Figure 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Examples of analyzed chicken eggshells samples: (a) brown eggshells from healthy hens; (b) white eggshells from healthy hens; (c) brown eggshells from hens infected with MS; (d) white eggshells from hens infected with MS; (e) with MS but without visible deformations (visible in candling).
Source publication
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a major pathogen in chicken and turkeys, causing subclinical infection. MS infections are highly prevalent and may potentate and be involved in sinovitis, respiratory syndromes, as well as lead to eggshell apex abnormality (EAA). A deformed, inhomogeneous eggshell is susceptible to cracks and breaks through which microbe...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... eggs come from control groups. In order to prepare the sample for the experiment, the specific procedure was carried out consisting of breaking of an egg, rinsing the shell under a stream of tepid, running water and leaving it to dry for 3 D. Figure 1 presents selected cases of MS that clearly show what effect this bacteria has on the external appearance of an eggshell. Only some of the eggs laid by infected chickens have such visible changes in shape and color (Figure 1c and 1d). ...
Context 2
... order to prepare the sample for the experiment, the specific procedure was carried out consisting of breaking of an egg, rinsing the shell under a stream of tepid, running water and leaving it to dry for 3 D. Figure 1 presents selected cases of MS that clearly show what effect this bacteria has on the external appearance of an eggshell. Only some of the eggs laid by infected chickens have such visible changes in shape and color (Figure 1c and 1d). Eggs with changes visible only during the candling are shown in Figure 1e. ...
Similar publications
Objectives
The study reveals a picture for M. gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) in poultry industry of Egypt.
Methods
A total of 628 samples were collected from different species of diseased and apparently healthy poultry species from 15 Egyptian governorates. The isolates identified based on mgc2 and 16s rRNA specific primers for MG and MS...
Citations
... Besides this, a sensor with better performance always provides new prospects for its application, especially when its cost is low. Optical measurement systems are one such good example of this idea, e.g., the spectral technique applied in veterinary science [53]. ...
A novel design of a MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical System) capacitive accelerometer fabricated by surface micromachining, with a structure enabling precise auto-calibration during operation, is presented. Precise auto-calibration was introduced to ensure more accurate acceleration measurements compared to standard designs. The standard mechanical structure of the accelerometer (seismic mass integrated with elastic suspension and movable plates coupled with fixed plates forming a system of differential sensing capacitors) was equipped with three movable detection electrodes coupled with three fixed electrodes, thus creating three atypical tunneling displacement transducers detecting three specific positions of seismic mass with high precision, enabling the auto-calibration of the accelerometer while it was being operated. Auto-calibration is carried out by recording the accelerometer indication while the seismic mass occupies a specific position, which corresponds to a known value of acting acceleration determined in a pre-calibration process. The diagram and the design of the mechanical structure of the accelerometer, the block diagram of the electronic circuits, and the mathematical relationships used for auto-calibration are presented. The results of the simulation studies related to mechanical and electric phenomena are discussed.
... It involves spectral, rapid measurement with data post-processing and AI classification. Classifying samples' biological origins through spectral data analysis is now a trend, i.e., honey types classification [16] or whether the egg comes from MSinfected chicken or healthy chicken [17][18][19]. ...
... Two optical sys-tem configurations, one with transmitted light and the other with reflected light, were al-ready made and tested for analysis and classification of eggshells. In the case of transmit-ted light analysis on chicken eggs, they achieved an accuracy of 88.8%, specifically for white eggshells [17]. The measurements can be conducted without destroying the egg by utilising reflective light, making them more applicable in industrial settings. ...
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a highly contagious bacteria that can cause significant harm in commercial poultry populations while not prevented. Rapid detection of its presence in a flock is crucial from the perspective of animals' health and economic income. Authors propose spectral measurements strongly backed up by the AI data processing algorithms for classifying egg origin: from healthy hens or MS-infected ones. The newest obtained classification factors are F-scores for white eggshells 99% and for brown eggshells 99%—all data used for classification were taken by the portable multispectral fibre-optics reflectometer.
... Another approach is indirect optical spectroscopy, in which the biological objects are classified by their origin, i.e., different honey types [16] or eggs from MS-infected chickens or healthy chickens [17,18]. Due to the large variety of biological samples and their variations within one class, there are many different approaches for spectral data analysis. ...
... Two configurations of optical systems with transmitted or reflected light were used. For the transmitted light analysis on chicken eggs, the authors obtained an accuracy of 88.8% for white eggshells [17]. Due to reflective light used, measurements did not require the destruction of the egg, and are therefore more likely to be applied in the industry. ...
The proper classification of the origins of food products is a crucial issue all over the world nowadays. In this paper, the authors present a device—a multispectral portable fibre-optic reflectometer and signal processing patch—together with a machine-learning algorithm for the classification of the origins of chicken eggshells in the case of Mycoplasma synoviae infection. The sensor device was developed based on previous studies with a continuous spectrum in transmittance and selected spectral lines in reflectance. In the described case, the sensor is based on the integration of reflected spectral data from short spectral bands from the VIS and NIR region, which are produced by single-colour LEDs and introduced to the sample via a fibre bundle. The measurement is carried out in a sequence, and the reflected signal is pre-processed to be put in the machine learning algorithm. The support vector machine algorithm is used together with three different types of data normalization. The obtained results of the F-score factor for classification of the origins of samples show that the percentages of eggs coming from Mycoplasma synoviae infected hens are up to 87% for white and 96% for brown eggshells.
... Many infections most frequently occur as chronic and subclinical infections, such as mycoplasmosis or ornithobacteriosis affecting the upper respiratory tract (URT) [19][20][21]. Respiratory diseases can, however, also cause serious clinical signs [22][23][24], which in many cases may be intensified by the presence of other environmental factors or pathogens [25,26]. Where disease has a copathogenic aspect, higher morbidity and mortality are observed in mixed bacterial infections [11,27,28]. ...
Respiratory tract health critically affects the performance of commercial poultry. This report presents data on the microbial community in these organs from a comprehensive study of laying chickens and turkey breeders. The main objective was to characterize and compare the compositions of the respiratory system bacteria isolated from birds of different ages and geographical locations in Poland. Using samples from 28 turkey and 26 chicken flocks, the microbial community was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. There was great variability between flocks. The diversity and abundance of upper respiratory tract (URT) bacteria was greater in chickens than in turkeys. At the phyla level, the URT of the chickens was heavily colonized by Proteobacteria, which represented 66.4% of the total microbiota, while in turkeys, this phylum constituted 42.6% of all bacteria. Firmicutes bacteria were more abundant in turkeys (43.2%) than in chickens (24.1%). The comparison of the respiratory tracts at the family and genus levels showed the diversity and abundance of amplicon sequence variants (ASV) differing markedly between the species. Potentially pathogenic bacteria ASV were identified in the respiratory tract, which are not always associated with clinical signs, but may affect bird productivity and performance. The data obtained, including characterization of the bacterial composition found in the respiratory system, may be useful for developing effective interventions strategies to improve production performance and prevent and control disease in commercial laying chickens and turkeys.
... Optical methods can be used to classify eggs as being from healthy or MS-infected hens using spectroscopy in transmitted light [22]. The authors obtained the best results for a group of brown shells, attaining 88% accuracy. ...
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a pathogen that causes economic losses in the poultry industry. It can be transmitted, amongst others, via the respiratory tract and spread relatively quickly. As such, MS infections are mainly controlled by maintaining MS-free breeder flocks. Routine diagnosis for the detection of MS may be based on serological, culture, and molecular tests. Here, we propose an optical solution where AI-based analysis of spectral data obtained from the light reflected from the eggshells is used to determine whether they originate from healthy or Mycoplasma synoviae-infected hens. The wavelengths proposed for spectral MS detection are limited to those of VIS and NIR DPSS lasers, which are freely accessible on market. The results are satisfactory: for white eggshells, the F-score is over 95% for five different combinations of wavelengths (using eight or nine wavelengths); for brown eggshells, the F-score is above 85%, also for five different combinations of 6–9 wavelengths.
... It seems that as far as micro-measurements are concerned, two types of sensors are the most strategic: first, microsensors (mainly MEMS, MOEMS, and NEMS) that feature miniature overall dimensions, and second, optical sensors providing the highest sensitivity of measurements and thus enabling measurements of quantities of very low magnitudes. Such features open, for these sensors, a broad scope of sophisticated applications: both in typical areas related to engineering and medicine-as proposed e.g., in [1,2], as well as untypical, like veterinary science-as proposed e.g., in [3]. The considered sensors not only replace the typical sensors in standard applications, but also owing to their unique features are irreplaceable in completely new applications, e.g., advanced enhanced compact vehicle control systems [4]. ...
Grating Interferometry, known in the relevant literature as the High Sensitivity Moiré Interferometry, is a method for in-plane displacement and strain measurement. The sensitivity of this method depends on the spatial frequency of the diffraction grating attached to the object under test. For typical specimen grating, with high spatial frequency of 1200 lines per mm, the basic sensitivity is 0.417 µm per fringe. A concept of in-plane displacement sensor based on Grating Interferometry with a stepwise change in sensitivity is presented. It is realized by using the specimen grating with lower spatial frequency. In this case, the grating has more higher diffraction orders and by selecting them appropriately, the sensitivity (chosen from 1.25 μm, 0.625 μm, or 0.417 μm) and the resulting measurement range (chosen from about 600 μm, 300 μm, or 200 μm) can be adjusted to the requirements of a given experiment. A special method of filtration is required in this case. Achromatic configuration with illumination grating was chosen due to its low sensitivity to vibration.
... Broiler-breeder birds seemed less susceptible for the production of eggs with EAA than commercial layers (Feberwee & Landman, 2010). From 2009 onwards, several reports on MS related to EAA, egg production losses and/or reduced eggshell quality, and increased second-quality eggs followed and showed the worldwide presence of such strains (Catania et al., 2010;Ranck et al., 2010;Gole et al., 2012;Jeon et al., 2014;Kursa et al., 2019;Lorenc et al., 2019;Cisneros-Tamayo et al., 2020). Moreover, other reports also evidenced the amyloid-inducing potential of MS (Landman & Feberwee, 2001). ...
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are of clinical and economic importance for the global poultry industry. Many countries and integrations are involved in monitoring programs to control both mycoplasma species. This review provides an extensive historic overview of the last seven decades on the development of the knowledge regarding the factors that influence the clinical expression of the disease, the epidemiology and monitoring of both MG and MS. This includes the detection of new virulent strains, studies unravelling the transmission routes, survival characteristics and the role of other avian hosts. Also the role of molecular typing tests in unravelling epidemiology, and factors that complicate the interpretation of test results such as heterologous mycoplasma infections, use of heterologous oil-emulsion vaccines, use of antibiotic treatments, occurrence of MG and MS strains with low virulence, and last but not least the use of live and/or inactivated MG and MS vaccines are discussed.
... The situation is different with devices using spectrometric techniques working in the visible (VIS) range of light which are being increasingly used at present due to their relatively low price and ease of use. [24][25][26][27][28] Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of the wavelength. The detected spectrum is the sum of the responses of individual chemical compounds to the excitation of the incident light beam. ...
BACKGROUND
The production of honey, and especially the unifloral varieties, is limited by factors such as weather conditions or the availability of nectar flow and honeydew. This results in a deficit in supply leading to the adulteration of honey. If they are not properly labeled, customers cannot distinguish artificial / synthetic products from real honey. Currently, the basic, commonly used method for determining the varieties of honey (botanical origin) is palynological analysis. However, this procedure is quite difficult owing to the dearth of experienced staff in the field of melissopalynology.
RESULTS
A method for identifying and classifying natural honey accurately based on its botanical origin has therefore been proposed. This analysis would rely on the visible light spectra transmitted through a relatively thin layer of the substance of interest, regardless of deviations in thickness. We present algorithms for analyzing the transmittance spectra‐parametrization based on polynomial approximation (PMA) and applying a method for spectra selection and reduction (SSR) and a classical classification model (decision tree). A comparison is presented of the classification of four varieties of honey, confirmed by pollen analysis, obtained from the analysis of optically measured transmittance spectra of the samples. The algorithms that are compared contain a decision tree that uses raw data, data reduced by principal component analysis (PCA), and data after calculations based on the proposed algorithms alone (PMA and SSR) and together with the PCA method.
CONCLUSION
This novel method produced outstanding results in comparison with the standard PCA method and is helpful in identifying the botanical origin of honey effectively. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
... The clinical characteristics of MS infection are well known (Catania et al., 2016a;Sun et al., 2017;Ball et al., 2018;Kordafshari et al., 2019;Lorenc et al., 2019;Wu et al., 2019), and a number of genomic, proteomic, phenotype microarrays, and other analyses have been conducted. However, only a few MS proteins, including variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin (Narat et al., 1998;Lavric et al., 2007), cysteine protease , neuraminidase , the putative nuclease MS53_0284 (Vasconcelos et al., 2005;Cizelj et al., 2016), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) (Cizelj et al., 2016), have been identified as virulence determinants. ...
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), which causes respiratory disease, eggshell apex abnormalities, infectious synovitis, and arthritis in avian species, has become an economically detrimental poultry pathogen in recent years. In China, the disease is characterized by infectious synovitis and arthritis. However, the mechanism by which MS causes infectious synovitis and arthritis remains unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that synovial fibroblasts (SF) play a key role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Here, both RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag analyses are utilized to compare the response of primary chicken SF (CSF) following infection with and without MS. The host response between non-infected and infected cells was remarkably different at both the mRNA and protein levels. In total, 2,347 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (upregulated, n = 1,137; downregulated, n = 1,210) and 221 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (upregulated, n = 129; downregulated, n = 92) were detected in the infected group. A correlation analysis indicated a moderate positive correlation between the mRNA and protein level changes in MS-infected CSF. At both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, 149 DEGs were identified; 88 genes were upregulated and 61 genes were downregulated in CSF. Additionally, part of these regulated genes and their protein products were grouped into seven categories: proliferation-related and apoptosis-related factors, inflammatory mediators, proangiogenic factors, antiangiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and other arthritis-related proteins. These proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS-induced arthritis in chickens. To our knowledge, this is the first integrated analysis on the mechanism of CSF-MS interactions that combined transcriptomic and proteomic technologies. In this study, many key candidate genes and their protein products related to MS-induced infectious synovitis and arthritis were identified.
Rapid detection of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) in a flock is crucial from the perspective of animals’ health and economic income. MS are highly contagious bacteria that can cause significant losses in commercial poultry populations when its prevalence is not limited. MS infections can cause losses associated with a range of clinical symptoms related to the respiratory, mobility and reproductive systems. Lesions related to the reproductive system and changes in the eggshell result in losses associated with infection or embryo death or complete destruction of the eggs. The authors propose using spectral measurements backed up by an AI data processing algorithm to classify eggs’ origin: from healthy hens or MS-infected ones. The newest obtained classification factors are F-scores for white eggshells of 99% and scores for brown eggshells of 99%—all data used for classification were obtained using a portable multispectral fibre-optics reflectometer. The proposed method may be used directly on the farm by staff members with limited qualifications, as well as by veterinary doctors, assistants, or customs officers. Moreover, this method is scalable to mass production of eggs. Standard methods such as serological tests require either specialized staff or laboratory equipment. Implementation of a non-destructive optical measurement method, which is easily adapted for use on a production line, is economically reasonable.
