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Example of how taxonomic names are affected by a change in rank under rank-based nomenclature and how they are not affected under phylogenetic nomenclature (PN). (a) A cladogram showing relationships implied by an earlier taxonomy according to which the following definitions are formulated: Agamidae, a clade originating in the most recent common ancestor of the species represented by open circles; Chamaeleonidae, a clade originating in the most recent common ancestor of the species represented by filled circles. (b) A cladogram representing a revised hypothesis of relationships based on new data or methods of analysis. Reprinted fromTrends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 9, de Queiroz and Gauthier, Toward a Phylogenetic System of Biological Nomenclature, Page 30, Copyright (1994), with permission from Elsevier.
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Cataloging biodiversity is critical to conservation efforts because accurate taxonomy is often a precondition for protection under laws designed for species conservation, such as the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Traditional nomenclatural codes governing the taxonomic process have recently come under scrutiny because taxon names are more close...
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Context 1
... PhyloCode increases nomenclatural stability by replacing rank-based names and definitions with ex- plicit clade-based definitions. Under rank-based nomen- clature, the names of one or both of the taxa in Fig. 1 would have to change because a taxon of a given rank cannot be nested inside a taxon of the same rank (as implied by the names). Under the Phy- loCode, the names Chamaeleonidae and Agamidae both retain their associations with the clades originating in the most recent common ancestor of the closed and open circle species, respectively. ...
Context 2
... would have to change because a taxon of a given rank cannot be nested inside a taxon of the same rank (as implied by the names). Under the Phy- loCode, the names Chamaeleonidae and Agamidae both retain their associations with the clades originating in the most recent common ancestor of the closed and open circle species, respectively. However, in Fig. 1b Chamaeleonidae is thought to have descended from the ancestor of the open circle species. The manner in which the definitions are stated ensures that no names designate paraphyletic taxa. Neither splitting nor ...
Context 3
... the 2007 decision to adopt Dayrat et al.'s (2008) stance toward species names in the PhyloCode, debate has continued with the ISPN between those who con- sider species to be a kind of biological entity distinct from a clade (and which should therefore have distinct naming rules) and those who believe that many kinds of entities are referred to as species or that species is simply a rank (for details and references, see Dayrat et al. [2008]). De Queiroz (1999) contrasted a clade, which includes all the lines of descent from a given ancestor, with a species, which he defines as a segment of a "sep- arately evolving metapopulation lineage" and proposed separate nomenclatural treatment for each ( de Queiroz 2007 Priorities for listing or reclassifying organisms from threat- ened to endangered (U.S. Congress 1983) (2007) used metapopulation "to distinguish species, which are typically considered to reside at the higher end of the population-level continuum, from the populations at the lower end, such as demes or family groups." de Queiroz (2007) did not consider "a species . . . ...
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... In the absence of information and lack of resources to conduct extensive studies on species status, risk categorization systems inevitably tend to arbitrariness, exemplifying the importance of using a species concept that favors the recognition of evolutionary units as a conservation target (Alström, 2006;Frankham et al., 2012;Mayden, 1997). Since the PSC recognizes the individuality of taxa based on the uniqueness of the ancestral descent pattern, it increases the stability granted by being defined as a base unit (Domínguez-Domínguez & Vázquez-Domínguez, 2009;Leslie, 2015;Wheeler, 1999;Zink, 2004), with more assertive impact on the definition of public policies on biodiversity. Besides, one major problem is the fact that several of the current officially recognized subspecies (under the BSC) are not diagnosable by any mean (morphologically, genetically, geographically, and environmentally), and thus, they do not are considered, neither correspond to any phylogenetic species (Rojas-Soto et al., 2010;Zink, 2004). ...
Background and Aims: Conservation efforts require a rational basis for taxa prioritization; it is essential to recognize the evolutionary independence of units, typically recognized as species. Because different criteria on species limits lead to different conservation assessment priorities, conceptual problems limit the possibility to accurately assess the conservation status that species are undergoing to protect them effectively.
Methods: We analyze the implications of using the phylogenetic species concept (PSC) in the risk categories determination, based on the analysis of the Mexican endemic avifauna. We modeled the potential distribution areas with the MaxEnt algorithm for those species that have had or could be susceptible to taxonomic updates based on the PSC.
Results: Of the 93 studied species, 68 were highly restricted, and 23 have high scores according to the evaluation of the Partners In Flight conservation status, so they can be considered species with high vulnerability or risk of extinction. Additionally, based on the recognition of several allopatric populations as independent phylogenetic species, 45% are susceptible to reconsideration of their risk categories due to a decrease in the extent of areas where they are potentially distributed.
Implications for Conservation: The use of a taxonomic perspective focused on the phylogenetic relationship of the different populations would directly impact the definition of risk categories, particularly for those endemic or restricted distribution evolutionary units for which there is usually very little information available and which, undoubtedly, are the ones that most need to be studied and, particularly, protected.
... A conservative taxonomic approach requires additional data, particularly from regions of sympatry, supporting complete diagnosibility of the two subspecies in order to classify them as distinct species. Although we adhere to this conservative approach to species delimitation within this study, it is important to remember the risk involved in the under-classification of taxonomic units, especially with regard to conservation implications, as well as our scientific understanding of basic biological and evolutionary processes Daugherty, Cree, Hay, & Thompson, 1990;Leslie, 2015;Mace, 2004). In the case of short-finned pilot whales, and many other cetaceans, the difficulty in obtaining a sufficient data set of morphological or genetic samples covering the entire range of the species may perpetuate taxonomic under-classification, with consequences that range from failing to properly characterize the evolutionary trajectory within a specific taxon or failing to detect recent speciation events, to the extinction of underclassified species and loss of the associated evolutionary potential of that species (Allendorf & Luikart, 2011;Daugherty et al., 1990;Taylor, Perrin, et al., 2017;Wang, Frasier, Yang, & White, 2008). ...
Genomic phylogeography plays an important role in describing evolutionary processes and their geographic, ecological, or cultural drivers. These drivers are often poorly understood in marine environments, which have fewer obvious barriers to mixing than terrestrial environments. Taxonomic uncertainty of some taxa (e.g. cetaceans), due to the difficulty in obtaining morphological data, can hamper our understanding of these processes. One such taxon, the short‐finned pilot whale, is recognized as a single global species but includes at least two distinct morphological forms described from stranding and drive hunting in Japan, the ‘Naisa’ and ‘Shiho’ forms. Using samples (n = 735) collected throughout their global range, we examine phylogeographic patterns of divergence by comparing mitogenomes and nuclear SNP loci. Our results suggest three types within the species: an Atlantic Ocean type, a western/central Pacific and Indian Ocean (Naisa) type, and an eastern Pacific Ocean and northern Japan (Shiho) type. mtDNA control region differentiation indicates these three types form two subspecies, separated by the East Pacific Barrier: Shiho short‐finned pilot whale, in the eastern Pacific Ocean and northern Japan, and Naisa short‐finned pilot whale, throughout the remainder of the species’ distribution. Our data further indicate two diverging populations within the Naisa subspecies, in the Atlantic Ocean and western/central Pacific and Indian Oceans, separated by the Benguela Barrier off South Africa. This study reveals a process of divergence and speciation within a globally‐distributed, mobile marine predator, and indicates the importance of the East Pacific Barrier to this evolutionary process.
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... Knowledge of taxon boundaries is essential for accurately documenting biodiversity, estimating abundance, assessing threats, and determining whether conservation efforts are required (Wheeler et al., 2004). Although nomenclature is central to systematics and conservation, information about evolutionary relationships is of greater importance than names or nomenclatural procedures for the protection of endangered taxa (Leslie, 2015). Herein we followed the taxonomic recommendation of Reynolds et al. (2013) by using the genus Chilabothrus for the West Indian boas traditionally placed in Epicrates. ...
