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![Figure 1. Excipients used in formulation of ODFs [33].](publication/367344153/figure/fig1/AS:11431281114396808@1674479717608/Excipients-used-in-formulation-of-ODFs-33_Q320.jpg)
Orodispersible Films (ODFs) are drug delivery systems manufactured with a wide range of methods on a big scale or for customized medicines and small-scale pharmacy. Both ODFs and their fabrication methods have certain limitations. Many pharmaceutical companies and academic research centers across the world cooperate in order to cope with these issu...
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... estimates claim that the ODF market will grow to more than $1.3 billion per annum in the next few years [138]. Examples of ODFs commercially available on the markets around the world are summarized in Table 2. Currently, commercially available ODFs are used as a carrier of probiotic bacteria (Figure 4), proteins or vaccines, nutrients and herbal products [20,139]. ...Context 2
... from products summarized in Tables 2 and 4, the growing number of researches on ODFs dedicated for small scale (hospitals, pharmacies) is also worth mentioning. It seems to be a good alternative for traditional tablets that are available in a limited number of doses and mainly manufactured on a big scale and are not preferred by infants or elderly patients who require more individual doses not available on the markets [16,17]. ...Similar publications
The COVID pandemic is forcing the renewal of scientific conferences, offering opportunities to introduce technological and inclusive developments. Our analysis focuses on the implementation of inclusive practices for female and early-career researchers in a virtual scientific conference. This organization approach was applied in the XIII Spanish Op...
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... Given some of the disadvantages of ODFs, there are no currently available commercial products on the market dedicated to treating paediatric infectious diseases, including the diseases discussed in this review. However, currently, a few scientific outputs that reported on ODFs designed for loading and delivering anti-infectives include those containing antitubercular agents and ODTs loaded with cefixime trihydrate for infection of the respiratory tract [58,[224][225][226]. ...
Paediatric infectious diseases contribute significantly to global health challenges. Conventional therapeutic interventions are not always suitable for children, as they are regularly accompanied with long-standing disadvantages that negatively impact efficacy, thus necessitating the need for effective and child-friendly pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies, particularly oral formulations, have shown tremendous progress in enhancing the effectiveness of paediatric medicines. Generally, these delivery methods target, and address challenges associated with palatability, dosing accuracy, stability, bioavailability, patient compliance, and caregiver convenience, which are important factors that can influence successful treatment outcomes in children. Some of the emerging trends include moving away from creating liquid delivery systems to developing oral solid formulations, with the most explored being orodispersible tablets, multiparticulate dosage forms using film-coating technologies, and chewable drug products. Other ongoing innovations include gastro-retentive, 3D-printed, nipple-shield, milk-based, and nanoparticulate (e.g., lipid-, polymeric-based templates) drug delivery systems, possessing the potential to improve therapeutic effectiveness, age appropriateness, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles as they relate to the paediatric population. This manuscript therefore highlights the evolving landscape of oral pharmacotherapeutic interventions for leading paediatric infectious diseases, crediting the role of innovative drug delivery technologies. By focusing on the current trends, pointing out gaps, and identifying future possibilities, this review aims to contribute towards ongoing efforts directed at improving paediatric health outcomes associated with the management of these infectious ailments through accessible and efficacious drug treatments.
... Orodispersible films (ODFs) are gaining popularity as a preferred drug delivery system due to their association with excellent patient convenience and compliance. ODFs are ultrathin films designed to rapidly disintegrate or dissolve in the oral cavity upon contact with saliva [12]. They are typically prepared from hydrophilic polymers, such as pullulans, starch, gelatin, pectin, sodium alginate, maltodextrin, hypromellose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose [13][14][15]. ...
Among natural sources, guava leaf oil (GLO) has emerged as a potential anticancer agent. However, its limited water solubility poses a significant challenge for its use. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are used to address the limitation of water solubility of GLO prior to its incorporation into orodipersible films. Nanoemulsions containing GLO:virgin coconut oil (VCO) at a ratio of 50:50 to 70:30 presented a small droplet size of approximately 50 nm and a relatively low zeta potential. GLO:VCO at a ratio of 70:30 was selected for incorporation into sodium alginate film at various concentrations ranging from 1% to 30% w/w. Tensile strength and elongation at break relied on the concentration of nanoemulsions as well as the internal structure of films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that GLO was compatible with sodium alginate. Film containing 2% w/w of nanoemulsions (2G_ODF) exhibited effective in vitro antioral cancer activity, with an IC50 of 62.49 ± 6.22 mg/mL; furthermore, its anticancer activity showed no significant difference after storage at 25 °C for 1 year. Moreover, 2G_ODF at IC60 arrested colony formation and cell invasion. There is also evidence that cell death occurred via apoptosis, as indicated by nuclear fragmentation and positive Annexin-V staining. These findings highlight the potential of orodispersible films containing GLO nanoemulsions as a prospective oral anticancer agent.
... One of the most popular methods for casting oral films is the solvent casting technique because of its simplicity, scalability, and suitability for various classes of drugs due to its mild preparation conditions and non-involvement of heat [16]. The solvent casting technique was used to successfully create four distinct captopril ODFs. ...
Hypertension can begin in childhood; elevated blood pressure in children is known as pediatric hypertension. Contrary to adult hypertension, there is a scarcity of commercial medications suitable for the treatment of pediatric hypertension. The aim of this study was to develop orally dispersible films (ODFs) loaded with captopril for the treatment of hypertension in children. Captopril-loaded ODFs were composed of different blends of synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and natural polymers, such as sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin. The ODFs were characterized based on their mechanical and thermal properties, drug content, surface morphology, in vitro disintegration, in vitro release, and bioavailability. A novel HPLC method with precolumn derivatization was developed to precisely and selectively determine captopril levels in plasma. A low concentration of PVA and a high concentration of SA generated ODFs with faster hydration and disintegration rates. SA-based films exhibited fast disintegration properties (1-2 min). The optimized modified-release film (F2) showed significant (p < 0.05) enhancement in bioavailability (AUC = 1000 ng min/mL), with a value 1.43 times that of Capoten® tablets (701 ng min/mL). While the plasma concentration peaking was in favor of the immediate-release tablet, Tmax was significantly prolonged by 5.4 times for the optimized ODF (3.59 h) compared with that of the tablets (0.66 h). These findings indicate uniform and sustained plasma concentrations, as opposed to the pulsatile and rapid plasma peaking of captopril from the immediate-release tablets. These findings suggest that the modified release of oral films could offer more favorable plasma profiles and better control of hypertension than the conventional release tablets.
... Oral films can be orodispersible films (fast-dissolving oral films or oral dissolving films-ODF) [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] and mucoadhesive buccal films (MBF) [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. The ODFs are formulated for rapid drug release and subsequent absorption in the oral cavity or digestive tract [54][55][56]. MBFs are designed for prolonged drug release [57][58][59]. Due to their properties, OFs are considered patient-centered pharmaceutical formulations [60]. ...
The interest in buccal drug delivery is under consideration due to some distinct properties compared to the traditional pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration: significantly higher bioavailability, a faster absorption rate of the drug, and substantial compliance for special needs patients. Oral films are obtained through various technologies, from conventional tools to 3D and 4D printing approaches. This minireview aims to describe the current additive manufacturing technologies in oral film fabrication, display their advantages and limitations, and discuss various formulation strategies. It also provides advanced data regarding synthetic and natural polymers used in 3D printing technologies for oral films. Moreover, it shows the most recent studies with 3D-printed orodispersible films and mucoadhesive buccal films manufactured through previously analyzed methods. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are also briefly summarized.
... The OF production is conditioned by not only the composition but also the process used during manufacturing. OF is commonly manufactured by solvent casting and semisolid casting [12][13][14]. Hot melt extrusion, the electrospinning of drug-loaded polymeric solutions, and inkjet printing technology are the most recent forms of technology to be applied in the pharmaceutical area [8][9][10][11]. The type of processing may depend on the Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1063 3 of 12 physical and chemical properties of the polymers used, as well as on the profile/delivery that is intended for the final product. ...
... The OF production is conditioned by not only the composition but also the process used during manufacturing. OF is commonly manufactured by solvent casting and semisolid casting [12][13][14]. Hot melt extrusion, the electrospinning of drug-loaded polymeric solutions, and inkjet printing technology are the most recent forms of technology to be applied in the pharmaceutical area [8][9][10][11]. The type of processing may depend on the physical and chemical properties of the polymers used, as well as on the profile/delivery that is intended for the final product. ...
Mental disorders are increasing worldwide, and efforts have been developed by multidisciplinary research groups to combine knowledge from different areas such as psychology, neuroscience, medicine, and biotechnology to develop strategies and products to promote the prevention of mental disorders. Excessive antipsychotic consumption is a public health problem, and innovative strategies must be devised. The development of innovative and, if possible, natural products is one of the strategies to combat this public health problem. Oral films are recent delivery systems that have been developed with several advantages that should be applied in this area. This review intends to draw attention to these new dosage forms of drugs and bioactive molecules pertinent to the field of mental health prevention and therapy and to the need for regulatory guidelines to ensure their quality and safety. This is a critical overview about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to oral film implementation in mental disorder treatment.
Feasibility of electrospinning in the manufacturing of sildenafil-containing orodispersible films (ODFs) intended to enhance oxygenation and to reduce pulmonary arterial pressure in pediatric patients was evaluated. Given the targeted subjects, the simplest and safest formulation was chosen, using water as the only solvent and pullulan, a natural polymer, as the sole fiber-forming agent. A systematic characterization in terms of shear and extensional viscosity as well as surface tension of solutions containing different amounts of pullulan and sildenafil was carried out. Accordingly, electrospinning parameters enabling the continuous production, at the highest possible rate, of defect-free fibers with uniform diameter in the nanometer range were assessed. Morphology, microstructure, drug content and relevant solid state as well as ability of the resulting non-woven films to interact with aqueous fluids were evaluated. To better define the role of the fibrous nanostructure on the performance of ODFs, analogous films were produced by spin- and blade-coating and tested. Interestingly, the disintegration process of electrospun products turned out to be the fastest (i.e. occurring within few s) and compliant with Ph. Eur. and USP limits, making relevant ODFs particularly promising for increasing sildenafil bioavailability, thus lowering its dosages.
