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Example Neptune Encoding
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This paper is concerned with the problem of intrinsically assigning meaning to the signals responsible for autonomic responses in a system. Without an associated cognitive system, the Symbol Grounding Problem would constitute a major barrier in system adaptation and evolution. Based on an ongoing effort towards a formal and pragmatic development of...
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... of the Neptune language to define the deliberative process of CA-SPAs, concepts and actions enables the logic within each section to be modelled and adapted at runtime due to the languages' introspective design. So, as shown in figure 3, we can adapt and extract grounded signals within a running system to be used as autonomic responses. In relaying deliberation to higher cognitive entities the symbol/signal grounding problem is circumvented, in some cases, by the evaluating authority being a human mind. ...
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... The RIoT system ought to use its own computational resources to perceive, through sensors and instrumentation, and perform operations, through procedures and effectors, to ground its symbol set to interpret system signals. This will then permit the implementation of known emergent behaviour, through the observer system, as a Markov Decision Process using in this case the Situation Calculus [27]. The proposed observer system is built around the deployment of appropriate monitoring and sensing modules, with guards to bound component autonomy and ensure legitimate operation, for the system components. ...
Given the plethora of individual preferences and requirements of public transport passengers for travel, seating, catering, etc., it becomes very challenging to tailor generic services to individuals’ requirements using the existing service platforms. As tens of thousands of sensors have been already deployed along roadsides and rail tracks and on buses, and trains in many countries, it is expected that the introduction of IP networking will revolutionise the functionality of public transport in general and rail services in particular. In this paper, we propose a new communication paradigm to improve rail services and address the requirement of rail service users: the Rail Internet of Things (RIoT). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first work to define the RIoT and design an architectural platform that includes its components and the data communication channels. Moreover, we develop an assured requirements model using the situation calculus modelling to represent the fundamental requirements for adjustable decentralised feedback control mechanisms necessary for the RIoT-ready software systems. The developed formal model is applied to demonstrate the design of passenger assistance software that interacts with the RIoT ecosystem and provides passengers with real-time information that is tailored to their requirements with runtime adaptability.
... Using an approach to signal grounding [26] within situation calculus, the action based semantics dictate the grounding of an emergent symbolic representation of the system by: , do a 1 , do(a, s) with SR(a, s) = SR a, do a 1 , do(a, s) where a is the sensing action for the algebraic connectivity λ 1 and a 1 is the rewiring action giving ...
The uptake and increasing prevalence of Web 2.0 applications, promoting new large-scale and complex systems such as Cloud computing and the emerging Internet of Services/Things, requires tools and techniques to analyse and model methods to ensure the robustness of these new systems. This paper reports on assessing and improving complex system resilience using distributed redundancy, termed degeneracy in biological systems, to endow large-scale complicated computer systems with the same robustness that emerges in complex biological and natural systems. However, in order to promote an evolutionary approach, through emergent self-organisation, it is necessary to specify the systems in an ‘open-ended’ manner where not all states of the system are prescribed at design-time. In particular an observer system is used to select robust topologies, within system components, based on a measurement of the first non-zero Eigen value in the Laplacian spectrum of the components' network graphs; also known as the algebraic connectivity. It is shown, through experimentation on a simulation, that increasing the average algebraic connectivity across the components, in a network, leads to an increase in the variety of individual components termed distributed redundancy; the capacity for structurally distinct components to perform an identical function in a particular context. The results are applied to a specific application where active clustering of like services is used to aid load balancing in a highly distributed network. Using the described procedure is shown to improve performance and distribute redundancy.
... Similar mechanisms can be used for assessing risk, in that critical tasks and processes can be defined, and their operation monitored accordingly via techniques such as signal grounding that in turn create and refine the semantics of the operation. An example of this technique is given in [RTBM06]. In effect, observation services can be built that provide further semantic definition for individual NBLOs, tasks, and processes dependent on the granularity needed. ...
We consider language support for the domain of runtime software adaptation from the perspective of codebase analysis and self-adaptation, whilst guaranteeing predictable autonomic software behaviours. The paper reviews the current state-of-the-art mechanisms employed to actuate runtime analysis and adaptation, followed by the definition of a set of language requirements to support the development of assured autonomic systems. A supporting framework and language Neptune is defined to meet these goals, which is here illustrated using a set of examples taken from a case study that highlights the behavioural and architectural autonomy produced by Neptune. The discussion concludes with further examples that highlight the manner in which Neptune can ensure constraints and requirements are met during adaptation processes.
... This paper addresses the problems of user interface definition and production, at runtime using an e-health system as an example domain, via an established layered observation system [19] that takes a particular logic model of the system (Situation Calculus), uniquely able to handle counterfactual reasoning, to produce a deployable user interaction application through an associated scripting language for adaptation (Neptune). This takes an abstract observed model of user interaction and transforms it into an actual working interface. ...
... The following section outlines how Situation Calculus, Neptune and the techniques described in this paper were used to produce an adaptable, distributed user interface to a guideline model for a breast-cancer decision support system as part of the 2nrich research project [19]. The project represented collaboration between computer scientists, statisticians and clinicians from Liverpool John Moores University, the Christie Hospital, Manchester and the Linda McCartney Centre of the Royal Liverpool Hospital to provide decision support for postoperative breast cancer care. ...
... This paper addresses the problems of user interface definition and production, at runtime using an e-health system as an example domain, via an established layered observation system [19] that takes a particular logic model of the system (Situation Calculus), uniquely able to handle counterfactual reasoning, to produce a deployable user interaction application through an associated scripting language for adaptation (Neptune). This takes an abstract observed model of user interaction and transforms it into an actual working interface. ...
... The following section outlines how Situation Calculus, Neptune and the techniques described in this paper were used to produce an adaptable, distributed user interface to a guideline model for a breast-cancer decision support system as part of the 2nrich research project [19]. The project represented collaboration between computer scientists, statisticians and clinicians from Liverpool John Moores University, the Christie Hospital, Manchester and the Linda McCartney Centre of the Royal Liverpool Hospital to provide decision support for postoperative breast cancer care. ...
In this paper, a method of generating appropriate user interfaces at runtime is investigated. It is proposed to use the established formalism of Situation Calculus to describe and specify user interfaces. It is shown how specific features of the formalism provide many desirable properties in the design and specification of user interfaces that are adaptable to context and composed at runtime. The formalism provides a provably correct deployment, whilst giving a means of deliberation on the optimum configuration that is directly compiled through a developed Neptune scripting language. The major features of the formalism and programming language are described together with an illustration of how this has been used in an implemented e-health case study for decision support with partner institutions in breast cancer care. It is shown how pluggable decision models may be introduced and system adaptation to clinician context achieved, whilst system integrity is maintained.
... Thus global data is almost certainly incomplete, due to the scale of the system. Therefore a model of selforganising emergence systems is proposed that is based on dedicated observers, termed the Observer Model [1, 2]. The paper is thus structured as follows: The next section 2 gives a background for the observer model. ...
... It is for this reason that this paper focuses on the formal specification of self-organising systems, based on a combination of the authors' previous works. The Observer Model [1,2] is specified in an agent-based specification language – SLABS [4], with the situation calculus [5] to reason and gain a good representation of the forces and flow in a dynamical system for deliberation. This includes both supporting the detection/characterisation of known models of self-organisation, via observer detectable signatures, and identifying and evaluating, in the context of the system's operation, new signatures via signal groundings. ...
... This includes both supporting the detection/characterisation of known models of self-organisation, via observer detectable signatures, and identifying and evaluating, in the context of the system's operation, new signatures via signal groundings. Also composed into the system, as a separate concern, is a hierarchical cognitive observation system [2]. The observation system is capable of reasoning on the observed emergence either through metric evaluation or the inferring of new groundings for signals. ...
Emergent behaviours are often characterised by the recurrent and recognizable events observable in a system's macro-scale environment, which result from simple local interactions between system components. Such interactions are governed by simple rule sets, which lead to complex higher-level global behaviour. Hence, engineering emergence is a necessarily subtle process subject to the impacts of system evolution with minor changes at micro-scale giving completely different outcomes, to those envisaged, at the global system level. Thus, to harness the self-organisation and emergence as a design principle for the build and management of assured and trusted systems requires a principled approach to specification and reasoning on emergence. In this paper the authors advocate the use of a formal approach/method to specify component interactions, system evolution, and runtime global states. The proposed method provides a formal specification for the engineering of known emergence and runtime deliberation on the emergence observable in the global system.
IoT systems continue to grow in scale and exhibit similarities to complex systems seen in nature and biology: Systems are composed of heterogeneous entities (mobile devices, servers, sensors, data items, databases, etc.) coordinated in a Cloud environment forming a digital eco-system. Properties of such systems include variety, emergent outcome, self-organisation, etc. The scale of IoT systems, and the disparity in the capabilities of the devices on the market, means there needs to be a unifying model to enable a secure and assured interaction among those `things'. The authors propose conceptual designs for an efficient architecture, run-time decision models using assured models for such an interaction in a digital eco-system. This is done using the situation calculus modelling to represent the fundamental requirements for adjustable decentralised feedback control mechanisms necessary for the IoT-ready software systems: It is shown that complex properties and emergent outcomes of the system can be deduced, emanating from the simple distributed interaction models. A case study from the rail industry is used to assess the design and possible implementation.
Diagrams and tools help to support task modelling in engineering and process management. Unfortunately they are unfit to help$backslash$r in a business context at a strategic level, because of the flexibility needed for creative thinking and user friendly interactions.$backslash$r We propose a tool which bridges the gap between freedom of actions, encouraging creativity, and constraints, allowing validation$backslash$r and advanced features.
As the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamism of modern digital business ecosystems increases the long-standing signal-grounding problem remains prominent: It is required that systems are enabled to attach intrinsic meaning to their observable events in context, rather than simply reacting to perceived stimuli most often specified and encoded at design-time. Such a method would align system and process to autonomously characterise, reason and develop reaction models for new (or unforeseen) events. Addressing such a concern will be vital for the design, analysis and engineering of modern ecosystems. Whilst, autonomic computing models via policy-based management of context-aware systems are becoming common-place, further development of the general model, using a random reinforcement learning approach (collectivist memory-based) has been proposed to address the problem. However the growth in the size of the required memory storage capacity and associated efficient access to the distributed knowledge still presents a problem. This paper presents a novel approach to maintaining a situation space, within a situation calculus approach, based on proving that the space conforms to scale-free connectivity from a certain perspective. The special features of the topology may then be used, via an efficient strategy for memory clearance, based on immunisation methods in such networks. This results in a concise ecosystem evolutionary description provided by a core set of action histories.
This paper addresses the problems of delivering autonomic management of large-scale networks. It encompasses both the governance of networks of autonomic components and the autonomic governance of networks and indeed the provision of the latter bythe former. For this it is necessary to consider the complexity of the systems involved and the mastering of this complexity by distributed self-* functions. The complexity arises as a natural result of the engineered robustness; as with all autonomic systems the components added to provide self-* operations also add to the complexity. In addition the feedback control loops within larger scale systems will interact causing emergent outcome to the system as a whole and to individual self-* functions. This often means that the system is robust to large environmental perturbations yet remains vulnerable to cascading failures initiated by small perturbations. This is investigated through a formally specified observer system where novel outcome can be grounded to a series of actions and likely outcome reasoned upon. This further demands arange of metrics over which reasoning needs to take place: In this paper the algebraic connectivity of the(autonomic) network (of networks) is considered and a implementation presented based on autonomic monitoring selection by self-organisation characterisation. This addresses many current in establishing models of future computation such as the Internet of Services or Cloud Computing
