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Stadia are prestigious buildings, sculptures of urban structure and venues of different competitions, concerts, religious events, visited by large number of people. Spectators, following day-time events in situ or on the TV expect an evenly illuminated pitch, free of sharp contrasts. The contrast is due to the shadow from the roof and bowl: the sha...
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... To come to an extensive and structured mapping of the light situation, real-time measurements (both illuminance and luminance) have been carried out to validate the results of simulations (Szücs, Perraudeau, & Allard, 2006 ). There are 10 moments in the Dutch Eredivisie ('Honour Division') Season simulated that cover clear and overcast sky conditions and different sun positions. ...
Sports fields all over the world have to fulfil certain requirements defined for light conditions. Especially for the football industry these rules are very strict. Daylight has never been studied for meeting those requirements, although it has the possibility to reduce energy costs and increase visual comfort. This study investigated potential daylight contribution to a currently artificially lit sports field. As a real world example, the Philips Stadium, home of football club PSV, in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, is chosen to model, validated with on-field measurements. A model in DIALux was used to simulate a football season and focus on what the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has required, such as illuminance levels, uniformity and glare. Results indicate that daylight always fulfils a few of the requirements, although there are only a few situations in which all are fulfilled.
... The construction of many new (semi-)open stadia has incited research on spectator comfort in these stadia. Szücs et al. [2] assessed the visual comfort of spectators in a generic stadium configuration by numerical simulations using a daylight program. This study focused on the influence of roof inclination angle on the daylight distribution on the pitch. ...
Sports stadia are increasingly used to host a wide variety of activities that attract large attendances, ranging from sports matches to concerts, festivities and conferences. One of the crucial aspects of spectator comfort in open stadia is protection from wind and rain. However, in many stadia this part of spectator comfort is insufficiently taken care of. The main reason is that stadia and stadium roofs are often designed with only vertical rainfall in mind, neglecting the influence of wind that can sweep the rain onto the stands. This wind-driven rain (WDR) can reach a large area of the stand underneath the roof, resulting in discomfort for the spectators in this area. For stadium design, it is important to understand the interaction between wind and rain in different types of stadium geometry and its effect on wetting of the stands.This paper presents 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of wind flow and WDR for twelve different generic stadium configurations that are representative for a wide range of existing stadia. The wind-flow patterns are determined by steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations. The WDR trajectories are calculated using Lagrangian particle tracking, yielding the wetting pattern on the stands. This study demonstrates the influence of both overall stadium geometry and roof slope on the area of the stand that is wetted by WDR. It shows the importance of taking into account WDR in the stadium design process, and it provides some design guidelines to avoid this type of spectator discomfort.
... A translucent material has more advantageous photometric properties than a transparent one, since it diffuses light uniformly, towards all directions of the space. In this way, a relatively good illumination level can be reached in case of adequate meteorological conditions [8]. Opalescent and translucent materials help to provide homogeneous daylight conditions, ameliorating in this manner, the visual comfort of spectators. ...
Spectators of any open stadia are exposed to the environmental conditions which may be sever, especially in extreme climatic conditions. The architectural components of the building, such as the stadium bowl and the roof can either augment or attenuate the effect of the environmental factors. Among the prevailing outdoor environmental factors temperature an relative humidity cannot be directly influenced by the means of architecture. However, solar radiation and airflow are affected by stadium morphology and design. A stadium design of protective character is advantageous for cold climates from wind effect point of view, nevertheless from solar radiation point of view, an open character would be suitable. The last depends not only on the form but also the photometric characteristics of the roofing material. A sophisticated equilibrium reached through a compromise of these requirements leads to optimised stadium design solutions. An attempt is made using the results of wind tunnel experiments carried out in one of the boundary layer wind tunnels of the CSTB Nantes, on a stadium model and the existing comfort indices, to support an environmental conscious stadium design in cold climate, focusing on spectators' aerothermal comfort. The impact of the following architectural parameters has been investigated: roof inclination, overhang and façade porosity. Based on the wind tunnel measurements iso-lines of relative air velocity compared to the reference wind velocity in front of the stadium have been defined. It facilitates on one hand to define the critical area of spectators' terrace and their ratio to the whole area, on the other hand to find local corrective measures, such as brise vents. An algorithm has been developed to calculate the seasonal or yearly frequency of comfort indices on the spectator terrace.
