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Examples of a) valid, b) structurally invalid , c) semantically invalid group protocols, where s 0 , s 1 , ..., s 4 are states, s 4 being the only ending state, and t 1, t 2, ... , t 5 are transitions, t 2 and t 6 being the only transitions associated with an ending action
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Existing systems supporting collaboration processes typically implement a single, fixed collaboration protocol, and collaboration
process takes place inside a single group. In this paper, we present a model which provides support for multiple collaboration
protocols for non-monolithic collaboration processes, i.e. collaboration processes in which c...
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... concepts of structural validity and semantical validity are illustrated on Figure 3. The case a) is an example of a valid group protocol, while the cases b) and c) are re- spectively examples of structurally and semantically invalid group protocols. In the case b), the group protocol is structurally invalid for two reasons: first, there is no path from the starting state to the state s 2 . Second, there is no path from the state s 1 to the ending state s 4 . In the case c), the group protocol is semantically invalid for two reas- ons: first, the transition t 1 , which is not associated with an ending action, leads from the state s 1 to the ending state s 4 . Second, the transition t 2 , which is associated with an ending action, leads from the state s 2 to the state s 3 , which is not ending state. The introduction of collaboration protocols and group actions allows to provide computer support to non-monolithic collaboration processes. To our best knowledge, it is the first model for electronic support for non-monolithic collaborative processes ad- dressing the issues of group dynamics, meta-data management and protocol validity. It would be possible to build complex support systems for complex collaborative processes using the model presented in this paper. The design of systems for non- monolithic collaboration processes may be resumed in the following steps: first, the roles involved in the collaboration process have to be identified. Next, the required ac- tions have to be implemented. Then, meta-data types should be defined. Therefore, social behavioral elements may be defined. Finally, collaboration protocol(s) may be specified and their validity may be checked. The presented model could be used in a broad spectrum of potential applications. The presented model may for instance be applied to non-monolithic negotiations, such as international negotiations or business-to-business contract establishment. Another field of applications is the legislative process in which various political parties, potentially presenting various opinions, are (or should) collaborate in order to establish laws in form of new or modified legal acts. The presented model could also be used to design support systems for collaborative documentation edition processes that often takes place between business actors. Among future works, it would be interesting to investigate the possibilities to em- bed a protocol instance into another protocol instance. This would allow to modular- ize protocols, to design protocols using smaller protocols, to develop protocol librar- ies. Another field which could be the object of future works is the concept of role. The addition of relationships between various roles, such as inheritance or composition, would be an interesting work to be done. A prototype has already been implemented [9] and it would be interesting to evaluate the usability of the proposed solution in real-world ...
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... In addition, from the direct interaction with some players in the area through the author's participation in various EU projects, such as the GloNet project (GloNet 2011(GloNet -2015, it became clear that most CN managers lack 'soft' information such as data related to the social interactions within the collaborative environments in order to have more accurate mechanisms to make decisions. In this direction, improvements regarding the social interactions among the involved participants are being performed such as the research conducted on trust assessment (Msanjila and Afsarmanesh 2008), value systems (Macedo and Camarinha-Matos 2013), collaboration readiness (Rosas and Camarinha-Matos 2010) or social protocols (Picard 2005). ...
Recent research in collaborative networks have shown that the development of “human-inspired” friendly systems with cognitive models of factors such as stress, trust, decision-making ability, and emotion can be seen as promising approach to prevent technological failures and, consequently contribute to their sustainability. Accordingly, an human-emotions-based approach is proposed aiming at conceptualizing the idea of collaborative network players “having” and “feeling” emotions, helping in the management of potential collaboration conflicts, decision-making, and collaborative network governance. This paper presents the underlying theoretical background to support emotional processes within collaborative networks and the description of the proposed modelling framework – the Collaborative EMOtion modelling framework (C-EMO).
... According to Chituc and Azevedo [2], little attention has been paid to the social perspective on Collaborative Networks (CN) business environment, including obviously professional 2 BOOK TITLE virtual communities in which social aspects are of high importance. Additionally, the adaptation capabilities of humans have been the object of few works [3] . As a consequence , support for agile virtual teams (VT) is currently insufficient. ...
... Computer support for VTA requires novel models to support requirements presented in Section 2. The solution presented in this paper is based on the concept of social protocol. This concept has been presented first in 2006 [15], based on the concept of 6 BOOK TITLE collaboration protocol [3] . A generic extended version of the concept of social protocol , including elements related with the modeling of the social environment, has been formally presented in [16]. ...
Despite many works on collaborative networked organizations (CNOs), CSCW,
groupware, workflow systems and social networks, computer support for virtual
teams is still insufficient, especially support for agility, i.e. the
capability of virtual team members to rapidly and cost efficiently adapt the
way they interact to changes. In this paper, requirements for computer support
for agile virtual teams are presented. Next, an extension of the concept of
social protocol is proposed as a novel model supporting agile interactions
within virtual teams. The extended concept of social protocol consists of an
extended social network and a workflow model.
... A first model for group interactions within a PVC was presented in Picard (2005). The proposed model is based on the concept of social protocol. ...
... Group dynamics may be modelled by a set of group actions. More details may be found in Picard (2005). ...
Support for human-to-human interactions over a network is still insufficient,
particularly for professional virtual communities (PVC). Among other
limitations, adaptation and learning-by-experience capabilities of humans are
not taken into account in existing models for collaboration processes in PVC.
This paper presents a model for adaptive human collaboration. A key element of
this model is the use of negotiation for adaptation of social protocols
modelling processes. A second contribution is the proposition of various
adaptation propagation strategies as means for continuous management of the PVC
inheritance.
... The model supports various operations to create group structures such as hierarchy, roles, delegation, etc. Collaboration models using groups have also been proposed . For instance, a model for multiple collaboration protocols in which collaboration may occur within and across many groups is discussed in [9]. In [14] , the authors introduce Task- Based Access Control (TBAC). ...
The concept of groups is a natural aspect of most collaboration scenarios. Group-Centric Secure Information Sharing models (g-SIS) have been recently proposed in which users and objects are brought together to promote sharing and collaboration. Users may join, leave and re-join and objects may be added, removed and re-added. Furthermore, objects embodying new intellectual property may be created in the group during collaboration, some of which may flow back to the participating entities. Authorizations may depend on various aspects including time of join and add, the user's role, etc. In this paper, we outline three example scenarios of inter-organizational collaboration. We develop a complete authorization model for one of these scenarios comprising administrative and operational components. We conclude the paper by proposing an initial framework for developing more sophisticated models for inter-organizational collaboration.
... Computer support for agile H2H interactions requires novel models to support requirements presented in Section 2. The solution presented in this paper is based on the concept of social protocol. This concept has been presented first in 2006 [22], based on the concept of collaboration protocol [20]. An extended version of the concept of social protocol, including elements related with the modeling of the social environment, is presented in this paper. ...
Despite many works in CSCW, groupware, workflow systems and social networks, computer support for human-to-human interactions
is still insufficient, especially support for agility, i.e. the capability of a group of human beings, collaborators, to rapidly
and cost efficiently adapt the way they interact to changes. In this paper, requirements for computer support for agile H2H
interactions are presented. Next, the concept of social protocol is proposed as a novel model supporting agile H2H interactions.
A social protocol consists of an extended social network and a workflow model.
... A formalism based on finite state machines (FSM) has been proposed (Simon, 2007) to model the activities involved in SLCM. It extends FSM in general and the social protocols defined by Picard (2005;2006) that inspired it in two main respects: with recursion, or rather scalability, and with a synchronisation mechanism. ...
In systems life cycle management (SLCM), there is a gap between the rather informal methodologies for systems development and the sound mathematical formalisms needed for the automatic validation of systems properties and correctness proofs. This paper presents a model based on finite state machines and its translation into Petri nets, a mathematical representation with the desired degree of provability in this context. We argue that the model can bridge that gap, by allowing inexperienced non specialists to represent their development methodologies and all their key features using simple automata and applying a systems thinking approach to problem solving, instead of having to express the model in a more complicated representation from the start.
... A social protocol aims at modeling a set of collaboration processes, in the same way as a class models a set of objects in object-oriented programming . In other words, a social protocol may be seen as a model which instances are collaboration processes (Picard 2005b). Social protocols model collaboration at a group level. ...
Among various reasons for the weak support for human-to-human interactions, one may distinguish the following two reasons: first, many social elements are involved in the interaction among humans. An example of such a social element may be the roles played by humans during their interactions. Social elements are usually difficult to model, i.e. integrating non-verbal communication to collaboration models. Therefore, their integration to a model of interaction between humans is not easy. A second reason is the adaptation capabilities of humans which are not only far more advanced than adaptation capabilities of software entities, but also not taken into account in existing models for collaboration processes.
This paper is a try to provide a model for human-to-human interactions which addresses, at least to some extend, the two characteristics of the interactions between humans. It should however been kept in mind that the results presented here are a work in progress and therefore they are not claimed to be sufficient.
... A model for human-to-human interactions which addresses, at least to some extent, the two characteristics of the interactions between humans is therefore needed. Such a model has already been presented in [1,2]. This model is based on the concept of social protocol which may be seen as a model of collaboration processes. ...
Support for human-to-human interactions over a network is still insufficient. In this paper a model for human-to-human collaboration
based on the concept of social protocol is presented and formalized. Then, semantical and structural validity of social protocols
is defined. Next, an algebraic representation of social protocols is proposed. Based on this algebraic representation of social
protocols, an algorithm for structural validation of social protocols is proposed and illustrated by three examples.
... One may notice the similarity with the concept of social protocol. The reason for this fact is that the model presented in this paper was originally coming from a work on protocols for electronic negotia- tions [12,13]. However, these works are by nature limited to the field of electronic negotiations which is just a subset of the field of human collaboration, and may not be applied directly to ERP systems. ...
Existing ERP systems provide an IT solution to the management of enterprise resources based on the function-oriented management approach. With an increasingly wide adoption of the project-oriented management, new models are needed for ERP systems to support the management of enterprise resources in a project-oriented manner. This paper presents an architecture of an ERP system supporting project-oriented management. Two characteristics of the project-oriented management are integrated in the proposed architecture: first, social protocols are used to model interactions between actors (humans or software agents) within a given group. Second, the concept of group actions is detailed as a way to integrate group dynamics to social protocols. Full Text at Springer, may require registration or fee
... Learning tasks by means of agents, a field known as Multi Agent Learning (Sen & Weiss [116]), has been studied widely. Some studies focus on distributed algorithms and applications (Eugster [44], Jennings [77], Lynch [88], Shoham et al. [120]), others look more into collaboration from a process or business point of view (van der Aalst [2], Picard [108], Senge [117]). However, formal studies on global learning in relation to the learning capacities of the individual agents are not covered by these works. ...
... One of the key elements of performance management in organisation networks is the acquisition of information about the status and operation of the network and its individual member organisations (Picard [108]). Contemporary measurement approaches in the industry include aspects to manage the correct allocation of capabilities and capacities, but are lacking in measuring the degree of collaboration (Westphal et. ...
De wereld bestaat vandaag de dag uit netwerken. Bedrijven organiseren zichzelf steeds meer als netwerkorganisaties. Lerende systemen zijn systemen die zich op basis van ervaring aanpassen aan veranderingen in hun omgeving. Agent-organisaties zijn lerende systemen die bestaan uit meerdere zelfstandig opererende onderdelen. Deze onderdelen werken onderling samen. Hoe agent-organisaties kunnen leren is onvoldoende bekend. Wico Mulder beschouwde zowel computernetwerken als bedrijfsorganisaties als agent-organisaties. Hij beschreef ook de software in termen van agenten. Mulder concludeert dat agent-organisaties kunnen leren dankzij de leercapaciteiten van de individuele agenten en de wijze waarop zij hun bevindingen met elkaar en met hun omgeving delen. Verschillende leerprocessen, zoals het leren van de interne organisatiestructuur en het leren van de extern opgelegde taakstructuren, wisselen elkaar daarbij af. Mulder toont aan dat complexe computernetwerken met behulp van slimme software-agenten beter kunnen functioneren. Een rode draad door het werk is de nauwe samenwerking tussen software-agenten, mensen en systemen. Gezamenlijk vormen ze een lerende-agent-organisatie. Daarnaast levert Mulder een belangrijke bijdrage aan de kennisuitwisseling tussen de wetenschappelijke wereld en het bedrijfsleven.
