Figure 5 - uploaded by Bilal Al-Nawas
Content may be subject to copyright.
Example of the lateral incisor without root resorption. a Panoramic X-ray. b CBCT; horizontal view. c CBCT; paramedian view Abbildung 5. Beispiel ohne Wurzelresorption am late- ralen Inzisivus in OPG und DVT. a OPG. b DVT; horizon- tale Schicht. c DVT; paramediane Schicht 

Example of the lateral incisor without root resorption. a Panoramic X-ray. b CBCT; horizontal view. c CBCT; paramedian view Abbildung 5. Beispiel ohne Wurzelresorption am late- ralen Inzisivus in OPG und DVT. a OPG. b DVT; horizon- tale Schicht. c DVT; paramediane Schicht 

Source publication
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this diagnostic cross-over study was to evaluate whether three-dimensional (3D) diagnostics (cone-beam computed tomography, CBCT) was superior to two-dimensional (2D) diagnostics (panoramic X-ray, OPG) in patients with impacted upper canines for assessing their position and the probability of their alignment. Panoramic X-rays, CBCTs,...

Context in source publication

Context 1
... Wurzelentwicklung sowie Hypo- oder Aplasie des seitli- chen Schneidezahnes [7, 11, 13, 32, 38, 42, 46, 47, 48, 52, 55, 58, 60, 65], ferner Frontzahntraumata im frühen Wechselgebiss [18], Angle Klasse II/2 [5, 33, 50], genetische Faktoren [52, 69], abnorme Keimlage, Ankylosen, follikuläre Zysten und Odon- tome sowie Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten [11, 13, 32]. Die palatinale Verlagerung des Caninus kommt mit 43–87% deutlich häufiger als eine vestibuläre (13–39%) vor [16, 23, 42, 65, 67]. Je nach Untersuchungsmethode können in bis zu 38% der Fälle mit verlagerten oberen Eckzähnen Resorptionen an den Nachbarzähnen festgestellt werden [26]. Das frühzeitige Erkennen von verlagerten Eckzähnen ist von großer Relevanz, um Wurzelresorptionen an angrenzenden Zähnen zu verhindern und das Einordnen bzw. die Entfernung des Zahnes rechtzeitig planen zu können [16]. Da die Canini etwa 1,5 Jahre vor dem Durchbruch in die Mundhöhle bukkal palpierbar sein sollten [45], wird empfohlen, bei Kindern zwi- schen dem achten und elften Lebensjahr die Region vestibulär und palatinal des Milcheckzahnes klinisch zu beobachten. Dies soll zum einen durch Palpation geschehen, zum anderen soll bei vermutlicher Retention des bleibenden Eckzahnes im elften Le- bensjahr die betreffende Region mit Hilfe eines Röntgenbildes dargestellt werden [8]. Da die Impaktion der oberen Canini meist zufällig bei einer Routineuntersuchung entdeckt wird [12], stellt sich die Frage, wann welche zusätzlichen Röntgenaufnahmen sinnvoll sind. Mit der Panoramaschichtaufnahme (OPG) als Standarddiag- nostik in der Kieferorthopädie ist bei geringer Strahlenbelas- tung ein Überblick über die Verhältnisse der Kiefer, Kieferge- structures. Displaced canines are often found first with this im- aging procedure [29]. Further images are then taken to display the tooth on an additional plane or in three dimensions [23, 24, 41]. The parallax method with two dental films to localize the displaced canine correctly determines its position in only 68– 83% of cases [3]. Several studies have demonstrated that 2D im- ages are inadequate for evaluating the probability of displaced canine alignment [36, 64]. The intent of this study was, therefore, to describe any advan- tages of using 3D X-ray diagnostics to reveal the position of dis- placed upper canines compared to conventional 2D X-rays. Other questions we addressed were from which degree of ca- nine displacement it is helpful to perform cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and whether 3D diagnostics influence the clinical decision regarding canine alignment. Our analysis incorporated recently prepared study casts, pano- ramic radiographs, and low volume CBCT images (40 × 40 mm cylinder; Accuitomo, Morita, Japan) of 21 patients from the Dental Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, with a total of 29 retained upper canines. Patients with any syndromes or tooth aplasias were excluded lenke und umliegenden Strukturen gegeben. Der Erstbefund von verlagerten Eckzähnen wird häufig durch dieses bildgeben- de Verfahren erhoben [29]. Durch weitere Aufnahmen wird dann der Zahn in einer zusätzlichen Ebene oder dreidimensio- nal dargestellt [23, 24, 41]. Die Parallaxemethode mit zwei Zahnfilmen zur Lokalisation des verlagerten Eckzahns kann nur in 68–83% der Fälle die Lage korrekt bestimmen [3]. Die Unzulänglichkeit zweidimensionaler Aufnahmen zur Beurtei- lung der Einstellbarkeit verlagerter Eckzähne wurde durch ver- schiedene Studien belegt [36, 64]. Deshalb sollte in der vorliegenden Studie geklärt werden, ob eine dreidimensionale Röntgendiagnostik zur Abklärung der Position verlagerter oberer Canini im Vergleich zur konventio- nellen zweidimensionalen Röntgendiagnostik Vorteile bietet. Es stellen sich außerdem die Fragen, ab welchem Ausmaß der Eckzahnverlagerung die Anfertigung einer digitalen Volumen- tomographieaufnahme (DVT) sinnvoll ist und ob die 3D-Diag- nostik die Therapieentscheidung bezüglich der Einstellbarkeit des Caninus beeinflusst. Analysiert wurden zeitnah erstellte Modelle, OPG- und kleinvo- lumige DVT-Aufnahmen (40 × 40 mm Zylinder, Accuitomo, from the study. There were 13 left and 16 right impacted ca- nines. The strict indication for the CBCT procedure was to clarify the alignment probability of canines highly displaced and/or at advanced stages of root development whose sponta- neous eruption was unlikely. The root development of three teeth was in transition from stages F to G, of 4 teeth at stage G, and of 23 teeth at stage H (as in [22]). Objective measurement of the OPG was modified from Eric- son and Kurol [25, 27, 56, 61, 66], including the inclination (Fig- ure 1), vertical position (Figure 2), mesiodistal position of the cusp (Figure 3), and apex (Figure 4) of the impacted canine. Two dentists familiar with the techniques analyzed the CBCT images with respect to the following criteria: the labiopalatal position of the canine, contact with and resorptions in the adjacent teeth (Figure 5, Figure 6), as well as dilaceration of the canine root. This master finding was taken as the basis for comparison with the findings by the other examiners. Twenty-six dentists of various specialities (10 orthodontists, 8 dental surgeons, and 8 general dentists) evaluated first OPG and study casts and second CBCT and study casts in random se- quence and with an at least 2-week interval. The evaluations in- cluded the complete representation of teeth 11 to 14 or 21 to 24, the position of the impacted canine, the occurrence of canine root dilaceration and root resorptions of the adjacent teeth, as well as recommended therapy for canine alignment. Morita, Japan) von 21 Patienten der Zahnklinik der Universi- tätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz mit ins- gesamt 29 retinierten oberen Canini. Patienten mit Syndromen oder Nichtanlagen wurden von der Studie ausgeschlossen. Es lagen 13 links- und 16 rechtsseitig verlagerte Eckzähne vor. Die strenge, rechtfertigende Indikation für eine DVT-Aufnahme be- stand in der Klärung der Einstellbarkeit der Canini, die sich ohne Aussicht auf selbständigen Durchbruch in starker Verlage- rung und/oder fortgeschrittenen Stadien der Wurzelentwick- lung befanden: 3 Zähne am Übergang der Stadien F zu G, 4 Zähne im Stadium G, 23 Zähne im Stadium H (nach [22]). Die objektive Vermessung der OPG-Aufnahmen erfolgte modifiziert nach Ericson u. Kurol [25, 27, 56, 61, 66]: Inklina- tion (Abbildung 1), vertikale Lage (Abbildung 2) sowie mesio- distale Position der Spitze (Abbildung 3) und des Apex (Abbil- dung 4) des impaktierten Caninus. Die Analyse der DVT-Auf- nahmen wurde durch zwei in die Thematik eingearbeitete Ärzte in Bezug auf folgende Kriterien vorgenommen: labiopalatinale Lage des Eckzahns, Kontakt mit und Resorptionen an den Nachbarzähnen (Abbildung 5, Abbildung 6), sowie Dilazera- tion der Eckzahnwurzel. Diese Masterbefundung wurde als Grundlage für den Vergleich mit den Befundungen der anderen Untersucher herangezogen. Sechsundzwanzig Zahnärzte verschiedener Fachrichtungen (10 kieferorthopädisch, 8 chirurgisch, 8 allgemeinzahnärztlich tätig) beurteilten OPG und Modelle einerseits sowie DVT und The evaluations and surveys were portrayed in the program Excel 2003 (Microsoft Office 2003, © 1983–2003 of the Micro- soft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). The results were then analyzed descriptively in SPSS ® 17.0 (© 1993–2007 of the SPSS Inc., IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). Cohen's κ values [19] were also calculated as a measure of agreement with SAS ® 9.2 (© 2002– 2008; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The results from the different specialists were statistically com- pared, but no significant differences were detected. The results from the different groups were, therefore, pooled for the evalu- ation. No separate evaluation was performed. The canines were much more accurately identified in CBCT than in the panoramic radiographs. The lateral incisors and first premolars were also more accurately identified in CBCT than in the panoramic radiographs (95% vs. 60%, and 90% vs. 70%, re- spectively) (Figure 7). Of the canine roots, 71% were completely identified in the 2D images, and 95% were identified in the 3D images (Table 1). In more than a quarter of the evaluations, the canine apex was not identified in the panoramic radiograph, but was identified in the CBCT. The canine root was not identified in either 2D or 3D analysis in only 1% of the assessments. Modelle andererseits in randomisierter Reihenfolge mit min- destens 2-wöchigem Abstand. Die Bewertungen umfassten die vollständige Erkennbarkeit der Zähne 11 bis 14 bzw. 21 bis 24, die Lage des impaktierten Eckzahnes, das Auftreten von Wur- zeldilazerationen des Caninus und von Wurzelresorptionen an den Nachbarzähnen sowie eine Therapieempfehlung zur Ein- stellbarkeit des Eckzahns. Die Bewertungen aus den Auswertungen und Befragungen wurden im Programm Excel 2003 (Microsoft Office 2003, © 1983–2003, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) dar- gestellt und in SPSS ® 17.0 (© 1993–2007, SPSS, IBM, Chicago, IL, USA), bzw. SAS ® 9.2 (© 2002–2008, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) deskriptiv und bezüglich der Cohens-κ-Werte [19] als Maß der Übereinstimmung ausgewertet. Der Vergleich der verschiedenen Fachrichtungen miteinander wurde statistisch untersucht. Da keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Bewertungen der verschiedenen Gruppen zu finden waren, verzichteten wir auf eine getrennte Beschreibung der Ergebnisse. Sie werden im Folgenden grup- penübergreifend dargestellt. Im Gegensatz zum OPG wurden die Eckzähne in der DVT- Aufnahme deutlich besser erkannt. Auch Erkennbarkeit der Assessments of canine position in OPG and CBCT were the same in 64% of patients. Assessment of canine position based on the OPG image and study cast alone was not possible in 7% of the cases (Table 2). With CBCT, the tooth was always classified as buccal, palatal, or apical to the lateral incisor. About 54% of the teeth ...

Similar publications

Article
Full-text available
To assess the incidence and severity of root resorption of maxillary incisors caused by ectopically and normally erupting maxillary canines and to analyse factors influencing root resorption of incisors using cone beam computed tomography. The study sample comprised 59 patients with a total of 80 canines. Forty-six of the canines, in 37 patients, w...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the radiographic images of the main conventional x-ray techniques compared with the information from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Twenty patients with unilateral or bilateral impaction of the maxillary canines had radiographic examinations by means of pe...
Article
Full-text available
Background: The prognosis of orthodontic treatment for a patient with impacted canine teeth can be affected by many factors and understanding some of the characteristics of impacted teeth can increase the effectiveness and reduce the duration of treatment. This study aims to explore the effects of positions and dentoalveolar morphological characte...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives To compare treatment time, patients’ perceptions during orthodontic treatment, dental fear and side effects, between open and closed surgical exposures in patients with palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Trial design Multicentre, randomized controlled trial, with random 1:1 allocation of two parallel groups. Materials and methods One...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of bone sounding (BS) in assessing the facial osseous-gingival tissue relationship (FOGTR) of failing maxillary anterior teeth. Dental records of patients who received immediate implant placement (IIP) at the maxillary anterior area were screened. Mid- FOGTR prior to extraction (BS), and immediatel...

Citations

... Necessity of a Partial 3D Model 6.2.1. Impacted Canines In cases where impacted canines are involved, although the type of exposure technique (closed or open) is generally determined by the surgeon's preference [69], and for initial evaluation, there is no significant difference between 2D and 3D information [70], when a decision is to be made for determining the place on the canine's surface on which the eyelet of the chain apparatus will be placed and the direction of the traction, a 3D model is advantageous [71,72]. CBCT images can increase the clinician's confidence regarding the canine location, contact with the adjacent teeth, and the presence or absence of root resorption, thus leading to a successful operation [69,70]. ...
... Impacted Canines In cases where impacted canines are involved, although the type of exposure technique (closed or open) is generally determined by the surgeon's preference [69], and for initial evaluation, there is no significant difference between 2D and 3D information [70], when a decision is to be made for determining the place on the canine's surface on which the eyelet of the chain apparatus will be placed and the direction of the traction, a 3D model is advantageous [71,72]. CBCT images can increase the clinician's confidence regarding the canine location, contact with the adjacent teeth, and the presence or absence of root resorption, thus leading to a successful operation [69,70]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Digital models and three-dimensional technology in orthodontics have become an integral part of everyday clinical practice. Nevertheless, there is currently no consensus regarding in which cases a digital model is really necessary. Therefore, this scoping review aims to identify and assess which orthodontic procedures require a digital model. This review’s reporting was based on PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was undertaken using five electronic databases on 17 February 2024. A total of 87 studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualitatively analyzed by three reviewers. The following aspects of orthodontic treatment were identified and discussed with regard to digital model application: diagnosis, treatment procedures, retention, and outcome evaluation in orthodontics. Based on the studies assessed, despite some limitations regarding radiation exposure justification and the accuracy of the integration methods of 3D data, there is evidence that digital models lead to more accurate orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. In cases of impacted canines, aligner treatment, mini-implants insertion (when angle definition and orientation are essential), and primary care for cleft lip and palate, a partial digital model produced by an integration of some of the 3D data (face scan, intraoral scan, CBCT) that we can acquire is beneficial. A full digital model that combines all the 3D information should be used in orthognathic surgery cases, in which prediction and accurate performance are highly advocated.
... Several published studies have supported and proved the superiority of the use of CBCT for accurate localization of IMPCs and related root resorption of adjacent incisors (4)(5)(6) . therefore, further emphasizing the diagnostic benefit of 3-D imaging over traditional 2-D imaging approaches (24)(25)(26) . ...
... In total nine studies were excluded: one because the image analysis was not in the same patient (17), one because the CBCT was compared with the panoramic reconstruction (18), two because the analyzes only used CBCT (9,19), one because it only reported data from the agreement of examiners about the location of the impacted canine and resorption of adjacent teeth (20), one because assessed the agreement between examiners for initial orthodontic evaluation, answering questionnaires (21), one study because it was performed on typodonts (22), one study because it was performed on deceased human skulls (23), and one because evaluated after orthodontic treatment (24). After these exclusions seventeen articles were considered eligible for this study (9,12,13,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38) (Fig. 1). ...
... The studies adequately addressed the study design, the quality of the reporting of results, and the risk of bias. However, only five studies justified the sample size (29,32,34,35,38), two studies in the methodology did not report the type of statistical analysis used (27,36), one study did not describe the equipment used in RP and CBCT, image acquisition parameters, experience and number of examiners, images considered to perform the analyses (36), two studies did not report data on gender and mean age (27,36), two studies did not report RP acquisition data (27,29). One study was divided into 4 phases, in the fourth phase they proposed to compare PR and CBCT performed on the same day, however, the location of IC was not described in detail by sectors as described in the methodology, they only presented data of mean, SD, median, min, max (32). ...
... The studies adequately addressed the study design, the quality of the reporting of results, and the risk of bias. However, only five studies justified the sample size (29,32,34,35,38), two studies in the methodology did not report the type of statistical analysis used (27,36), one study did not describe the equipment used in RP and CBCT, image acquisition parameters, experience and number of examiners, images considered to perform the analyses (36), two studies did not report data on gender and mean age (27,36), two studies did not report RP acquisition data (27,29). One study was divided into 4 phases, in the fourth phase they proposed to compare PR and CBCT performed on the same day, however, the location of IC was not described in detail by sectors as described in the methodology, they only presented data of mean, SD, median, min, max (32). ...
Article
Full-text available
Background The IC may cause reabsorption of adjacent teeth; therefore detailed assessment of its position would enhance decision-making in the clinical workflow. The objective was to compare cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and panoramic radiography (PR) in assessing the position of the impacted upper canine (IC) and root resorption of adjacent teeth. Material and Methods Pubmed, EMBASE, Science Direct, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched for studies published before August 2023. Studies that evaluated IC by using both imaging methods were included. For statistical analysis, the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Biostat; Englewood, NJ) was used, p≤0.05. Results A total of 17 articles were included, with 877 patients (average age of 17.6 years) and 1,115 ICs. The most frequent mesio-distal location of the IC was in sectors 3 and 4. The meta-analysis was performed with eleven studies. CBCT was more accurate in determining the labio-palatal position compared with PR (p<0.001) (CI 95%; 60% in labial position, 0.254-0.542, OR:0.398; 56% in palatal position, 0.350-0.533, OR:0.441; 78% in mid-alveolus position, 0.188-0.234, OR:0.221). For IC angulation to the midline, CBCT showing a smaller and more accurate angle than PR (p<0.001) (CI 95%, 18.008-33.686). IC angulation to the occlusal plane and lateral incisor, there was smaller angle in PR compared to CBCT (p<0.001) (CI 95%, 51.292-65.934; CI 95%, 30.011-55.954). With PR, fewer cases of root resorption of teeth adjacent to the IC were visualized compared with CBCT (86% less) (p<0.001) (CI 95%, 0.089-0.186; OR value: 0.138; n=1049). Conclusions CBCT showed statistically significant differences compared to PR in the assessment of IC position and root resorption of adjacent teeth. CBCT provided clinically relevant information that may contribute to diagnosing and planning IC treatment when PR was not sufficient. Key words:Canine teeth, tooth, impacted, panoramic radiography, Cone-beam computed tomography, systematic review, meta-analysis.
... The localization should be based on both clinical (blanching of tissue with finger pressure) and, if in doubt, by radiographic examination [87]. Approximately, 85% of canine impactions occur palatally and 15% buccally [89][90][91]. Diode laser exposure is not applicable in cases of full impaction of teeth covered by cortical bone. In such cases, a conventional full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap (palatal impaction) or an apically positioned flap (buccal impaction) and removal of cortical bone until the crown portion of the retained tooth is exposed are recommended. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Lasers are excellent adjuncts to the clinical discipline of surgical orthodontics. This chapter reviews the laser wavelengths available and discuss some lasers for soft tissue procedures. These include improved healing (photobiomodulation), and provision of a bloodless surgical site, laser gingivectomy to improve oral hygiene or bracket positioning, aesthetic laser gingival recontouring, laser frenectomy, and laser exposure of the superficially impacted teeth. Selected treated cases will be presented throughout. The emphasis was to provide more information on the use of diode lasers due to their popularity, smaller devices, and lower cost; however, treated cases with non-contact laser (CO2 and erbium lasers) were also included. This chapter also looks reviews into the available evidence that compares the diode laser surgery with conventional scalpel surgery for surgical exposure of impacted teeth or teeth with delayed eruption (both with no overlaying bone).
... Additionally, the positions of the canines in the mentioned studies were classified according to different classification systems, or even the classification was based on a 2D imaging method [8]. Bearing in mind the shortcomings of 2D imaging, in addition to the insufficiently precisely defined C position, certain complications could easily be overlooked [5,9]. ...
Article
To detect predictive factors for the occurrence of complications associated with unerupted maxillary canines (C). A total of 83 cone beam computed tomograms (CBCT), made from November 1, 2021 to October 31, 2022, have met the inclusion criteria, whereby 110 unerupted C were detected. Independent variables were: gender, age, and C position. Outcome variables were detected complications: external root resorption (ERR) and dilaceration of adjacent tooth, ERR and dilaceration of C, dentigerous cyst, canine ankylosis, and adjacent teeth malposition. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between income variables and detected complications. Vertical position of unerupted C showed as predictor for adjacent tooth dilacerations and malposition. Chance for dilaceration increases 5.5-fold with C position at the middle third of lateral incisor (LI) root, while chance of malposition increases 23.4-fold with its supra-apical position to the LI root, in comparison to the C position occlusal to the LI cemento-enamel junction. Age is a predictive factor for dentigerous cysts, with decreasing the chance of their occurrence 1.5-fold with each additional year of age. Early evaluation of the vertical position and timely treatment of C are decisive steps in preventing complications.
... Few studies have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of 2D-and 3D-based readings and classifications of canine impaction using human dry skulls with simulated impactions as the gold standard (i.e., the reference values) [11,[17][18][19] or typodonts with different impaction scenarios as the gold standard [20]. On the other hand, the rest of the available studies have been restricted to comparing diagnoses based on 2D and 3D images with the absence of any gold standard [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Based on the limited number of clinical studies on the accuracy of imaging systems with the lack of a gold standard for each imaging system, the 3D imaging systems cannot be considered superior in the diagnosis of IMC as there is no robust evidence to support this [27]. ...
... Regarding the shape of the impacted canine, Wriedt et al. [26] found that 3D images give adequate information on canine dilaceration. However, in their study, the gold standard was the answers of two dentists, while in our study, it relied on surgical detection and direct visualization of the canine shape, and this may explain the difference. ...
Article
Background: Although the widespread cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a diagnosing tool for impacted canines, the surgical exposure-based diagnostic accuracy of this 3D imaging modality has not been established yet. Therefore this study aimed to (1) compare the accuracy of CBCT- and 2D-based interpretations of impacted canine and its relationships with the neighbouring structures with the gold standard (GS) readings, (2) and calculate the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values of the variables assessed using CBCT and 2D methods. Material and methods: Patients with unilateral impacted maxillary canines (IMCs) planned for surgical extraction between 2016-2018 were checked in-depth to include in this cross-sectional study. For each patient, 2D and 3D radiographic records were obtained and assessed by eight postgraduate orthodontic students. These assessments were compared with the GS readings based on surgical exposure and direct vision of the IMCs. To compare 2D- and CBCT-based assessments with the GS values, Cochran's Q tests, Friedman's tests, McNemar's, McNemar-Bowker's, and Wilcoxon tests were applied. Results: A total of 17 patients (6 males, 11 females; mean age: 20.52±3.98 years) were randomly selected and included in this study. Significant differences were found between the CBCT-based assessments and the GS only concerning shape and bony coverage of the IMC (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). On the contrary, there were significant differences between the 2D-based assessments and the GS regarding all the assessed variables except for the ankylosis and the proximity to the adjacent teeth (P=0.424, and P=0.080, respectively). CBCT-based assessments had remarkably higher values of diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity compared to 2D-based ones. Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of CBCT outperformed 2D radiography in localizing the IMC (labiopalatal, mesiodistal, and vertical location), detecting root apex development of the IMCs, and the resorption of the adjacent incisors. Although both 2D and 3D techniques showed the same ability in the diagnosis of IMCs ankylosis, the diagnostic accuracy of CBCT was superior. However, both techniques inaccurately determined the shape of the impacted canine and the bony coverage.
... When cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) debuted in 1999, the principal modality used in orthodontics was conventional radiography; 2 this was prescribed and interpreted by orthodontists alone. Studies comparing conventional radiography and CBCT revealed that they not only produce different diagnoses and treatment plans for maxillary impacted canines, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] but also different treatment outcomes; CBCT reduced the treatment time by an average of 4 months. 10 The 2 basic reconstructions of a CBCT dataset are 3dimensional (3D) (volumetric reconstruction) (Fig. 1) and cross-sectional imaging. ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: Prior to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), orthodontic competence included radiological interpretation. Nevertheless, maxillary impacted canines (MICs), because of their position and adjacent complex anatomy, have been challenging to interpret, particularly with regard to root resorption. Although CBCT cross-sectional reconstructions of MICs yielded clearer insights into its diagnosis and treatment planning, the value of simultaneously using 2 different cross-sectional or multiplanar reconstructions of the CBCT datasets - orthogonal and curved/panoramic multiplanar reconstructions - has hitherto not been considered. Materials and methods: Both orthogonal and curved/panoramic multiplanar reconstruction series of 5 screenshots were each reconstructed from the 5 cm × 5 cm CBCT datasets of 15 separate MICs. Fifteen credentialled and experienced orthodontist volunteers reviewed 2 separate PowerPoints of 15 randomized series each, 1 week apart. Their review considered 6 factors that could affect treatment: the position and level of the MIC, the presence or absence of root resorption, ankylosis, cysts, and dilaceration. Results: All 15 orthodontists were statistically similar regarding overall years of experience and of CBCT use. Although either reconstruction alone allowed the orthodontists to determine whether ankylosis and, to a lesser extent, most of the other features were present or absent in the MIC, reviewing both reconstructions together was necessary to determine whether root resorption was present or absent in the adjacent tooth. Conclusion: Reviewing both orthogonal and curved/panoramic multiplanar reconstructions was necessary to evaluate the presence or absence of root resorption in the teeth adjacent to MICs and that of many other features.
... However, new technology, such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), can help in precisely locating the impacted canines in three dimensions [14,15]. In addition, 2D images have a disadvantage compared to CBCT as to the detection of root resorption of the adjacent incisor [16,17], or the possible dilaceration of the canine root [18]. ...
... This was determined by the surgeon's personal preference and experience regarding the best surgical approach. In agreement, Wriedt et al. [18] stated that proposed treatments for impacted canines do not differ, whether based on 2D or 3D images. ...
... However, when it comes to spotting the exact point on the canine's surface to place the eyelet of the chain apparatus and decide about the direction of traction, the CBCT is preferable to a panoramic radiograph [14,15]. CBCT images can increase the clinician's confidence regarding the canine location, contact with the adjacent teeth and the presence or not of root resorption, thus leading to a successful operation [18,19]. Based on this assumption, in the presented cases, a CBCT imaging for locating the impacted canines was acquired, as it is indicated on the basis of research evidence [34]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this article is to present a computer designed and 3D-printed metal device, which was used for the surgical exposure and orthodontic treatment of maxillary palatally impacted canines. In two cases which presented a palatally impacted canine, a Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was acquired and an intraoral scanning was performed, to determine the exact location of the canine. Based on a digital model, a device leaning on the teeth and mucosa was designed to serve as a guiding tool for the oral surgeon to expose the crown of the canine and help the orthodontist to provide proper traction. The device was then 3D-printed in biocompatible dental alloy and placed in the patients’ mouth. After the surgical exposure of the canine’s crown in both cases, a gold chain apparatus was bonded on and it was mounted on the metal projection of the device through an elastic chain. Within 3 months of traction, the crown of the canines appeared in the patients’ palate to the exact location that was predicted and guided. A 3D-designed and manufactured metal device, with information acquired by CBCT and intraoral scanning, can be used for the exposure and traction of palatally impacted canines.
... These results are consistent with the present study, where canines were more frequently impacted buccally. Wriedt et al. (2012) recommended CBCT for analysis of impacted canines when canine inclination in the panoramic X-ray exceeds 30°; if root resorption of adjacent teeth is suspected, and if the canine root apex is not clearly visible in a panoramic radiograph, suggesting dilaceration of canine root. Oberoi & Knueppel (2012), in their study on CBCT localsation of impacted maxillary canines, found that palatal, mesial, and gingival impactions were most frequent with 4% cases showing severe root resorption of the adjacent lateral incisor. ...
Article
Localisation of impacted teeth is essential for surgical and orthodontic management. The study objective was to evaluate the prevalence and type of tooth impaction in the jaws using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The CBCT records of subjects between 2018 and 2020 were retrieved from our institution archives and examined by two oral radiologists. A total of 760 CBCT scans were evaluated, of which 140 (18.4%) scans had impacted teeth. From the 140 CBCT scans, 216 impacted teeth were identified. Maximum impactions were in the age group of 21–30 years. Third molars were the most commonly impacted teeth (66.2%), followed by canines (23.6%), supernumerary teeth (4.6%), premolars (3.2%), incisors (1.4%), and second molars (0.9%). Among the impacted canines, 53% were buccally impacted, 43% were palatally impacted and other impactions were 4%. Among the third molars, mesioangular impactions were the most frequent (41.2%), followed by horizontal (28%), vertical (16.7%) and distoangular impaction (4.1%). The most frequently impacted teeth were the third molars, followed by canines. Canine impactions were more frequent in the maxilla, while third molar impactions were thrice as common in the mandible compared to the maxilla. Mesioangular third molar impactions were the commonest, followed by horizontal, vertical and distoangular.
... Included canines originate when the eruption does not occur within the normal period. Its prevalence varies between 0.8 -3.6 according to the different series, being only surpassed by [3][4][5] third molars . ...
... However, it is often not enough to generate a therapeutic plan. In this context, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows a more detailed location of impacted canines and their relationship with adjacent structures in different spatial 4 planes, achieving better therapeutic planning . ...
... This is a higher frequency than that reported in other6 studies, where 78.26% of unilateral canines were observed .Regarding the vertical classification, we observed a higher frequency of included canine crowns located in the middle third of the root, followed by the apical third, which differs from the data obtained in another study in Santiago, where the cervical position is more frequent with 39%, followed by the6 apical with 34% . The most common direction was palatal,4,10 which correlates with the literature . ...
Article
Introduction: Dentomaxillofacial anomalies are frequent, among which we find the inclusion of definitive canines.The diagnosis of included canine becomes important when planning an orthodontic treatment.The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of included canines,their location and position in the arch through the analysis of computed tomography,in patients undergoing orthodontic evaluation in Santiago,Chile. Method: The database of the diagnoses of all the patients evaluated during the years 2020 and 2021 between 15 and 22 years of age was reviewed.All the pieces with the diagnosis of canines included in the study were included.Those pieces with incorrect diagnosis and those that did not have an image associated with the diagnosis or its report were excluded.The computed tomography scans of each piece were analyzed,evaluating the variables piece included,position in the vertical axis,direction and position in the mesiodistal direction. Results: 67 included canines from 63 patients were analyzed.Of these 63 patients,68.7% were women. A frequency of 0.36% of included canines was determined. 6.34% were bilateral. The piece with the highest frequency was the upper left canine. Conclusion:This is the Chilean study with the largest sample size on the subject to date.The frequency found was lower than the average of similar studies,possibly due to the age range analyzed.