2 Example of a Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks, and seven treatments for one replicate randomized within each block (thus n=3). This should be repeated for a second year to generate enough replicates for statistical analysis.

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 2

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 3

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 4

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 5

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 6

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 7

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 8

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 9

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 10

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 11

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

Context 12

... of a RCBD with blocks of irregular shape 25 Figure 3�1 Trichogramma rearing facility in Laos 41 Figure 3�2 Flow diagram showing general steps in Sitotroga rearing 43 Figure 3�3 Checking host eggs under microscope for mites 44 Figure 3�4 Larval rearing inside plastic trays 45 Figure 3�5 Moth collection containers placed inside the moth rearing cabinet 47 Figure 3�6 Egg collection cage with eggs on tray 48 Figure 3�7 Sterilizing host eggs under UV light 51 Figure 3�8 Scheme showing Trichogramma stock culture procedures 52 Figure 3�9 Flow diagram showing general steps in Trichogramma rearing 55 Figure 3�10 Trichogramma parasitization cage 56 Figure 3�11 Trichogramma feeding on host eggs 56 Figure 3�12 Trichogramma quality control 61 Figure 3�13 Overview of two-stage mass production process 67 Figure 3�14 Flow diagram for subculture of working cultures 68 Figure 3�15 Flow diagram for preparation of fungal spore inoculum 69 Figure 3�16 Flow diagram for preparation of a liquid starter culture 71 Figure 3�17 Flow diagram for preparation and inoculation of solid substrate 73 Figure 3�18 Fungal spores growing on rice in a plastic bag 74 Figure 3�19 Tri-laminate sachets of dried spores 75 Figure 3�20 Flow diagram for the drying of spores 76 Figure 3�21 Conidiophore and spores of Beauveria bassiana 78 Figure 3�22 Spores of Beauveria bassiana on conidiophores 79 Figure 3�23 Metarhizium anisopliae conidiophore and spores 79 Figure 3�24 Examples of Trichoderma colony morphology on 20% PDA 80 Figure 3�25 Typical morphology of Trichoderma spp� 80 Figure 3�26 Rice grains inoculated with Trichoderma and uninoculated 84 Figure 3�27 Flow diagram for bioassay for entomopathogenic fungi 84 Figure 3�28 Flow diagram for maintenance of entomopathogenic fungi virulence 86 Figure 3�29 Flow diagram for virulence maintenance of Trichoderma 87 Figure 3�30 Maintenance of virulence for Trichoderma spp� 88 Figure 3�31 Storage in water and on dry agar slope 92 Figure 3�32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer 94 Figure 3�33 Counting grid of haemocytometer 97 Figure 3�34 Cells to count in large Neubauer chamber 97 Figure 3�35 Production flow from working culture to product (spores) 99 Figure 3�36 Mass production timeline 100 Figure 4�1 Simplified life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes 139 ix Tables Table 2�1 Decision matrix 7 Table 2�2 Overview of national regulatory frameworks for biopesticide registration 13 Table 2�3 Widely recommended biopesticide active substances, the pests they target and examples of countries in which they are registered 16 When used judiciously, crop protection agents (CPAs) such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides can play an important role in plant protection, reducing the impact of pests 1 on the yield and quality of tobacco. By their nature, CPAs affect living organisms so there are also hazards associated with their use. ...

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... is that the trial is conducted at one site, usually a research centre or similar. Thus, in many cases, the trial will be implemented on a scale of less than 1 ha or not much more. Under these assumptions, it should be possible in most cases to choose a field that is rather homogeneous regarding soil conditions, previous crop, slope etc. See Fig. 2.1 for a suggested CRD ...

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... cerealella is a well-known storage pest with a global distribution. It is easy to rear and as such is commonly used as a host for rearing beneficial insects ( Fig. 3.2). A founder population can be obtained commercially. As an alternative, it is also possible to start with a population collected from an infested local storage facility, but this method comes with the risk of beginning the rearing process with a contaminated starting ...

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... Besides the adaptation to the target pest and keeping the correct Trichogramma species, the quality of the final Trichogramma product depends very much on the following (Fig. ...

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... ESTIMATION OF VIRULENCE OF PRODUCT (ENTOMOPATHOGENS). A bioassay can be carried out to ensure the product's efficacy (Fig. ...

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... MAINTENANCE OF VIRULENCE: ENTOMOPATHENIC FUNGI. The method used is a modification of the bioassay (Fig. 3.28). • Prepare spore inoculum in vegetable oil (4 × 10 7 ...

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... Fig. 3.32-Fig. 3.35. Fig. 3.32 Flow diagram for counting spores using a haemocytometer. Sourcing ...