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Our world is now facing a multitude of novel infectious diseases. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, albeit with increasing difficulty as many of the more common causes of infection have now developed broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance. However, there is now an even greater challenge from both old and new viruses capable of cau...
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The relevance of the study is conditioned by the growing demand of the population for safe and organic poultry products. Various microbiological preparations are used as therapeutic and preventive means and alternatives to the use of antibiotics in organic poultry farming. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of preparations of probi...
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... layers of the skin [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The causative agents of the disease are pathogenic fungi of two genera -Microsporum and Tnchophyton, causing microsporia and trichophytia, respectively [9,14]. ...
... The active substance of this drug, terbinafine hydrochloride, has a double effect on fungal cells -fungistatic and fungicidal. Clinical trials of terbinafine indicate its high therapeutic efficacy in dermatomycosis [16]. In connection with the above, the purpose of our work is to study the effectiveness of the use of the drug "Fungivet" in complex therapy in the treatment of dermatophytosis in cats. ...
Dermatophytoses are a widespread group of infectious diseases known since ancient times, but still a problem even for modern clinical veterinary medicine. Despite the fact that vaccination against fungal infections for cats is a fairly common procedure in Russia, these diseases do not cease to be registered in our country. At the moment, veterinarians have increasingly begun to use systemic antifungal drugs in the treatment of animals, which show high effectiveness in combating dermatophytosis. They have a convenient application scheme, the drugs have a cumulative effect in tissues, while they do not have a toxic effect on the liver. This indicates the need to develop this topic, to develop new tools for animal immunization. It is also necessary to choose the most effective treatment regimen for this disease in order to minimize its spread among cats living in shelters, specialized kennels, and to prevent infection of people in contact with them. The development of effective methods for the treatment of dermatophytosis in cats is one of the promising areas of veterinary science and practice. since they are zooanthroponotic diseases. In most cases, human infection occurs due to his close contact with sick animals (more often cats) in case of non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules. Children under 7 years of age are at greater risk of infection, and a decrease in immunity significantly increases the duration of treatment for this pathology. The disease is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, headaches, intoxication syndrome, and may be complicated by the addition of a secondary bacterial infection requiring special treatment.
... Probiotics have been shown to have antiviral effects. This is true for common respiratory viruses such as influenza, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses [28][29][30]. The relevant probiotic modes of action can be broken down into at least three categories: control of microbial interactions, such as such as colonisation, toxin production, inflammation, and ...
... Probiotics have been shown to have antiviral effects. This is true for common respiratory viruses such as influenza, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses [28][29][30]. The relevant probiotic modes of action can be broken down into at least three categories: control of microbial interactions, such as such as colonisation, toxin production, inflammation, and biofilm formation; immunomodulation, and epithelial barrier protection [1,31]. ...
Probiotics are live microorganisms that induce health benefits to the host. The consumption of probiotics can result in both prophylactic and therapeutic effects. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory condition that has a significant health and economic impact worldwide. Despite its great burden on the health-care system and patients’ quality of life, the variety of therapy options for CRS is currently limited. Inflammation, mucociliary dysfunction and changes in the microbial environment are thought to be the main factors causing the disease. Probiotics are a relatively new intervention, with a focus on the probiotic qualities and adaptive elements required for a bacterial strain to have a positive impact on CRS. The aim of this review was to review studies evaluating the potential beneficial effects of probiotics in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Future prospects and difficulties for probiotics in CRS are also highlighted.
... Vaginal Lactobacillus strains isolated from healthy women demonstrated activity against viruses responsible for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Due to these activities, the use of lactobacilli and/or their metabolites could represent an attractive strategy to prevent or treat different viral infections, especially STIs [16]. ...
A healthy vaginal microbiota hosts Lactobacillus as the most predominant genus. Lactobacilli play a role in human health through the production of diverse antimicrobial substances that can act against human pathogens or modulate the immune system. Previous reports highlighted the ability of vaginal lactobacilli to counteract viruses causing STIs, e.g., HIV-1 and HSV-2. In this report, we analyze the activity of supernatants of vaginal lactobacilli against HSV-1 infection, which is becoming increasingly relevant as a STI. We show that the supernatants of two vaginal Lactobacillus species (i.e., L. crispatus and L. gasseri) were active at neutralizing HSV-1 infection in two different cell lines of human and simian origin. Specifically, we demonstrate that L. crispatus strains are the most effective in antiviral activity, as evidenced by the comparison with a vaginal pathogen taken as reference. The effect was specific and not attributable to the generic toxicity of the supernatants to the cells. Our results pave the way for the development of probiotics to limit the impact of HSV-1 infection on women’s health.
... Clinicians often do not consider the etiological role in the occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders in animals during the initial examination, which leads to errors in the diagnosis and incorrect methods of subsequent drug treatment [4,17,[36][37][38]. Currently, the available literature lacks information on diagnostic approaches for intestinal dysbiosis in cats of varying severity. ...
The treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in animals remains one of the most complex and urgent problems in veterinary medicine to this day. Recently, a steady increase in pathologies has been recorded, accompanied by the development of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of various etiologies in animals. Despite the constant improvement of methods for correcting the intestinal microbiota, the occurrence of dysbacteriosis in various pathological processes not only does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. This study revealed definite pathogenetic features of intestinal dysbiosis in cats of varying severity. It has been established that substantial changes occur in the blood of cats with dysbiosis, and with the decompensated third degree of severity, profound hematological shifts occur. The differences found may have significant clinical and laboratory importance since they complement the available data on intestinal dysbiosis in cats, which, in our opinion, will improve diagnostic and prognostic approaches, as well as therapeutic and preventive measures.
... Bacteriocins released by some acidophilic LAB also attract attention by their potential to reduce the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in foods, as well as being seen as potential non-antibiotic new growth-promoters in livestock [127,128]. The fact that most bacteriocins are generally colorless, odorless, and tasteless makes them usable in the food industry [129]. Lactococcus lactis bacteria from acidophilic LAB create the polycyclic antibacterial peptide known as lantibiotic nisin. ...
... Bacteriocins produced by acidophilic LAB are being researched as a promising antiviral alternative to traditional antiviral agents, in addition to their antibacterial activities. The antiviral activity of bacteriocins, which has previously received much less attention than their antibacterial activity, is currently the subject of extensive research [129]. Bacteriocins, which are mainly produced from probiotic bacteria, can reduce the viral load of the host and improve the immunomodulatory mechanism against viral infections [1,129]. ...
... The antiviral activity of bacteriocins, which has previously received much less attention than their antibacterial activity, is currently the subject of extensive research [129]. Bacteriocins, which are mainly produced from probiotic bacteria, can reduce the viral load of the host and improve the immunomodulatory mechanism against viral infections [1,129]. It is reported that some bacteriocins produced by some acidophilic LAB hace anti-influenza virus activity [135]. ...
The need to improve the safety/quality of food and the health of the hosts has resulted in increasing worldwide interest in acidophilic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for the food, livestock as well as health industries. In addition to the use of acidophilic LAB with probiotic potential for food fermentation and preservation, their application in the natural disposal of acidic wastes polluting the environment is also being investigated. Considering this new benefit that has been assigned to probiotic microorganisms in recent years, the acceleration in efforts to identify new, efficient, promising probiotic acidophilic LAB is not surprising. One of these effots is to determine both the beneficial and harmful compounds synthesized by acidophilic LAB. Moreover, microorganisms are of concern due to their possible hemolytic, DNase, gelatinase and mucinolytic activities, and the presence of virulence/antibiotic genes. Hence, it is argued that acidophilic LAB should be evaluated for these parameters before their use in the health/food/livestock industry. However, this issue has not yet been fully discussed in the literature. Thus, this review pays attention to the less-known aspects of acidophilic LAB and the compounds they release, clarifying critical unanswered questions, and discussing their health benefits and safety.
... Therefore, it is anticipated that the gut microbiota may influence the symptoms and severity of COVID-19. 68,69 Apart from this, it was observed that the serum vitamin D ratio increased when Lactobacillus was administered orally. The increase in the vitamin D ratio is explained by lowering the pH of the intestinal epithelium thanks to lactic acids and increasing vitamin absorption. ...
... Direct interaction with virus cells and inhibition of replication, blocking of receptor sites in host cells, stimulation of immunity, and production of antiviral metabolites are suggested to explain the antiviral activities of probiotics. 69 Intercellular junctions, tight junctions (TJs), adherence junctions (AJs), and desmosomes in the epithelium form a physical barrier and ensure the integrity of the epithelium. Probiotics regulate epithelial barrier function by increasing the expression levels of genes associated with these sites between epithelial cells. ...
... 75−77 The current administration of probiotics for these purposes includes (i) regular use at low doses for prophylaxis to maintain the continued availability and efficacy of the probiotic in the host microbiota and (ii) the use of relatively high doses for the treatment of microbiota dysbiosis at the site of infection or to boost interaction with immunologically responsible host tissues. 69 Many probiotic products, particularly dairy products, are available today. In addition, a few probiotic preparations are licensed as drug products. ...
Microorganisms that make up the local microbiota (such as Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp.) play a crucial role in the modulation of diseases and health states by taking place not only in the gut but also in many parts of our body. There is also interference between the gut and the lung via the gut-lung axis. The relationship between respiratory diseases and lung microbiota, which become more of an issue of particular importance in recent years, shows that probiotics play an essential role in maintaining the balance of microorganisms in the respiratory tract. However, studies on probiotics' prophylactic or therapeutic application in chronic lung diseases are limited. In this review, the literature between 1977 and 2022 was surveyed. General information about human microbiota was accessed in earlier sources, and especially in the past decade, research on lung microbiota has been reached. The relationship between lung microbiota and important respiratory diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, allergy-asthma, influenza, lung cancer, and COVID-19 infection, was scrutinized after mentioning human microbiota, the gut-lung axis, and respiratory tract microbiota. The mechanism of action of probiotics and the formulation approaches of probiotics in terms of pharmaceutical technology were reviewed. Finally, future perspectives on lung-targeted administration of probiotic bacteria with prophylactic or therapeutic potential, or both, were presented.
... Що стосується інфекції SARS-CoV-2, існує імунологічна координація між кишечником і легенями [16,17]. Численні дослідження показали, що здоровий мікробіом кишечника може бути пов'язаний зі зниженням смертності від SARS-CoV-2 [18] і що пробіотики слід розглядати для профілактики [19]. ...
Background. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently increasing worldwide and is a serious problem that causes interest in its study, especially in patients with an immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In recent years, studies have been investigating the influence of microflora on the development and progression of NAFLD. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of dysbiotic disorders of the colonic microbiocenosis in patients with NAFLD with an immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods. We examined 34 patients with NAFLD who were found to have IgG to SARS-CoV-2. All examined patients were divided into two groups: group I consisted of 17 patients with no history of SARS-CoV-2 according to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data; group II — 17 patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. The control group consisted of 10 practically healthy individuals. Chromatographic determination of the content of short-chain fatty acids, species and quantitative composition of the colonic microflora was performed. Results. The microbiological studies revealed changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the colonic microflora in 88.2 % of patients with NAFLD, with a predominance of dysbiosis II in 41.2 % of patients in group I and dysbiosis I in 70.6 % of patients in group II. These changes were due to a decrease in the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, an increase in the concentration of opportunistic pathogens, fungi of the genus Candida spp. The intestinal microbiome of patients with NAFLD who had SARS-CoV-2 showed impaired biosynthesis of short-chain fatty acids in the coprofiltrate, which was manifested by an increase in the median acetic and propionic acids and a decrease in the median butyric acid in patients of group I. The median anaerobic index had a statistically significant decrease in patients of group I by 1.5 times (p
... Modulation of the immune system shows capacity of the LAB to affect various diseases and induce various health benefits. Each probiotic microorganism can manifest different mechanisms of action and different health-promoting effects, which define the probiotic potential of LAB as species-and strain-specific [9,10]. LAB are the sources of multiple biologically active substances. ...
... Although the mechanism of action of probiotic strains to inhibit viral replication is not yet fully understood, the attention of the scientific and medical communities is now increasingly focused on the benefits that will come from supporting probiotics in the fight against viruses. Researchers have proven that probiotics were employed to prevent and reduce symptoms of infections caused by common viruses, especially respiratory tract viruses [10,51], but also for herpes simplex virus [43]. LAB may exert their antiviral activity by direct probiotic virus interaction; the production of antiviral inhibitory metabolites; and via immune system stimulation [18]. ...
Studies of newly isolated strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a good basis for expanding
the potential for their applications in functional foods, probiotic food supplements, and other probiotic
products. They exhibit various functional properties, including such with antiviral activity. Probiotic
strains can manifest their antiviral effects by various mechanisms, including direct interaction with
viruses, production of antiviral compounds, or immune system modulation. Ten newly isolated LAB
strains from traditional fermented food products have been tested for the determination of their
antiviral activity. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of cell-free supernatants (CFSs)
from the studied strains for the effect on viral replication of Human alphaherpesvirus—HHV-1 and
HHV-2 as well as for direct virucidal activity. The CFSs of the LAB strains were used in non-toxic
concentrations of 25%, 6.25%, and 1.6%. No direct virucidal activity was observed in tested CFSs,
but five of the strains observed a well-defined effect of viral replication inhibition with the selective
index (SI) from 4.40 to >54. For two of these five strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
KZM 2-11-3 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KC 5-12 strong activity against HHV-2 with a selective
index (SI) over 45 was detected, which is a good basis for further research.
... Previous studies have suggested that specific antiviral mechanisms are involved in the immune response (Patra et al., 2021;Singh and Rao, 2021). First, the suggested initial mechanisms of probiotics against viral infection include direct probiotic cell interactions with the targeted viruses, production of antiviral metabolites, and modulation of the immune system (Tiwari et al., 2020). The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were reduced by suppressing NF-κb signaling by probiotics. ...
Respiratory virus infections are an escalating issue and have become common worldwide. Influenza and COVID-19 are typical infectious respiratory diseases, and they sometimes lead to various complications. In a situation in which no established drug or treatment exists, consumption of proper food might be beneficial in maintaining health against external infections. We studied the potential effects of mixtures of probiotic strains on various viral infections. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of yogurt containing probiotics to reduce the risk of respiratory viruses such as influenza H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. First, we performed in vitro tests using infected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Vero E6 cells, to evaluate the potential effects of yogurt containing high-dose probiotics against influenza H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The yogurt significantly reduced plaque formation in the virus-infected cells. We also performed in vivo tests using influenza H1N1-infected C57BL/6 mice and SARS-CoV-2-infected Syrian golden hamsters, to evaluate the potential effects of yogurt. Yogurt was administered orally once daily during the experimental period. Yogurt was also administered orally as pretreatment once daily for 3 wk before viral infection. Regarding influenza H1N1, it was found that yogurt caused an increase in the survival rate, body weight, and IFN-γ, IgG1, and IL-10 levels against viral infection and a decrease in the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Although the SARS-CoV-2 copy number was not significantly reduced in the lungs of yogurt-treated SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters, the body weights and histopathological findings of the lungs were improved in the yogurt-treated group. In conclusion, we suggest that consumption of yogurt containing probiotics can lead to beneficial effects to prevent respiratory viral infections.
... In this regard, harnessing the potential of probiotic bacteria against AIVs such as H9N2 is a promising approach owing to its multiple beneficial traits to their hosts and protection. There have been reports of probiotics effectively treating viral infections of the intestine, respiratory system, and urogenital system [21]. Previous studies have shown that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their metabolites show solid antiviral activity against viral pathogens [22][23][24]. ...
... However, LAB and their metabolites, such as bacteriocins, can also trigger the host immune response providing resistance to viral infections [22,23]. LAB strains have been effectively utilized to treat dental, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections for many years, and some can even lower serum cholesterol [21]. Despite scientific and technological advances, the AIVs continue to threaten human health and the global economy. ...
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) pose a persistent threat to humans owing to their reassortment and antigenic drift properties. Among them is H9N2, a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus first discovered in the non-human host and later found infective to humans with huge pandemic potential. In recent years, antiviral resistance has become an increasing threat to public health. Additionally, vaccination against AIVs is becoming increasingly challenging with little success due to antigenic drift. This has resulted in a growing demand for products that can replace the presently in-use medications and the development of innovative antiviral therapies. In this study, we systematically investigate the antiviral potential of lactic acid bacteria against H9N2. Bacteria that produce lactic acid are commonly used in food processing. In addition, these bacteria are considered more affordable, effective, and safe “nutraceuticals” than other alternative medicines. We tested Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against the low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2). As confirmed by the hemagglutination assay, KAU007 showed potent antiviral activity against H9N2 and vigorous antioxidant activity. The CFCS showed a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ. Thus, KAU007 might be considered a potential H9N2 target-based probiotic.
