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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders in the 21st century for the continually aging population. Despite an increasing number of patients, there are only few drugs to treat the disease. Numerous studies have shown several causes of the disorder, one of the most important being oxidative stress. Oxidative s...
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... to the cell's organelles. Radicals and non-radical active compounds can be assigned into two groups; reactive oxygen species ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS. Each of the groups include both free radicals with unpaired electron and non-radical reactive deriva- tives [8][9][10]. The difference between them is a nitrogen atom, present in RNS. Fig. 1 presents the most important free radicals and their active ...
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... As these products are generated due to peroxidation, a destructive mechanism of oxidative stress indicates the part of oxidative stress in the progression of AD. Various studies show the interlink between increased malondialdehyde levels and progression of AD [42]. The formation of ROS by RAGE is also mediated by the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX), and NOX-dependent ROS is directly linked to hippocampal damage and cognitive decline. ...
Alzheimer’s disease’s pathophysiology is still a conundrum. Growing number of evidences have elucidated the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathology of AD rendering it a major target for therapeutic development. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by altered mitochondrial function, dysregulated electron transport chain and other sources elevate aggregated Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles which further stimulating the production of ROS. Oxidative stress induced damage to lipids, proteins and DNA result in neuronal death which leads to AD. In addition, oxidative stress induces apoptosis that is triggered by the modulation of ERK1/2 and Nrf2 pathway followed by increased GSK-3β expression and decreased PP2A activity. Oxidative stress exaggerates disease condition by interfering with various signaling pathways like RCAN1, CREB/ERK, Nrf2, PP2A, NFκB and PI3K/Akt. Studies have reported the role of TNF-α in oxidative stress stimulation that has been regulated by drugs like etanercept increasing the level of anti-oxidants. Other drugs like pramipexole, memantine, carvedilol, and melatonin have been reported to activate CREB/RCAN1 and Nrf2 pathways. In line with this, epigallocatechin gallate and genistein also target Nrf2 and CREB pathway leading to activation of downstream pathways like ARE and Keap1 which ameliorate oxidative stress condition. Donepezil and resveratrol reduce oxidative stress and activate AMPK pathway along with PP2A activation thus promoting tau dephosphorylation and neuronal survival. This study describes in detail the role of oxidative stress in AD, major signaling pathways involving oxidative stress induced AD and drugs under development targeting these pathways which may aid in therapeutic advances for AD.
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... It is one of the most signi cant antioxidants in human bodily uids and has antioxidant, anti-in ammatory, and neuroprotective properties. AD patients have much lower levels of UA than healthy individuals [68]. By quenching superoxide and singlet oxygen, UA can scavenge up to 60% of free radicals in the peripheral system [69]. ...
Oxidative stress occurs due to increased generation of reactive oxygen species than the body’s ability for antioxidant defense and repair. The brain is susceptible to oxidative stress based on a number of characteristics. The brain is constantly exposed to neurotransmitters as well as excitatory amino acids and it has the greatest oxygen metabolism rate of any organ. Moreover, the brain possesses a significant quantity of oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acids. All these components act as primary risk factors in the emergence of brain disorders which pose a significant health burden for developed nations. Dietary antioxidants are known to prevent the onset of brain disorders. Vitamin C, E, D, B, and A, curcumin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, selenium, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids are rich sources of diet-based antioxidants. They increase the expression of genes related to oxidative stress resistance and decrease the expression of genes linked to inflammatory and oxidation pathways. The activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes is also increased and lipid peroxidation is prevented when an antioxidant-rich diet is used as a preventative medication. They have the potential to activate the body’s defense systems and enhance the quality of life for patients. This chapter focuses on how some of these antioxidants from food can protect neurons and increase the expression of endogenous antioxidants to further prevent oxidative stress-induced damage to the brain.
... Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by slow and chronic progression of loss of neuronal structure or function, and in some cases even apoptosis of these cells may occur. These diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's, do not have an elucidated etiology and are commonly reported as having a multifactorial origin [1][2][3]. Although the etiology of these neurodegenerative disorders is not completely defined, alterations in mechanisms and molecular pathways resulting from cerebral amyloids have already been studied. ...
... All these factors are recognized for accelerating the aging process and for favoring the emergence of neurodegenerative disorders [4,5]. Oxidative stress is a condition of imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species and the cellular antioxidant capacity, either due to the greater generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or malfunction of the antioxidant system [3,4]. ...
... Consequently, antioxidant substances can be seen as potential drugs in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases [3,6,7]. A strong candidate to be used as an antioxidant drug is orange oil (OL), which not only exhibits antioxidant properties, but also has anti-inflammatory action [8,9], which may favor the treatment of these pathologies. ...
We report the effects of orange oil encapsulation on the properties of PCL/Pluronic F68-based nanoparticles obtained by the nanoprecipitation technique. Orange oil is a potential candidate as a bioactive compound for the treatment of chronic diseases due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, this essential oil is poorly soluble and highly volatile. An approach to enhance its solubility while maintaining its properties is nanoencapsulation. To this end, we prepared by the nanoprecipitation method PCL-based nanoparticles coated with Pluronic F68 and loading different concentrations of orange oil–5, 10, 15, and 20%. We characterized the nanosystems by dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential measurement, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, retention efficiency, relaxometry, antioxidant capacity, and release profile techniques. All formulations had monodispersed distributions and nanometric diameters. Besides, the orange oil exhibited a stabilizing and cryoprotective effect on the colloidal dispersions. The infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the existence of only physical interactions between the oil and the applied matrices. The oil retention volume was higher than 69%, and its encapsulation sustained the active principle’s release for approximately 7 h. Moreover, it was possible to observe the presence of the oil in both polymeric layers of nanoparticles and the maintenance of its antioxidant activity. Therefore, the nanoencapsulation of orange oil by colloidal carriers is of interest for its therapeutic potential and its stabilizing action on colloidal carriers.
... Curcumin treatment reduced NF-B and activator protein-1 activation as well as IL-8 release in alveolar epithelial cells, according to a study. GSH levels and mRNA expression of the glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit were also higher in treated cells than in untreated ones [25][26][27]. ...
Natural antioxidants are abundant in food and medicinal plants. These natural antioxidants, particularly polyphenols and carotenoids, have numerous biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis, and anticancer properties. To examine potential cancer prevention agent sources and advance their utilization in useful food varieties, drugs, and food added substances, it is fundamental for separate cell reinforcements from food and restorative plants really and assess them suitably. This paper goes into great detail about the green extraction methods of natural antioxidants, the evaluation of antioxidant activity at the chemical and cellular levels, and their primary sources, which are food and medicinal plants.
... The phenomenon results from the fact that free radicals, the highly reactive molecules, are able to attack membranes or other parts of cell leading to their damage. It is known that they can oxidize amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and other compounds being crucial for proper functioning organism [33,34]. Oxidative stress, being consequence of imbalance between free radicals and their scavengers in organism, leads to various disorders, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. ...
The aim of the presented research was to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis and antioxidant activity of thio-semicarbazone derivatives. The thermal stability and thermal degradation of nineteen compounds were determined. The results obtained in in vitro tests indicate the potential of selected compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Some compounds turned out to be active free radical scavengers and at the same time Fe 3+ reducing agents. The performed TGA, and c-DTA measurements showed different thermal stable of thiosemicarbazone derivatives. The T2 derivative was the most thermally resistant. On the other hand, the T11 derivative was the least resistant. The performed thermal analysis showed that most of the derivatives underwent two-stage thermal decomposition (13 samples).
... List of ROS and RNS[6,7] ...
Metal complexes due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and antioxidant properties have been extremely studied today. A large number of metal complexes have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which most often occur as a result of metabolic processes in the body, smoking, exposure to radiation and chemical substances. Testing the antioxidant capacity of metal complexes can be tested by various methods in vitro and in vivo. This paper will present the efficiency of neutralization of free radicals by metal complexes synthesized in the past few years using different ligands, as well as the most commonly used methods for testing the antioxidant capacity of this group of compounds.Â
... Therefore, the changes in H 2 O 2 levels result in the breakdown of cellular redox equilibrium, which causes intracellular oxidative stress and damage to tissues and organ systems [5][6][7][8]. Large quantities of H 2 O 2 in living cells have reportedly been linked to various illnesses, including diabetes [7], heart diseases [9], rheumatoid arthritis [10], and neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease [11] and Alzheimer's disease [12]. It is important to measure the amounts of intracellular H 2 O 2 to fully understand the pathophysiology of these disorders. ...
Most studies on nanozymes in recent years have focused on enhancing their catalytic activity and synthesizing directly, although this task is still complicated. Bimetallic oxides are particularly desirable due to their mixed valence and structural properties. In this study, bimetallic oxide nanofibers (CoMnO3 NFs) were prepared using a quick and effective hydrothermal synthesis technique, and exhibited outstanding oxidase-like activity. The catalytic activity of CoMnO3 NFs displayed an inhibitory response on exposure to H2O2, which was applied in detecting H2O2 and its upstream molecules (glucose and uric acid). Based on this, a straightforward, affordable, and accurate colorimetric approach was developed by combining with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. Employing the oxidase activity rather than the traditional peroxidase activity to detect H2O2 drastically reduces the detection time. This method was also successfully used for in situ quantitative monitoring of intracellular H2O2, as well as detecting uric acid and glucose levels in human serum. Moreover, a smartphone-assisted colorimetric sensing system built on self-developed software was developed, enabling the on-site detection of H2O2 without laboratory instruments. This study established theoretical support for the valid design of bimetallic oxide nanozyme activity and might guide the development of detection systems for accurately analyzing biomarkers in foods and biochemical products.
... Examples of vegetable ingredients that can be used as an alternative to cow's milk are nuts and mushrooms. Soybeans are known to have isoflavone bioactive components, which are used as antioxidants and beneficial for health because they inhibit cell damage caused by free radicals [6]. In addition, green beans are known to contain amino acids and lysine, which are important for toddler growth [7]. ...
Vegetable yogurt is good for human consumption and as an alternative to yogurt for those with lactose intolerance. This study focused on reducing sugar and total acid concentration of vegetable yogurt with the addition of amyloproteolytic enzyme Lactobacillus fermentum EN 17-2. Vegetable yogurt was made using juice extracted from pasta flour with the addition of an amyloproteolytic enzyme, and cow's milk was used as a comparison. Reducing sugar and amylase activity was tested by Dinitrosalysilic acid method, total acid and protein degradation were tested by titration, and protease activity was detected by Horikoshi's method. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA. The results showed that reducing sugar and protein degradation concentrations of the vegetable pasta flour had been detected. The highest concentration of reducing sugar in enzymatic vegetable yogurt was found in soygurt with a concentration of 0.0062% (p<0.05). The total acids of the soygurt with a value of 0.8880% and mungbean yogurt with a value of 0.8810% were higher than that of mushroom yogurt (p<0.05). The reducing sugar and total acid of enzymatic cow's milk was higher than that of vegetable milk. Based on the reducing sugar and total acid, the soygurt was closer to milk yogurt than other vegetable yogurt.
... Interestingly, Parikh and Patel reported that the flavonoid, and phenolic enriched various pulses as well as split pulses frequently consumed by people around the world possess remarkable health condition (Parikh and Patel, 2018). Since, these phenol and flavonoid enriched diet can reduce the free radicals formation and accumulation in the cells, which resulting improved health condition in humans (Parikh and Patel, 2018;Wojtunik-Kulesza et al., 2016). dosage of 100 mg mL -1 , the sample effectively reduced the ferric molecule up to 95.52% and it was almost close to the ferric reducing potential (99.12%) of quercetin ( Figure 4). ...
The Macrotyloma uniflorum seed (Horse gram) has been underutilized pulse around the world. Nevertheless, it contains most valuable nutritional and pharmacological phytochemicals. Thus, this research was performed to evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatoprotective potential of horse gram methanol extract. Interestingly, methanol extract of horse gram demonstrated dose dependent antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. Since, at increased (100 mg mL-1) concentration the methanolic extract scavenged the DPPH radical up to 93.5% and reduced the ferric (Fe3+) into ferrous (Fe2+) up to 95%. Similarly, the methanol extract also possess considerable anticancer activities up to 75.64% at 300 mg mL-1 concentration. Furthermore, at increased concentration (300 mg mL-1), the methanol extract effectively protect (hepatoprotective) the HEK293 cells (95.71%), which exposed to 100 mM glucose (hepatotoxicity). The obtained results conclude that the horse gram methanol extract contains pharmacologically valuable phytochemicals and that regular intake of horse gram can be recommended to improve human health
... Free radicals have the ability to oxidatively destroy biological elements such DNA, RNA, globular protein, proteases, and unsaturated fatty acids [3,4]. Oxidative damage has been implicated as the root cause of a number of illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease [5], hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer [6], as well as the innate immune system [7]. ...
In this study, the antioxidant properties, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Rheum emodi rhizome extracts were examined. The radical scavenging capacity of Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 90% ethanol extracts were estimated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) assay. Phenols and flavonoids were present only in the ethyl acetate and 90% ethanol extracts, their total phenols and flavonoids contents were determined. Total phenolic content in the 90% ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were 51.57±0.09, 69.75±1.13 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and total flavonoid content 11±0.14, 29.5±0.01 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE)/g of extract respectively. 90% ethanol extract had the greatest DPPH antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 52.04, followed by ethyl acetate extract with an IC50 of 59.68, and petroleum ether extracts with an IC50 of 156.62, while normal ascorbic acid had an IC50 of 28.26. Our antioxidant testing results partially confirmed and justified the widespread use of the examined plants. The plant's strong antioxidant activity might be a useful source of naturally occurring antioxidants with potential health advantages.
