Fig 3 - uploaded by Celso Antonio Barbosa
Content may be subject to copyright.
– Evolution of the 17-4 PH toughness vs. hardness at room temperature (25 @BULLET C) evaluated by the Charpy-V impact testing specimens after precipitation hardening at different aging temperatures.
Source publication
Present work aimed at investigating the wear resistance of AISI 630 (UNS S17400) or 17-4 PH stainless steel hardened by precipitation hardening or aging at various hardness levels. The PHs steels are an interesting family of steels for applying in highly stressed parts for its corrosion resistance and relative high hardness, attaining up to 49 HRC...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... mechanical properties, for each pin type, obtained experimentally after the correspondent heat treatment. Table 3 presents the heat treatment conditions of the pins and their respective hardness. The toughness, evaluated by the energy of Charpy V impact testing specimens of pins material heat treated to the different hardness levels, are shown in Fig. 3 as a function of hardness. From Table 2 and Fig. 3, it is demonstrated an inverse relationship between toughness and hardness in the range of the investigated hardness which were obtained by varying the aging temperature and ...
Context 2
... experimentally after the correspondent heat treatment. Table 3 presents the heat treatment conditions of the pins and their respective hardness. The toughness, evaluated by the energy of Charpy V impact testing specimens of pins material heat treated to the different hardness levels, are shown in Fig. 3 as a function of hardness. From Table 2 and Fig. 3, it is demonstrated an inverse relationship between toughness and hardness in the range of the investigated hardness which were obtained by varying the aging temperature and ...
Similar publications
Effects of heat treatments and applied loads on the tribological behavior of Ti-56.5 wt. %
Ni and Ti-57.5 wt. % Ni alloys were investigated. Wear tests were performed on a pin-ondisk
tribometer under normal loads of 20 N and 60 N at a sliding speed of 0.3 m=s. The
results indicated that the alloys aged at 700 �C showed lower hardness comparing to t...
This investigation examines two-body abrasive wear behaviour of ferrite-pearlite (FP), ferrite-bainite (FB) and ferrite-martensite (FM) microstructures of a microalloyed steel with nearly same amount of second phase/phase mixture to understand the role microstructure on high-stress abrasive wear performance of steel. Wear tests of differently heat...
In the present work, high temperature tensile properties and abrasive wear performance of a microalloyed medium carbon steel has been examined. Tensile and abrasive wear testing were carried out on as-received and heat treated specimens. The research has shown that microalloyed medium carbon steel was susceptible to dynamic strain ageing due to int...
This work employs the T6 heat treatment process to aluminium-clay (Al-Clay) composite consisting of 15 wt% clay. The samples were solutionized at 500°C, 550°C and 600°C, and were quenched in air, oil and water. Selected samples of the heat-treated composite were subjected to wear tests using Denison T62 HS pin-on-disc wear-testing machine in accord...
The influence of austempering temperature on tribological properties of austempered pearlitic ductile iron (ADI) was investigated. The as-cast ductile iron was subjected to heat treatments consisting of austenitization at 900◦C followed by austempering at temperatures of 250, 300 and 350◦C for 120 min. The austempered samples were subjected to abras...
Citations
... Precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steels, such as 17-4 PH, 13-8 PH, and 15-5 PH, which combine good mechanical properties with corrosion resistance, are widely used in industry applications [1][2][3][4][5][6]. For this kind of steel, the high chromium content ensures excellent corrosion resistance [7], and the outstanding strength derives from two main factors: martensitic hardening during the quenching process and precipitation hardening during aging treatment [8][9][10][11]. ...
Heat treatment plays a decisive role in the microstructure of metallic materials. The effect of cooling rate changes caused by the quenching medium on the microstructure of steel materials should be clarified. In this study, the effect of the quenching cooling rate on the microstructure of two precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steels was investigated. The mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility effected by the changes in the microstructure were also analyzed. A slow tensile test and hydrogen pre-charging were carried out to obtain the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility parameters of the specimens. The results show that the quenching cooling rate only affects specific microstructures, including the twin structure and misorientation angle. Before hydrogen charging, the mechanical properties of the precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steels were not affected by changing the quenching cooling rate. After hydrogen charging, the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility decreased as the quenching cooling rate increased.
... Very few researchers have attempted to describe the abrasive wear resistance of 17-4PH steel, and especially when it was additively manufactured. Most of the research in this field is conducted under ball-on-disc conditions [24][25][26]. Esfandiari and Dong [25] studied the effect of the wear resistance of heat-treated 17-4PH steel produced by conventional production (forming), which was additionally subjected to plasma nitrating. A ball-on-disc friction pair system was used in combination with dry sliding conditions combined with 3.5% NaCl solution. ...
The growing demand for modern steels showing corrosion and tribological resistance has led to their increased use in the production of medical devices. This study analyzed the effect of shot peening on wear resistance in 0.9% NaCl solution of 17-4PH steel produced by direct laser metal sintering (DMLS) technology. The study’s novelty relies on revealing the effect of shot peening (SP) surface treatment on the wet sliding wear resistance of 17-4PH steel produced with DMLS. Moreover, in the context of 17-4PH steel application for medical devices, the 0.9% NaCl tribological environment were selected, and SP processes were conducted using steel CrNi shot and ceramic (ZrO2) beads. The up-to-date scientific literature has not identified these gaps in the research. DMLS technology makes it possible to obtain products with complex architectures, but it also faces various challenges, including imperfections in the surface layer of products due to the use of 3D printing technology itself. The chemical and phase composition of the materials obtained, Vickers hardness, surface roughness, and microscopic and SEM imaging were investigated. Tribological tests were carried out using the ball-on-disc method, and the surfaces that showed traces of abrasion to identify wear mechanisms were subjected to SEM analysis. The XRD phase analysis indicates that austenite and martensite were found in the post-production state, while a higher martensitic phase content was found in peened samples due to phase transformations. The surface hardness of the peened samples increased by more than double, and the post-treatment roughness increased by 12.8% after peening CrNi steels and decreased by 7.8% after peening ZrO2 relative to the reference surfaces. Roughness has an identifiable effect on sliding wear resistance. Higher roughness promotes material loss. After the SP process, the coefficient of friction increased by 15.5% and 20.7%, while the wear factor (K) decreased by 25.9% and 32.7% for the samples peened with CrNi steels and ZrO2, respectively. Abrasive and adhesive mechanisms were dominant, featured with slight fatigue. The investigation showed a positive effect of SP on the tribological properties of DMSL 17-4PH.
... It is well known that a material's hardness significantly affects its wear qualities [43]. A material's capacity to harden is crucial since it affects the surface's hardness during wear [44]. ...
In this study, the effect of corrosion and wear behaviour of Cr-Mn steel on fine grains were investigated. The sample were solution annealed (SA) for 1 hour at 1050 ºC and then cold rolled (CW) to 30%. Further the cold rolled sample were thermally aged (CW + TA) 900°C for four hours. The findings showed that under the 10 N applied load, wear resistance increased with an increase in hardness and martensite fraction of the cold worked (CW) samples. However, the Cr-Mn steel had the superior wear resistance after thermal ageing (TA). In microstructural examination deformation bands can also be visible in cold work samples. The analysis implies that the γ-phase is apparent across all peaks within the spectra of SA samples. In instances involving 30% cold work, prominent α’ martensite peaks were observed, accompanied by minimal ε-martensite peaks. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis discloses a reduction in impedance and a concurrent increase in the defect density of the passive film. The CW+TA structure with good inclusive performances created an early constant hardened layer, which didn’t delaminate and peel off prematurely, thereby effectively increasing the wear resistance, according to analysis of the wear mechanism. The results also concluded that the corrosion resistance of CW sample decreases due to SIM formation, however CW+TA sample provide better corrosion resistance due to smaller and refined grain size.
... At the concentration of 6 wt % the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were higher than the ones of the pure PP polymer, while the 10 wt% nanocomposite showed significantly increased microhardness. Although no wear tests were performed, the high microhardness indicates that the specific nanocomposite would be suitable for applications requiring high resistance from the materials [100,101]. The loading did not further increase because, as mentioned, the remaining mechanical properties decreased, indicating saturation of the filler in the matrix [91,102]. ...
Polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with hexagonal boron carbide (B 4 C) nanoparticles were constructed using a Material Extrusion (MEX) 3D printing method. The goal was to provide nanocomposites for MEX 3D printing with enhanced mechanical properties by exploiting the superior properties of the B 4 C additive. The fabricated 3D-printed specimens were subjected to standard evaluation tests to determine the effect of the B 4 C nanofiller level inside the polymer framework on their mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. The structures and fracture patterns of the filaments and specimens were inspected by electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical compositions of the nanocomposites. Comparing the unfilled polymeric matrix to the B 4 C-filled nanocomposites reveals that the mechanical strength of the novel nanocomposite material was substantially increased. The optimum nano-composite concentration of PP/ B 4 C 6.0 wt% outperformed reference PP by 18.3%, 10.8%, 11.8%, and 15.6% in terms of flexural and impact strength, as well as tensile and flexural toughness, respectively, while having notably improved performance in the remaining mechanical properties. The nanocomposites presented herein can support applications that require polymeric materials with advanced mechanical properties.
... Regarding the test conditions, one of the features that mostly influence in the wear results is the hardness difference between the pin and the sample, being the wear greater when the hardness difference between both enhances [40]. In this study, the hardness of the alumina pin is quite higher than that from the specimens in order to promote severe wear conditions and to disregard the pin wear. ...
... These phenomena were observed in both dry wear test samples, regardless of the manufacturing process used. The presence of delaminations and wear particles in the worn area is consistent with the results shown in other previous studies [40,42]. The presence of delamination has been previously observed in stainless steels processed by SLM [35]. ...
... These microgrooves exhibit typical characteristics of abrasion wear promoted by the third body mechanism, known as microcracks, which can be observed in Fig. 12 at point 1 [40]. The results indicate that abrasion wear is more pronounced in FFF and wrought compared to SLM. ...
... Very few researchers have attempted to describe the abrasive wear resistance of 17-4PH steel and especially when it was additively manufactured. Most of research in this field is conducted under ball-on-disc condition [22][23][24]. Esfandiari i Dong [23] studied the effect of wear resistance of heat-treated 17-4PH steel produced by conventional production (forming), which was additionally subjected to plasma nitrating. A ball-ondisc friction pair system was used in combination with dry sliding conditions combined with 3.5% NaCl solution. ...
17-4PH steel is a widely used grade for precipitation hardening. The growing demand for modern materials with high corrosion and tribological resistance has led to its increased use for the production of medical devices. With additive manufacturing (AM), complex functional shapes can be achieved for medical applications. Direct laser metal sintering (DMLS) technology makes it possible to obtain products with complex architectures, but it also faces various challenges, including imperfections in the surface layer of products due to the use of 3D printing technology itself. This study analyzed the abrasive wear resistance in 0.9% NaCl solution of 17-4PH steel produced by DMLS technology. In order to improve the properties of the surface layer after 3D printing and to improve the tribological wear resistance of the steel, a shot peening (SP) process using CrNi shot and ceramic beads (based on ZrO2) was applied. The chemical and phase composition of the materials obtained, Vickers hardness, surface roughness, and microscopic and SEM imaging were investigated. Tribological tests were carried out using the ball-on-disc method, and the surfaces that showed traces of abrasion to identify wear mechanisms were subjected to SEM analysis. The chemical composition was in accordance with the EOS manufacturer's declarations, and the presence of austenite and martensite was found in the post-production state, while a higher content of martensitic phase was found in the case of peened samples due to phase transformations. The surface hardness of the peened samples increased more than twice, and the post-treatment roughness increased by 12.8% after peening CrNi steels and decreased by 7.8% after peening ZrO2 relative to reference surfaces. Roughness has an identifiable effect on sliding wear resistance. Higher roughness promotes material loss. After the SP process, the coefficient of friction increased by 15.5% and 20.7%, while the wear factor (K) decreased by 25.9% and 32.7% for the samples peened with CrNi steels and ZrO2, respectively. Abrasive and adhesive mechanism were dominant featured with slight fatigue. The investigation showed a positive effect of SP on the tribological properties of DMSL 17-4PH.
... Previous studies on the behaviour of 17-4PH steel reported the presence of a martensitic microstructure in this metallic material subjected to solutionizing and cooling down to room temperature [21,36]. However, due to low hardness, ageing is used, and at temperatures of 480-620 • C. A copper-rich phase is formed within the martensitic matrix, which increases hardness and strength [37]. The best results of precipitation hardening may be obtained with ageing in the temperature range of 450-510 • C. In this temperature range: coherent copper-rich clusters precipitate, incoherent copper-rich clusters precipitate at temperatures above 540 • C, and reversed austenite formation occurs at temperatures around 570 • C and above [38]. ...
... In recent years, the precipitate-hardened steels (17-4 PH, 17-7 PH, and PH-8 Mo) possessing up to 49 HRC were used to fabricate industrial parts possessing excellent characteristics (such as corrosion resistance, high strength, and less distortion) 6,7 . The said materials offer excellent strength, and corrosion resistance and exhibited reduced loss of ductility during the service life of the components 6 . ...
The 17-4 PH stainless steel is a structural material possessing inherent properties suitable for employment in industrial applications. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology has overcome many shortcomings of conventional processing routes to fabricate structural parts possessing higher hardness and strength. Hardness is the most dominant factor that affects the quality of structural parts. Laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance affect the microhardness of 17-4 PH stainless steel parts. Taguchi method is applied to conduct experiments and perform statistical analysis and optimization for higher microhardness of SLM parts. Laser power showed the highest contribution equal to 87.76%, followed by a scan speed of 12.05% and hatch distance of 0.18% towards microhardness. The Taguchi method determined the optimal conditions (laser power: 300 W, scan speed: 1000 mm/s and hatch distance: 0.08 mm) resulting in a higher microhardness value equal to 351.2 HV.
... SLM technology build parts are widely accepted in many industrial parts (such as aerospace, automotive, marine, jewellery and so 9 . Precipitate-hardened steels (in particular, 17-4 PH stainless steel) possess distinguished properties and are therefore being widely used in structural and commercial engineering applications [10][11][12][13] . However, the surface quality of 17-4 PH steels-based SLM build parts is found inferior which limits most of the engineering applications and requires significant research attention 14 . ...
The 17-4 PH stainless steel possesses distinguished applications due to its inherent properties. Higher surface roughness in Selective Laser Melting (SLM) parts limits their use in a wide range of applications. Higher surface roughness deteriorates the important functional properties (strength, fatigue, corrosion resistance and so on). Therefore, an attempt is being made to reduce the surface roughness during the processing stage itself, rather than the dependency of costly secondary post-processing routes. Taguchi L9 experiments are conducted to analyze the laser power, scan speed and hatch distance influence on the surface roughness of SLM parts. Laser power showed the highest percentage contribution equal to 83.37%, followed by scan speed of 9.92% and hatch distance of 6.71%, respectively. Taguchi method determined optimal conditions (laser power: 270 W, scan speed: 1000 mm/s and hatch distance: 0.08 mm) through Pareto analysis of variance resulted in low values of surface roughness with a value equal to 4.11 µm. The results of the optimal condition can be used by any novice user to obtain better surface quality in SLM parts. Further, the Taguchi method can be applied to optimize any process with limited experimental trials and resources.
... Ceramics are characterized by their high hardness but also high [15,20]. Many studies have demonstrated that materials with higher hardness are more wear resistant [21][22][23]. The widely used Archard mechanical wear model also predicts that wear is inversely proportional to the surface hardness of the material [24]. ...
