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![Example of an IR harvester. The IR light emitted by an external source is caught by an implanted photodiode array. Image from [42].](profile/Sandro-Carrara/publication/46417941/figure/fig4/AS:394164844941313@1470987630174/Example-of-an-IR-harvester-The-IR-light-emitted-by-an-external-source-is-caught-by-an.png)
Example of an IR harvester. The IR light emitted by an external source is caught by an implanted photodiode array. Image from [42].
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The paper reviews some popular techniques to harvest energy for implantable biosensors. For each technique, the advantages and drawbacks are discussed. Emphasis is placed to the inductive links, able to deliver power wirelessly through the biological tissues and to enable a bidirectional data communication with the implanted sensors. Finally, high...
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... The growth of renewable and green energy resources holds an impacting importance concerning the sustainable development of human civilization and enhancement of our welfare, due to the looming global warming crisis and escalating energy shortages [6,7]. Scientific breakthroughs in this field have present a promising technology to inexhaustibly power both small-scale and large-scale devices [8,9,10,11,12]. The applications of these systems have reached many aspects of human life, having significant potential in areas ranging from environment control and protection, infrastructure monitoring and security, industrial automation and transportation, health monitoring and medical care to military applications [13,14]. Regarding the scope of large-scale powering, the electricity consumption is estimated to increase around 55% worldwide by 2040, and will most likely double in Europe by 2050, which conducted the EU to establish the goal of reducing conventional non-renewable energy sources, and thus the greenhouse gas emissions, by 80-95% by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels) to ensure that global temperature rise remains below 2°C [15]. ...
The development of self-powering systems has been recognized as critical such that innovative stand-alone emerging technologies can operate sustainably from scavenged ambient energy. Electromagnetic generators (EMGs) using magnetic levitation architectures for mechanical vibration energy harvesting are a promising technology that can be tailored to specific needs and provide low-cost electric powering for both small-scale and large-scale devices. They also present non-complex design, with low maintenance requirements and can operate with stable performance for long periods of time. Despite these prominent features, their complex non-linear and hysteresis-based resonant characteristics makes performance optimization hard to achieve and still needs to be addressed as a function of the input excitation. Numerical and experimental results are here provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of a new concept of EMG that aims to dynamically adapt the coil-array architecture throughout its operation to ensure maximum harvested power and to optimize the transduction mechanism efficiency. The self-adaptive motion-driven levitation-based autonomously rearranges each coil independently as a function of the instantaneous time-varying characteristics of the levitating magnet (LM) position. The mechanism features two dynamic coil switching strategies: (i) on/off switching, by short circuiting, with transmission gate switches, the coils without influence on the electromotive force; and (ii) reversing polarity switching, to avoid the sum of electromotive forces cancels each other. Average output powers of 635 mW (up to ∼4.1 W of peak power) were obtained with only the 4-centre (out of 14) permanently active coils, while only 292 mW (up to 833 mW of peak power) were achieved with the 14-coils permanently connected under optimal load conditions and harmonic translational input excitations with 15 Hz frequency and 20 mm amplitude. However, the adaptive generator was able to provide an impressive average power output of 3 W under the same conditions. Up to 14-fold larger output average power and 5.5-fold larger electric efficiency demonstrate the potential of the proposed coil switching self-adaptation system for enhancing the total energy conversion from general widespread mechanical vibrations.
... To be able to provide an uninterrupted, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly energy source for Implantable as well as Wearable Medical devices; energy gathering techniques involve converting the energy that is obtainable from one's own body and the surrounding environment into a useful electrical form [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. An effective way to miniaturize implantable biomedical systems is to harness energy from physiological surroundings and human activities [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Researchers have shown that different bio-energies, such as muscle contraction, glucose oxidation, temperature gradients, and other processes, may be captured and transformed into electricity [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
This paper reviews self-powered medical devices integrated with advanced energy harvesting technologies. This article aims to explain the advantages of integrating self-powered medical devices with advanced energy harvesting technologies, outlining the transformation in healthcare system and patient experience. In today's world, we focus more on consuming energy harnessed from the environment and human body. This approach lowers down our emphasis on conventional power sources like batteries, power packs etc. As a result, the devices used in the medical sector have a longer lifespan, maintain continuous functioning, and improve patient comfort and mobility. Integrating advanced energy harvesting technologies (i.e., piezoelectric, thermal, solar, and electromagnetic) with medical devices plays a pivotal role in revolutionizing the healthcare sector. But there is still some research and development needed to enhance these technologies. This paper will set out by introducing some self-powered medical devices commonly used in healthcare, followed by their advantages, benefits, and challenges that the healthcare practitioners face. This review also discusses their biocompatibility factor which is crucial to use. Then there are examples of a few advanced energy harvesting methods that are being used which include: piezoelectric, solar, thermal, triboelectric and electromagnetic. As we go further, we will come across a table consisting of a comparison between these advanced energy harvesting technologies and their examples in the healthcare sector. The last section is future perspective and the conclusion highlights the transformative potential of this integration, followed by a future recommendation for advancing this field.
... 191 An energy harvester with a small-sized rechargeable battery is the best strategy to enable energy autonomy of the implantable medical devices throughout its entire lifetime. 192,193 Disadvantages of vibrational energy can be avoided by a few alternatives such as hybrid energy harvesting. In addition, combining biosensors and energy harvesters can harness kinetic and vibration energy. ...
Self-powered biofuel cells (BFCs) have evolved for highly sensitive detection of
biomarkers such as micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in the presence of interfering
substrates. Self-charging supercapacitive BFCs for in vivo and in vitro cellular microenvironments
represent the most prevalent sensing mechanism for diagnosis. Therefore, self-powered
biosensing (SPB) with a capacitor and contact separation with a triboelectric nanogenerator
(TENG) offers electrochemical and colorimetric dual-mode detection via improved electrical
signal intensity. In this review, we discuss three major components: stretchable self-powered
BFC design, miRNA sensing, and impedance spectroscopy. A specific focus is given to 1)
assembling of sensors for biomarkers, 2) electrical output signal intensification, and 3) role of
supercapacitors and nanogenerators in SPBs. We outline the key features of stretchable SPBs
and the sequence of miRNA sensing by SPBs. We have emphasized the need of a
supercapacitor and nanogenerator for SPBs in the context of advanced assembly of the sensing
unit. Finally, we outline the role of impedance spectroscopy in the detection and estimation of
biomarkers. We highlight key challenges in SPBs for biomarker sensing, which needs improved
sensing accuracy, integration strategies of electrochemical biosensing for in vitro and in vivo microenvironments, and the impact of
miRNA sensing on cancer diagnostics. This article attempts a specific focus on the accuracy and limitations of sensing unit for
miRNA biomarkers and associated tool for boosting electrical signal intensity for a potential big step further.
... Physiological thermal gradients can also be harnessed for electrical power generation via thermoelectrics, which include materials such as bismuth telluride, lead telluride, and calcium manganese oxide. 123,143 They have been widely explored for wearable applications where relatively a large temperature difference exists between the surface of the body and the surrounding environment. For instance, thermoelectric materials integrated into clothing have been used to harvest up to 4 mW between the skin and the ambient environment. ...
Light has broad applications in medicine as a tool for diagnosis and therapy. Recent advances in optical technology and bioelectronics have opened opportunities for wearable, ingestible, and implantable devices that use light to continuously monitor health and precisely treat diseases. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the development and application of light-based bioelectronic devices. We summarize the key features of the technologies underlying these devices, including light sources, light detectors, energy storage and harvesting, and wireless power and communications. We investigate the current state of bioelectronic devices for the continuous measurement of health and on-demand delivery of therapy. Finally, we highlight major challenges and opportunities associated with light-based bioelectronic devices and discuss their promise for enabling digital forms of health care.
... Recent progress in micro-fabrication has stimulated the miniaturization of implantable devices [26]. The pacemaker, insulin pump, neurostimulator, cochlear implant, cardiac defibrillator, and retinal implants are a few examples of clinically well-established IMDs used in precision healthcare [27]. ...
... The advantages of electrostatic energy harvesters include (i) compatibility with microscale IMDs, (ii) high efficiency in ultra-low-power IMDs, and (iii) high efficiency in lowfrequency human-centric (heartbeat, ankle, hip, knee, etc.) kinetic energy harvesting [26,28]. The necessity of pre-charging, the high output impedance, and the low output current are the challenges of using electrostatic energy harvesting for IWM devices. ...
Modern healthcare is transforming from hospital-centric to individual-centric systems. Emerging implantable and wearable medical (IWM) devices are integral parts of enabling affordable and accessible healthcare. Early disease diagnosis and preventive measures are possible by continuously monitoring clinically significant physiological parameters. However, most IWM devices are battery-operated, requiring replacement, which interrupts the proper functioning of these devices. For the continuous operation of medical devices for an extended period of time, supplying uninterrupted energy is crucial. A sustainable and health-compatible energy supply will ensure the high-performance real-time functioning of IWM devices and prolong their lifetime. Therefore, harvesting energy from the human body and ambient environment is necessary for enduring precision healthcare and maximizing user comfort. Energy harvesters convert energy from various sources into an equivalent electrical form. This paper presents a state-of-the-art comprehensive review of energy harvesting techniques focusing on medical applications. Various energy harvesting approaches, working principles, and the current state are discussed. In addition, the advantages and limitations of different methods are analyzed and existing challenges and prospects for improvement are outlined. This paper will help with understanding the energy harvesting technologies for the development of high-efficiency, reliable, robust, and battery-free portable medical devices.
... I MPLANTABLE biosensors and devices have emerged as a potential field of research over the past few decades, and the progress in microfabrication and bioengineering techniques in recent years has led to many novel miniaturized implantable medical devices (IMDs) that can necessarily offer better diagnosis and treatment [1]. The cochlear implant, pacemaker, artificial heart, insulin pump, bone growth stimulator, retinal implant, neuro-stimulator, cardiac defibrillator, drug pump, etc., are some of the most commonly used and clinically established modalities of such IMDs. ...
... Thus, energy harvesting devices can potentially make MEMS-based IMDs fully autonomous, improve device capabilities and performance, and increase their effective lifetime. When harvesting energy from the body is not possible, wireless powering schemes can become an alternative as they provide somewhat more flexibility than using standalone batteries [1]. For instance, a wireless powering scheme, which is commonly achieved via a low-frequency inductive link, can supply power to an IMD without any galvanic contact, as well as can be utilized for bidirectional communication [24]. ...
... Among all the kinetic energy harvesters, ES energy harvesting devices are most compatible with microscale devices and MEMS technology because of their process compatibility (i.e., capacitive conversion principle). Although the efficiency of the ES generators is low in a high-power environment, they work quite well and achieve superior power efficiencies compared to EM generators while powering ultralow-power (typically microwatt range) implantable devices in microscale dimensions [1]. Furthermore, ES generators perform more efficiently than EM generators while exploiting low-frequency kinetic energy sources, such as different joints of the human body (ankle, knee, hip, etc.), heartbeats, and so on [108]. ...
For implantable medical devices, it is of paramount importance to ensure uninterrupted energy supply to different circuits and subcircuits. Instead of relying on battery stored energy, harvesting energy from the human body and any external environmental sources surrounding the human body ensures prolonged life of the implantable devices and comfort of the patients. In this article, we present existing issues and challenges related to the state-of-the-art solutions used for harvesting energy to power implantable devices. In addition, the details on existing energy storage technologies and various wireless power transfer techniques incorporating external or internal energy sources and sensors have been discussed. The authors have outlined the performance and power constraints of existing biomedical devices and provided a brief overview of various power architectures found in the literature. This survey has been conducted on existing implantable solutions in terms of output voltage, current, device dimension, application, generated power, energy density, and so on. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of different solutions have been discussed and compared. Therefore, this article can be considered as an expedient reference for researchers conducting research in the field of energy scavenging, internal energy storage, wireless power transfer techniques, and power management of implantable medical devices.
... The difference between arms and lower legs is mainly due to the anatomical characteristics of both limbs (e.g., volume, section, length, fat thickness, etc.) [48]. These power transfer efficiencies in the order of 0.1% are much lower than those typically reported, in the order of 1% or even in the order of 10%, for WPT systems based on inductive coupling or ultrasonic acoustic coupling [27], [60]. ...
Objective:
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is used as an alternative to batteries to accomplish miniaturization in electronic medical implants. However, established WPT methods require bulky parts within the implant or cumbersome external systems, hindering minimally invasive deployments and the development of networks of implants. As an alternative, we propose a WPT approach based on volume conduction of high frequency (HF) current bursts. These currents are applied through external electrodes and are collected by the implants through two electrodes at their opposite ends. This approach avoids bulky components, enabling the development of flexible threadlike implants.
Methods:
We study in humans if HF (6.78 MHz) current bursts complying with safety standards and applied through two textile electrodes strapped around a limb can provide substantial powers from pairs of implanted electrodes.
Results:
Time averaged electric powers obtained from needle electrodes (diameter = 0.4 mm, length = 3 mm, separation = 30 mm) inserted into arms and lower legs of five healthy participants were 5.9 ± 0.7 mW and 2.4 ± 0.3 mW respectively. We also characterize the coupling between the external system and the implants using personalized two-port impedance models generated from medical images.
Conclusions:
The results demonstrate that innocuous and imperceptible HF current bursts that flow through the tissues by volume conduction can be used to wirelessly power threadlike implants.
Significance:
This is the first time that WPT based on volume conduction is demonstrated in humans. This method overcomes the limitations of existing WPT methods in terms of minimal invasiveness and usability.
... The scientific community has already spent a lot of effort to avoid batteries in measurement equipment. [1] provides an extensive review of energy harvesting techniques for implantable biosensors, discussing the pros and cons, the related applications, and the potential of each solution. In [2], the authors propose a solution where energy can be transferred wirelessly over the short-range using inductive coupling. ...
... The researcher discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the energy harvesting techniques. Stress retained on the preliminary links to transport energy wirelessly through the biological tissues and empower bidirectional data communication with the implanted sensors [6]. Finally, high frequency inductive associations were entitled, also focusing on the energy attracted by the tissues. ...
The usefulness of wireless sensor networks has fascinated the world's attention. Usage of low-power microcontrollers and wireless sensors to handle real-world problems such as environmental, medicinal, and structural monitoring has exploded. Wireless sensor nodes are extremely tiny and are designed for low-duty applications such as recording physical characteristics. Wireless sensor network operations such as sensing, calculations, and communication take extensively more energy than these low-powered sensor nodes. They are used both in attainable and inaccessible areas and are usually powered by batteries. Since the sensor is powered by batteries, replacing and charging the battery after its depletion are challenging. Manual battery replacement is hampered by geographical restrictions, which results in significant reduction of wireless sensor network performance and longevity. As a result, this study addresses the energy-constrained wireless sensor networks by creating a technological model to a heterogeneous clustered wireless sensor network in an outdoor application using solar-enabled energy harvesting photovoltaic cells. Due to lack of energy, this effort was employed to overcome the challenges of relatively restricted processing performance and limited radio frequency transmission bandwidth. The program was created to efficiently utilize the energy produced from solar panels and charge the batteries in a variety of ways. The algorithm also controls the discharging process. According to the results of extensive investigation and experimentation, the sensor is continuously operated even when there is no solar light. The batteries are charged on bright day and discharged at night and on overcast days. The algorithm is used to govern the energy supplement to rechargeable lithium-ion polymer batteries as well as a load (sensor). In the worst scenario (no solar light/cloudy, and sensors reporting data every 30 minutes), the present cluster head sensor with 6 ordinary nodes in the cluster lasts just 16.6667 days. But the life duration of the newly designed model algorithm has been raised to 54.16667 days. The normal sensor node's life duration has also been enhanced from 50 to 91.66667 days.
... In other words, a design which is programmable from outside should be created. (Hannan et al., 2014;Olivo, 2011;Tucker, 2011;Yuan, 2011) Signal The occurred electrical dipolar, provides the electrical charge accumulation on dielectric material surface. That's why they are used in capacitor production. ...
Historique, des recherches archéologiques ont révélé que, l’huile d’olive était extraite de l’olive en Syrie. Les vertus des produits de l’olivier sont ainsi reconnues et exploitées de longue date et sont notamment à la base de nombreuses pharmacopées traditionnelles. L’UNESCO a intégré en 2010 le régime méditerranéen pour lequel la contribution fondamentale de l’huile d’olive est reconnue, dans la liste des héritages culturels intangibles de l’humanité. Plus récemment, l’avancée des connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine de la nutrition préventive a permis de corroborer le potentiel de l’huile d’olive pour de nombreuses cibles biologiques, y compris pour la santé osseuse (Coxam et al., 2014). Devant, cette particularité, une question pertinente est à poser : Comment l’être humain a conservé et
conserve cet or liquide ?
Une mutation est enregistrée dans le conditionnement de l’huile d’huile, a travers un passage de la terre cuite naturelle vers le composite dite « Compounds » purement chimique et synthétique avec la dominance de la matière plastique identifiée par des chiffres de 1 à 7 pour y arriver à « Others » dont le mélange est non identifiable.
Desormais, les organismes officiaux, les chercheurs depuis (Lambert, 1976) stipulent que le matériau d’emballage quelque soit sa nature doit préserver non seulement sa qualité nutritionnelle mais aussi la qualité hygiénique (non-toxicité) et bien évidemment ses caractéristiques organoleptiques. Des recommandés sont imposés par la commission du codex alimentaires (CAC, RCP 1-1962- REV2, 1985).
Nos résultats de recherche sur le comportement de l’huile d’olive dans divers matériau d’emballage confirment la réactivité de l’emballage et la contamination de l’huile d’olive.
