 0.483 (95%-CI: 0.323; 0.723)).
Limitations:
The RF approach does not allow firm conclusions about the exact contribution of each factor to the algorithm's predictions. We included a limited number of predictors and did not compare whether predictability differed between psychotherapeutic techniques.
Conclusions:
Our findings may pave the way for translation and encourage scrutinizing personalized prediction in the psychotherapeutic context to improve treatment efficacy.
