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Examples of labeling in the type collection of lichens at PH. a, Label from the Muhlenberg herbarium in the hand of G.H.E Muhlenberg. Note the annotation ''Usnea angulata A. NS'' at bottom right. b, Label typical of specimens from the herbarium of H.E. Hasse. c, Label from Lichenes Scandinavici. d, Label from the Schweinitz herbarium in the hand of L.D. von Schweinitz (pencil annotation (bottom) in hand of E. Tuckerman and ink annotation (upper) in hand
Source publication
The lichen herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (PH) is among the oldest in North America. At the center of the collection are the herbaria of the early nineteenth century botanists L.D. von Schweinitz and G.H.E. Muhlenberg and the late nineteenth century lichenologist J.W. Eckfeldt. A catalogue of types has not previously b...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... most were not included in the summary of lichen exsiccati in American herbaria provided by Culberson (1959). Thus we have included a list of the lichen exsiccati known to be held by PH in Appendix 1. Figure 1 provides a sampling of labels from among the lichen types at PH. ...
Context 2
... packet contains three specimens mounted by Eckfeldt onto a single backing, and each is marked with a separate C.G. Pringle number (215, 216, 170 [115]). Müller however referred to only two num- bers in the protologue (216 and 170); thus, the third collection (215) Eckfeldt removed PH 990990 from the mounted exsiccati specimen and kept it for his personal her- barium. We consider Tuckerman (1848) to be the place of publication instead of Tuckerman (1848a). ...
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Citations
... by Acharius and then by Fries as having been collected by G.H.E. Muhlenberg, presumably near his home in southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (Lendemer & Hewitt 2002;Mears 1978). Two specimens were labeled by Fries as having been collected by Pehr Kalm, one in "Carolina amer." ...
Lecidea varians is among the most common and abundant bark-dwelling crustose lichens in temperate eastern North America. As presently delimited, it is highly variable, including chemical and morphological diversity well beyond that currently accepted for most lichen species. The generic placement of L. varians has also been questioned for decades. It has long been recognized as aberrant in Lecidea and Pyrrhospora, excluded from Lecidella, and more recently transferred to Traponora. Drawing from the results of extensive chemical, molecular phylogenetic and morphological studies, we show that L. varians and its relatives represent a previously unrecognized lineage within the speciose lichen family Lecanoraceae. The lineage appears to occupy an isolated position, distinct from the aforementioned genera, and is newly described as the genus Xanthosyne (typified by L. varians). The chemical and morphological variation within L. varians is mirrored by, but not entirely correlated with, considerable molecular diversity. A new taxonomy is proposed for L. varians and its relatives to serve as a framework for future studies. Three species are recognized: X. varians (≡ Lecidea varians), common and widespread in parts of North America; X. granularis, a new species from the Atlantic Coast of eastern North America that differs morphologically from X. varians in having a leprose thallus; and X. sharnoffiorum, a new species also found mainly along the Atlantic Coast of eastern North America, which has a coarsely granular, non-leprose thallus and produces a unique, unidentified xanthone. Multiple well-supported lineages were recovered within X. varians that correlate to varying degrees with chemical and morphological variability, as well as geographic distribution. Eight subspecies are recognized to accommodate the variation within X. varians: X. varians subsp. exigua comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea exigua) characterized by the presence of atranorin and a consistent set of three xanthones, is widespread in southern Europe and western North America (coastal California); X. varians subsp. varians (≡ Lecidea varians) is distributed mainly in northeastern North America and produces thuringione and arthothelin; X. varians subsp. morsei subsp. nov. is morphologically and chemically variable, with one chemotype (thiophanic acid) with a northeastern distribution, and the other with a unique and unidentified xanthone, found mainly in the interior U.S.A.; X. varians subsp. obscura subsp. nov. occurs mainly in the central U.S.A. and North Temperate regions, produces a unique, unidentified xanthone and generally has black apothecia with green epihymenial pigments; X. varians subsp. pseudomorsei subsp. nov. and X. varians subsp. submorsei subsp. nov. resemble X. varians subsp. morsei but differ in molecular sequence characters; X. varians subsp. subtilis comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea subtilis) and X. varians subsp. subexigua subsp. nov. occur in the Appalachian Mountains, the former producing atranorin and the latter lacking atranorin, both with thiophanic acid with or without other xanthones. In an addendum, Lecidella subviridis is discussed with respect to the genus Xanthosyne. An identification key is provided for all species and their subspecies within Xanthosyne.
... corniculata. Future studies including the isolectotype (UPS) and additional specimens recently discovered in the PH Herbarium (Lendemer & Hewitt 2002) are fundamental to verify this feature since did not inform the specimen from which the ascospores and conidial data were furnished. Also, the type from Parmelia cetrata is from the USA, while that of P. perforata var. ...
The species of Parmotrema with salazinic acid were revised, based on the types of the accepted names, as well as their synonyms. Descriptions for 66 species are given and the synonymy, chemistry, distribution and taxonomic affinities of each species discussed. Three new species are described: Parmotrema austromaculatum sp. nov., P. bifidum sp. nov. and P. clercianum sp. nov. One new combination in Parmelinella is made, P. afrocetrata comb. nov., as well as 13 new combinations in Parmotrema: P. acanthifolium comb. nov., P. concors comb. nov., P. foliolosum comb. nov., P. granulare comb. nov., P. lividotessellatum comb. nov., P. magnum comb. nov., P. maximum comb. nov., P. nudum comb. nov., P. petropoliense comb. nov., P. radiatum comb. nov., P. reterimulosum comb. nov., P. sieberi comb. nov. and P. warmingii comb. nov. One new name, Parmotrema elixii nom. nov. is proposed for Rimelia pustulata. Two lectotypifications are made: Parmotrema erubescens and P. ruminatum. Twelve taxa remain without definite status and are included in the nomina inquirenda.
... 168" by Calkins, presumably referring to a numbered set of specimens that had been sent for identification to Nylander. As has been documented elsewhere, the above scenario was common practice for several North American workers (e.g., Calkins and J.W. Eckfeldt) who routinely sent collections made by others to Nylander (LaGreca & Lumbsch 2001, Lendemer & Hewitt 2002. Thus, despite the fact that the specimen in H-NYL lacks Nuttall's collection number, we here select it as the lectotype because it was indisputably studied by Nylander, described at length by Magnusson (1935), and comprises part of the original material used to prepare the original description (Art. ...
Notes on four taxa are presented as part of an effort to resolve the taxonomic status of neglected crustose lichen names based on material from North America. Lecidea deminutula, described from non-calcareous rocks in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, is placed in synonymy with Lecidella enteroleucella. Lecidea olivacea var. inspersa, described from hardwood bark in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, is placed in synonymy with Lecidella elaeochroma. Lecidea virginiensis, described from seeping, non-calcareous rocks in West Virginia, is lectotypified and placed in synonymy with Bryobilimbia ahlesii. Thelenella humilis described from non-calcareous rocks in New York is placed in synonymy with Protothelenella corrosa.
... There are two specimens in PH that were marked as Parmelia crinita by Henry Muhlenberg, who also assigned them the same collection number ''122.'' One of these, PH-990871, bears the date 29 Nov 1805, and is a duplicate of the specimen in H-ACH, as the packet clearly indicates that Muhlenberg sent a duplicate to Erik Acharius under his exchange number ''33'' (see Lendemer & Hewitt 2002 for discussion). The second specimen, PH-990093, bares the date 10 Feb 1780, and is a mixture of Parmotrema crinitum and Heterodermia hypoleuca (Ach.) ...
Parmotrema internexum is shown to be a morphologically, chemically and phylogenetically distinct species whose occurrence in North America has been previously overlooked and largely based on misidentifications. Prior accounts of the species being similar to P. crinitum but differing in having an adnate thallus, few marginal cilia, and in producing norlobaridone in addition to the stictic acid complex, are confirmed. An extensive review of the taxon, including the use of the name P. internexum in the literature, is provided. Taxonomic treatments of P. crinitum and P. internexum are also provided and both species are illustrated.
... A myriad of events throughout history have made this priceless material -especially with regard to types -to go temporarily missing or inexorably lost from wars and political/economic instability, the lack of methods and technology to properly label and identify the specimens, and the inaccuracy of information in protologues (Voss 1999, Poppendieck 2001, Lendemer & Hewitt 2002, Eggli & Leuenberger 2008, all of which has forced present-day botanists to undergo an enduring detective work to track the location of type specimens. ...
Ionidium racemosum Nees & Mart. and I. maximilianii Eichler had their identities
obscured by missing types and poor descriptions. Recent searches through historical collections revealed
that they are synonyms of Hybanthus communis (A.St.-Hil.) Taub., and the nomenclatural revision that
followed this finding required some typological adjustments that are presented here. The main collections known to house specimens from the context of Flora Brasiliensis were
consulted, especially in Europe and North America. Further searches were performed at the libraries and
archives of these institutions or on the internet, in order to gather pertinent historical literature. A nomenclatural revision of Hybanthus communis is provided with a historical background
to support the typological modifications that were performed. Three lectotypifications and four new
synonyms are presented here.
... The reference to "Dr. Eckfeldt" as collector is an error that is due to that fact that when Eckfeldt sent material to correspondents he often omitted the name of the original collector (Lendemer & Hewitt 2002). The isotype at PH retains the original label from Langlois confirming that he was the collector and that he assigned the gathering number 830. ...
Geographically disjunct and ecologically unusual populations of Cladonia apodocarpa from hardwood swamps are reported from southeastern North Carolina, and assignment to that species is confirmed with analyses of nrITS sequence data. The separation of Lecanora cinereofusca var. cinereofusca and L. cinereofusca var. appalachensis is discussed in the light of analyses of mtSSU and nrITS sequence data. Lecanora cinereofusca var. appalachensis is considered to merit recognition at the species level, for which the name L. saxigena Lendemer & R.C. Harris (nomen novum pro L. appalachensis (Brodo) non L. appalachensis Lendemer & R.C. Harris) is introduced. Phlyctis ludoviciensis is formally placed in synonymy with P. boliviensis. Phlyctis willeyi is shown to belong to the genus Leucodecton and the new combination L. willeyi (Tuck.) R.C. Harris is proposed. Piccolia nannaria is hypothesized to be a parasite on Pyrrhospora varians and is shown to be more widespread in the Coastal Plain than previously thought. Schismatomma rappii is revised, illustrated, and shown to be widespread in the Coastal Plain of southeastern North America. Tylophoron hibernicum is confirmed to be the correct name for all North American records of T. protrudens.
... Recent research regarding the type collection of lichens at PH (Lendemer & Hewitt 2002) has resulted in the discovery of several nomenclatural novelities. The first of these was the discovery that the common arborous pyrenolichen Placidium tuckermanii (Montagne) Breuss, was synonymous with an older name that had previously been regarded as a junior invalid synonym. ...
The only member of the lichen genus Dermiscellum, D. catawbensis, has been found to be synonymous with a name published over a decade earlier by Edward Tuckerman. Thus, in order to correct this case of forgotten priority, Opegrapha oulocheila Tuckerman is placed in the genus Dermiscellum to replace the name D. catawbense. The typification of both names is discussed and the holotype of O. oulocheila is figured for the first time.
... Despite the existence of a wealth of baseline data for Pennsylvania from the late 1700's through the mid 1800's (Lendemer & Hewitt 2002), there has been virtually no progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the lichen flora of Pennsylvania until the work of the second author began several years ago. Such historical data are not available for many regions outside of Europe, and it is nothing short of astonishing that a region so close to the east coast megalopolis would have remained so poorly explored for such a long period of time. ...
An account of the lichens collected by the participants of the 30th A. Leroy Andrews Foray to
the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area is provided. This contribution supplements the report of Water Gap lichens previously compiled by the authors. Bacidia phyllopsoropsis is described as new to science.
... As Brodo (1968) noted, the lichen flora of eastern North American has received considerable study in comparison to other regions of the world. Indeed, material from the region was sent to some of the seminal figures of lichenology by Henry Muhlenberg and Lewis David von Schweinitz (Lendemer & Hewitt, 2002). Many early figures such as Edward Tuckerman and Henry Willey also contributed significantly to understanding the lichens of the region. ...
A preliminary checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Wharton State Forest, New Jersey, USA, reports 190 named taxa as the result of recent survey work. Abrothallus cladoniae R. Sant. & D. Hawks. was found on Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng. The following species are reported for the first time from New Jersey: Acrocordia megalospora (Fink) R.C. Harris, Agonimia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) Vězda, Bacidia coprodes (Körb.) Lettau (Syn. Bacidia granosa (Tuck.) Zahlbr.), Chaenothecopsis savonica (Räsänen) Tibell, Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg, Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon, Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Mereschk.) Essl., Physcia pumilior R.C. Harris, Parmotrema subisidiosum (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy, Psoroglaena dictyospora (Orange) Harada, Sarea resinae (Fr.) Kuntze, Schismatomma pericleum (Ach.) Branth & Rostrup, Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P. James, and Vezdaea leprosa (P. James) Vězda.
... The innermost packet, the one containing the specimen, is a provisional packet made out of an old magazine, labelled with a pencil in the handwriting of Hasse with 'Lecid lugubr. 5500(' (the handwriting was identified by the first author with the help of a copied label published by Lendemer & Hewitt 2002). In addition, the number 468 added in black ink can be found on the packet and again on the cover of a slide with a section, that is also labelled 'Lecid lugubris' with pencil in Hasse's handwriting . ...
Schaereria dolodes (Nyl. ex Hasse) Schmull & T. Sprib. comb. nov., an epiphytic lichen species known from western North America was originally described as a member of the genus Lecidea sensu lato. However, its morphology is very characteristic of the genus Schaereria Körb. Here, we lectotypify the species and propose its placement in the latter genus. It is also reported as new to Canada from British Columbia.
