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Example community with areas for a potential base station to provide coverage at 630 MHz at 1 W EIRP.
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The provision of adequate broadband access to communities in sparsely populated rural areas has in the past been severely restricted. In this article, we present a wireless broadband access testbed running in the Scottish Highlands and Islands which is based on a relay network of low-power base stations. Base stations are powered by a combination o...
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This paper derives the ergodic capacity of nonlinear MIMO-OFDM relaying communication channels. We consider MIMO-OFDM relaying system where the transmitter, relays, and the receiver are all equipped with \(N_t\) transmitting and \(N_r\) receiving antennas, and the high-power amplifiers (HPAs) at the transmitter and relays exhibit general nonlinear...
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Citations
... • NC-PC2: The availability of resources can facilitate the provision of infrastructure. For example, McGuire et al.[122] suggest the use of RET in the equipment necessary to provide broadband internet access in rural areas. • NC-PC3: The endowment of infrastructure can also be limited by the possible negative impacts on NC elements. ...
Sustainable rural development (SRD) is an essential component of sustainable development on a global scale. Community Renewable Energy (CRE) has been advocated as a step forward in the progress towards SRD. While Northern European countries are experiencing a high development of CRE, Southern European countries lag behind. Considering entrepreneurship and renewable energy technologies (RET) as two fundamental components of CRE, through a systematic literature review this study identifies the antecedents or conditioning factors of entrepreneurship and RET exploitation in rural areas of developed countries, understanding that these same antecedents condition the development of CRE in these countries. The identified factors are organized around five capital spheres: economic, human, social, physical and natural. Given that these five spheres are not watertight compartments, but rather that their limits are diffuse and there are multiple interactions between them, we try to highlight their interrelationships through System Thinking based on the design of causal loop diagrams. The results can help policy makers and CRE projects’ promoters in the design of effective policies and strategies to foster the development of CRE in rural areas of developed countries.
... The lack of un-interrupted power supply in rural areas of developing countries poses a real threat to WISP operation. Colin et al. [22] have proposed some alternative solutions for power management in rural WISP operations. Proper planning and optimization are required to minimize the resource consumption in such conditions [23]. ...
Deploying and maintaining an Internet service in remote rural and mountainous areas is a challenging task specifically in developing countries. In this paper, we present a study to realize a low-cost sustainable Wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP) built for rural areas of developing countries. There was no Internet access in the area prior to this project. The solution consists of a Wi-Fi based networking system that covers three remote far away villages (Koi-Barmol, Piple and Baboozo) in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The contributions of this study include the details of step-by-step design, implementation and the issues faced to the rural WISP during long-term operation with recommendations to mitigate these issues. Apart from sharing practical insights we also make technical contributions in the form of throughput and latency analysis of IEEE 802.11n with the proprietary TDMA MAC protocol called airMAX over long-distance point-to-point links. We hope that the study will help people to quickly built and deploy a low-cost sustainable Internet service in the remote rural areas using off-the-shelf devices.
... It is envisaged that a broadband access network can be provided by extending access-network are as follows: (i) Wi-Fi access device is affordable for the rural population in India; (ii) each link in the middle-mile network can cover large distances due to TV UHF band propagation characteristics; (iii) Non line of sight links can be formed; and, (iv) the power consumption of each UHF band radio is low (5-10 W in our testbed), so that it can be powered through solar energy. 2 Some testbeds have also been deployed in other parts of the world with a focus on rural broadband and associated backhaul problem. In a very interesting approach named HopScotch [11], the primary focus is to provide wireless broadband access to rural areas using renewable resources and 5 GHz Wi-Fi. The approach also proposes to deploy "WindFi" base stations as an overlay over TV UHF band. ...
One of the major impediments to providing broadband connectivity in semi-urban and rural India is the lack of robust and affordable backhaul. Fiber connectivity in terms of backhaul that is being planned (or provided) by the Government of India would reach only till rural offices (named Gram Panchayat) in the Indian rural areas. In this exposition, we articulate how TV white space can address the challenge in providing broadband connectivity to a billion plus population within India. The villages can form local Wi-Fi clusters. The problem of connecting the Wi-Fi clusters to the optical fiber points can be addressed using a TV white space based backhaul (middle-mile) network. The amount of TV white space present in India is very large when compared with the developed world. Therefore, we discuss a backhaul architecture for rural India, which utilizes TV white spaces. We also showcase results from our TV white space testbed, which support the effectiveness of backhaul by using TV white spaces. Our testbed provides a broadband access network to rural population in thirteen villages. The testbed is deployed over an area of $25$km$^2$, and extends seamless broadband connectivity from optical fiber locations or Internet gateways to remote (difficult to connect) rural regions. We also discuss standards and TV white space regulations, which are pertinent to the backhaul architecture mentioned above.
... The BSs are powered using only renewable sources. [89], [90], [92] - [97] MT Multiple batteries It employs the recovery effect of batteries. [98] order adaptation, and power control for MTs. ...
... The main objective in these works is to jointly control transmission power and select the energy source that minimizes the total energy consumption. For network operators, multiple energy sources deal with the availability of different electricity retailers [23], [88], on-grid and green (renewable) energy [52], and different (complementary) renewable sources [89] - [97]. For MTs, multiple energy sources deal with the availability of multiple batteries [98]. ...
... Network designers are faced with two central issues [52]: 1) how to optimize the green energy usage at different time slots to accommodate the temporal dynamics of the green (solar) energy generation and the mobile traffic, and 2) how to accommodate the spatial dynamics of the mobile traffic with the objective of maximizing the utilization of green energy by balancing the green energy consumption among BSs through cell size adjustment. While the aforementioned works deal with the presence of on-grid energy, the long term objective is to power BSs in appropriate locations using only a combination of complementary renewable sources (e.g., wind in winter and solar in summer) [89]. Furthermore, power cooperation enables different BSs (networks) to share (trade) their green power with each other whenever possible for a sustainable and energy efficient network operation [90]. ...
Efficient usage of energy in wireless networks represents a major concern in academia and industry, mainly because of environmental, financial, and quality-of-experience considerations. Various solutions have been proposed to enable efficient energy usage in wireless networks, and these approaches are referred to as green wireless communications and networking. In this survey, we mainly focus on energy-efficient techniques in base stations and mobile terminals as they constitute the major sources of energy consumption in wireless access networks, from the operator and user perspectives, respectively. Unlike the existing articles and surveys, we aim to present a unified treatment of green solutions and analytical models for both network operators and mobile users. Such a unified treatment will help in the future to develop green solutions that enable an improved and balanced efficient usage of energy by operators and end users.
... Recently, energy savings is a hot topic on mobile communication. The initial efforts tried to reduce BSs energy consumption by using renewable energy resources [2], adopting BSs with standby technology for discontinuity [3], improving the power amplifier efficiency [4], or comparing homogeneous networks based only on one kind of BSs (e.g., macro BSs) versus heterogeneous networks (HetNets) based on different types of BSs (e.g., macro-,pico-and femto-cells) [5]- [9]. ...
... Therefore, energy savings associated with the BSs are a crucial issue for decreasing not only harmful greenhouse gas emissions but also operational expenditures (OPEX). The efforts to reduce BS energy consumption are being undertaken at various levels [1], [3]: the energy source level (e.g., adopting renewable energy resources [4]), component level (e.g., improving the power amplifier efficiency [5]), link and protocol level (e.g., discontinuous transmission for long standby BSs [6]), and network topology level (e.g., heterogeneous network deployments with optimal balances of macro-, micro-, pico-, femto-cells, and relay stations [7], [8]). ...
... This section formulates and solves the problem for the balance between the spatial density of active BSs and their transmit power, i.e., λ and p, in terms of minimizing the APC defined in (4). To begin with, in order to clarify the relationship between optimal λ and p, this section only considers the universal frequency reuse (UFR) case, i.e., β = 1. ...
... Herein, (x1, y1) (x2, y2) denotes that x1 ≤ x2 and y1 ≤ y2.4 This section only considers the case of β = 1 but the definitions of p * (λ, β) and λ * (p, β) can be extended into those of β ≥ 1. ...
While the deployment of base stations (BSs) becomes increasingly dense in
order to accommodate the growth in traffic demand, these BSs may be
under-utilized during most hours except peak hours. Accordingly, the
deactivation of these under-utilized BSs is regarded as the key to reducing
network power consumption; however, the remaining active BSs should increase
their transmit power in order to fill network coverage holes that result from
BS switching off. This paper investigates the optimal balance between such
beneficial and harmful effects of BS switching off in terms of minimizing the
network power consumption, through comprehensively considering the spatial BS
distribution, BS transmit power, BS power consumption behaviors, radio
propagation environments, and frequency reuse. When BSs are deployed according
to a homogeneous Poisson point process, the suboptimal and approximated design
problems are formulated as geometric programming and the solutions lead to
insightful design principles for the key design parameters including the
spatial density, transmit power, and frequency reuse of remaining active BSs.
The numerical results demonstrate that these solutions are very close to the
optimal balances.
