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Evolution analysis of paralogous PMEI pairs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Pyrus bretschneideri, Pyrus communis, and (Pyrus ussuriensis × communis) × spp. a The statistic for different duplication events in PMEI paralogous pairs. b Ka/Ks calculation of paralogous PMEI gene pairs. Ks synonymous substitution rate, Ka non-synonymous substitution rate. The bottom and top boundaries of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, and the bold line within each box indicates the median. The top and bottom ends of the full lines represent the maximum and minimum values of the data. The coloured dots represent the distribution of the data
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Main conclusion
Pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene family in the seven Rosaceae species (including three pear cultivars) is characterized and three pectin methylesterase inhibitor genes are identified to regulate pollen tube growth in pear.
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) participates in a variety of biological processes in plant...
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The objective of this work was to investigate the causes of sterility in a new set of triploid banana (Musa spp.) cultivars and to assess the chances of obtaining some progenies by manual cross-pollination. The developmental stages of female gametophyte were histologically recorded in ovules of four distinct triploid banana cultivars. Samples were...
Citations
... On the other hand, due to the dual function of PME, it is important to control their activity in the fruit ripening process; therefore, there are PME inhibitors (PMEis), which bind to PME and regulate its activity [5]. Regarding the PMEis, 39 isoenzymes were found, and these genes have been reported in other plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana with 78 genes and in white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) with 42 genes [29,30]. The function underlying the PMEis mainly occurs during the plant growth process; their overexpression has been observed, for example, in seed germination, as well as in flowering in Arabidopsis ...
... On the other hand, due to the dual function of PME, it is important to control their activity in the fruit ripening process; therefore, there are PME inhibitors (PMEis), which bind to PME and regulate its activity [5]. Regarding the PMEis, 39 isoenzymes were found, and these genes have been reported in other plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana with 78 genes and in white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) with 42 genes [29,30]. The function underlying the PMEis mainly occurs during the plant growth process; their overexpression has been observed, for example, in seed germination, as well as in flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana [29]. ...
The rapid ripening of soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruits is owing to its high respiration rate. Several enzymes affect the fruit cell wall in this process, resulting in the depolymerization of pectin primarily in the homogalacturonan. The main group of enzymes affecting the pectin content of soursop fruits include polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PL), pectin methylesterase (PME), and PME inhibitors (PMEis). In this study, pectin-degrading enzymes were analyzed using bioinformatic tools to uncover the gaps in our knowledge of this fruit. In this context, 67 genes encoding PG, 33 PL, 58 PME, and 39 PMEi isoenzymes were found. These genes were categorized into several families based on the results of phylogenetic analysis. Regarding the analysis of gene expression, a total of 25 were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PG, while 3, 21, and 15 were found for PL, PME, and PMEis, respectively. Likewise, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs are involved in the modification of the cell wall, specifically in the degradation of pectin. On the other hand, gene co-expression networks revealed that the genes PG32 and PG35 affect the expression of PGs, as well as PL19 of the PL family, PME20, PME32, and PME35 of the PME family, and PMEi04 of the PMEi family. This suggests that they have a significant impact on the softening of soursop fruits.
... The first PMEI protein was discovered in kiwi fruit and later identified in multiple plants [7]. Until now, 78 PMEI genes have been identified from Arabidopsis thaliana [24], 42 from Pyrus bretschneideri [25], 49 from Oryza sativa [26], 51 from Camellia sinensis [27], 55 from Sorghum bicolor [28], 83 from Linum usitatissimum [29], 95 from Brassica oleracea [30], and 100 from Brassica campestris [31]. PMEI family genes play multiple roles in plant growth, development, and stress response [32]. ...
Pectins are major components of cell walls in plants. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs) play crucial roles in pectin synthesis and metabolism. Overall, 28 putative DkPMEs and 29 putative DkPMEIs were identified from the D. kaki genome. According to phylogenetic analysis, DkPME/DkPMEI proteins can be classified into four and five clades, respectively. Motif and gene structure analysis showed that DkPME/DkPMEI are highly conserved in the same clades, which indicates that the function of these DkPME/DkPMEI were similar. Besides, DkPME/DkPMEI genes were distributed unevenly on their corresponding chromosomes. Synteny analysis showed that PME or PMEI gene usually matched with more than one DkPME/DkPMEI in D. oleifera, D. lotus, and A. thaliana, implying that the function of these genes in D. kaki may be diverse. Expression analysis showed that DkPME/DkPMEI from the same clade exhibited diverse expression patterns, indicating that these genes might have diverse functions. Functional protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that DkPMEI21 and DkPMEI15 were core nodes and were, respectively, positive and negative regulators for carbohydrate metabolism, stress responses, and sugar signaling. This study provides a theoretical basis for the functional characteristics, evolutionary relationship, and role of these gene families in developing persimmon fruit.
... The growing tips of pollen tubes are dominated by highly methylesterified HG, while the pollen tubes are flanked by mainly low methylesterified HG. Furthermore, several reports have been reported that mutation in PMEs gene, which changes the PME activity and thus lead to DM of HG, affect the pollen germination or pollen tube elongation (Gómez et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2010;Zhu et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2018;Yue et al. 2018;lin et al. 2017;Xiong et al. 2019). Mutations in the PME gene AtVGD1 result in abortion due to the failure of pollen tubes to elongate in the pistil (Jiang et al. 2005). ...
Pectin is an important component of cell wall polysaccharides and is important for normal plant growth and development. As a major component of pectin in the primary cell wall, homogalacturonan (HG) is a long-chain macromolecular polysaccharide composed of repeated α-1,4-D-GalA sugar units. At the same time, HG is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus in the form of methyl esterification and acetylation. It is then secreted into the plasmodesmata, where it is usually demethylated by pectin methyl esterase (PME) and deacetylated by pectin acetylase (PAE). The synthesis and modification of HG are involved in polysaccharide metabolism in the cell wall, which affects the structure and function of the cell wall and plays an important role in plant growth and development. This paper mainly summarizes the recent research on the biosynthesis, modification and the roles of HG in plant cell wall.
... Gene families, such as R2R3-MYB and BAHD acyltransferase families, expanded primarily through WGD and DSD [24,40]. WGD and TD are the main duplication events in the PMEI gene family [41]. In this study, DSD and WGD were the main factors driving BBX expansion in wolfberry, with relatively minor contributions from other replication modes. ...
The B-box proteins (BBXs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors with one/two B-Box domain(s) and important roles in plant growth and development as well as stress responses. Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important traditional medicinal and food supplement in China, and its genome has recently been released. However, comprehensive studies of BBX genes in Lycium species are lacking. In this study, 28 LbaBBX genes were identified and classified into five clades by a phylogeny analysis with BBX proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and the LbaBBXs have similar protein motifs and gene structures. Promoter cis-regulatory element prediction revealed that LbaBBXs might be highly responsive to light, phytohormone, and stress conditions. A synteny analysis indicated that 23, 20, 8, and 5 LbaBBX genes were orthologous to Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, Capsicum annuum, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The gene pairs encoding LbaBBX proteins evolved under strong purifying selection. In addition, the carotenoid content and expression patterns of selected LbaBBX genes were analyzed. LbaBBX2 and LbaBBX4 might play key roles in the regulation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin biosynthesis. Overall, this study improves our understanding of LbaBBX gene family characteristics and identifies genes involved in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in wolfberry.
... Pollen tube is the fast-growing male gametophyte of angiosperms in nature, its elongation shows a typical polarized growth pattern similar to that of fungal hyphae, root hairs, and neuronal axon guidance [8]. Pollen tubes grow far away and transport male gametes to the embryo sac, where double fertilization happens [9]. ...
Aluminum (Al) is an important element in soil constitution. Previous studies have shown that high concentration of Al affects the normal growth of crops, resulting in crop yield reduction and inferior quality. Nevertheless, Al has also been referred to as a beneficial element, especially when used at low concentrations, but the cytological mechanism is not clear. Influences of low concentration AlCl3 on the pollen tube growth of apple (Malus domestica) and its possible cytological mechanism were investigated in this study. The results showed that 20 μM AlCl3 promoted pollen germination and tube elongation; 20 μM AlCl3 enhanced Ca2+ influx but did not affect [Ca2+]c of the pollen tube tip; and 20 μM AlCl3 decreased acid pectins in pollen tubes but increased esterified pectins and arabinan pectins in pollen tubes. According to the information provided in this research, 20 μM AlCl3 stimulated growth of pollen tubes by enhancing Ca2+ influx and changing cell wall components.
... In this study, a total of 45 CsPMEI genes were identified from citrus via genome-wide analysis. The number of PMEI genes in citrus (45) is comparable with that in Pyrus bretschneideri (55) (Zhu et al., 2021) and Oryza sativa (49) (Nguyen et al., 2016), but smaller than that in Arabidopsis thaliana (71) , from Brassica rapa (79) , Brassica campestris (100) , and Linum usitatissimum (95) (Pinzon-Latorre and Deyholos, 2013). The gene duplication analysis revealed that tandem duplication events might contribute more to the expansion of CsPMEI genes than segmental duplication. ...
... To better understand the biological functions of CsPMEI genes, we further investigated the subcellular localization of CsPMEI19 and CsPMEI32 proteins. The results of co-localization with previously reported markers indicated that CsPMEI19 was located in the cytoplasm, and CsPMEI32 was located on the plasma membrane, which was in line with the subcellular localization of PbrPMEI41 and PbrPMEI39 in P. bretschneideri (Zhu et al., 2021). Our data also showed that over-expression of CsPMEI19 in navel orange calli significantly increased the pectin content, indicating that CsPMEI19 was essential for preventing pectin from being modified by pectin methylesterase and degraded by pectinases. ...
Pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEI) plays crucial roles in cell wall modification by inhibiting the pectin methylesterase (PME) activity in plant growth and development. Although PMEI has been well characterized in model plants, the knowledge of the molecular evolution and biological functions of PMEI gene family in Citrus remains limited. PMEI proteins play key roles in regulating pectin content, and the accumulation of pectin is a typical symptom of low temperature-induced juice sac granulation in navel orange. To reveal the roles of PMEI gene family in juice sac granulation processes in Citrus, we performed a genome-wide characterization of the PMEI family including identification of PMEI genes, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns, subcellular localization, and functional characterization. A total of 45 PMEI genes were identified from the Citrus sinensis genome, and these 45 PMEI genes were further divided into three clades based on their phylogenetic relationship. The expression patterns analyses of CsPMEI genes during fruit ripening, juice sac granulation, and low-temperature treatment revealed that CsPMEI genes were involved in the low temperature-induced juice sac granulation in navel orange fruits. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis suggested that CsPMEI19 was localized in the cytoplasm and CsPMEI32 was localized on the plasma membrane. Furthermore, stable transformation in navel orange calli showed that over-expression of CsPMEI19 significantly increased the pectin content. Our comprehensive analyses of evolution, expression pattern, and subcellular localization of the PMEI gene family in citrus, and provides a novel insight into the biological functions of CsPMEI genes in juice sac granulation of navel orange.
... 果胶甲酯化修饰在蛋白水平上受 PME 及调控 PME 的其它蛋白所调控。PME 酶活受 PMEI 直接 调控，PMEI 通过特异性地结合至 PME 活性位点形成 1:1 蛋白复合体，阻止 PME 和果胶结合，发挥 抑制作用 [47] 。PMEI 是多基因家族，拟南芥有 79 个成员，其中 AtPMEI4 抑制 AtPME17 酶活， AtPMEI2 抑制 AtPPME1 酶活 [47] 。PMEI 在识别 PME 时特异性不强，单个 PMEI 可以抑制多个 PME 的酶活，甚至可以跨物种抑制，如辣椒 PMEI 可抑制拟南芥 PME 活性，猕猴桃 PMEI 可抑制番茄 PME 活性；不过，植物 PMEI 不能抑制真菌来源的 PME [48] 。目前部分 PMEI 基因的功能得到鉴定， 拟南芥 AtPMEI3、AtPMEI5、AtPMEI6 抑制果胶去甲酯化，调控器官和种皮粘液质形成等植物生长发 育过程 [49] 。梨 PbrPMEI23、 39、 41 通过改变花粉管顶端不同甲酯化度果胶的分布调控花粉管生 长 [50] 。拟南芥 AtPMEI13、棉花 GhPMEI3 和辣椒 CaPMEI1 通过负调控果胶去甲酯化，促进细胞壁软 化，提高植物抗病能力 [12,28] 。 能够直接调控 PME 的蛋白还有枯草菌素样丝氨酸蛋白酶 SBTs(Subtilases)、FLYs(FLYING SAUCER)和 MUD(MUCILAGE DEFECT)等 [8,51] 。SBTs 主要通过参与第二类 PMEs 的加工，切除 PRO 结构域，调控 PME 功能。SBT6.1 与 PMEs 互作且共定位于高尔基体，SBT6.1 突变影响 PME 正 常加工。SBT3.5 参与 PME17 的剪切，烟草叶片瞬时表达 SBT3.5，能够加工 ...
Methylesterification occurs in the free carboxyl group of the main chain of pectin, which is closely related changes of fruit texture. Recently, it is well established that pectin methylesterification plays a key regulatory role in various biological pathways including plant growth and development, tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress, according to research in model plants. However, the research of pectin methylesterification in the fruit is still in its infancy. Therefore, the present study was aimed to review the relationship between pectin methylesterification and fruit texture via the following five aspects: first, brief introduction of pectin methylesterification; second, analytical techniques of pectin methylesterification; third, the biological function of pectin methylesterification revealed by model plants; fourth, relationship between pectin methylesterification and fruit texture; fifth, regulatory mechanism of pectin methylesterification.
... 果胶甲酯化修饰在蛋白水平上受 PME 及调控 PME 的其它蛋白所调控。PME 酶活受 PMEI 直接 调控，PMEI 通过特异性地结合至 PME 活性位点形成 1:1 蛋白复合体，阻止 PME 和果胶结合，发挥 抑制作用 [47] 。PMEI 是多基因家族，拟南芥有 79 个成员，其中 AtPMEI4 抑制 AtPME17 酶活， AtPMEI2 抑制 AtPPME1 酶活 [47] 。PMEI 在识别 PME 时特异性不强，单个 PMEI 可以抑制多个 PME 的酶活，甚至可以跨物种抑制，如辣椒 PMEI 可抑制拟南芥 PME 活性，猕猴桃 PMEI 可抑制番茄 PME 活性；不过，植物 PMEI 不能抑制真菌来源的 PME [48] 。目前部分 PMEI 基因的功能得到鉴定， 拟南芥 AtPMEI3、AtPMEI5、AtPMEI6 抑制果胶去甲酯化，调控器官和种皮粘液质形成等植物生长发 育过程 [49] 。梨 PbrPMEI23、 39、 41 通过改变花粉管顶端不同甲酯化度果胶的分布调控花粉管生 长 [50] 。拟南芥 AtPMEI13、棉花 GhPMEI3 和辣椒 CaPMEI1 通过负调控果胶去甲酯化，促进细胞壁软 化，提高植物抗病能力 [12,28] 。 能够直接调控 PME 的蛋白还有枯草菌素样丝氨酸蛋白酶 SBTs(Subtilases)、FLYs(FLYING SAUCER)和 MUD(MUCILAGE DEFECT)等 [8,51] 。SBTs 主要通过参与第二类 PMEs 的加工，切除 PRO 结构域，调控 PME 功能。SBT6.1 与 PMEs 互作且共定位于高尔基体，SBT6.1 突变影响 PME 正 常加工。SBT3.5 参与 PME17 的剪切，烟草叶片瞬时表达 SBT3.5，能够加工 ...
We studied root nodule proliferation, nodule microstructure, genetic cluster and stress resistance of the rhizobium of Trigonella arcuata.
We characterized root nodule and rhizobium with various soil matrixes cultivation, paraffin section, resin semi-ultrathin section techniques, and 16S rRNA gene cluster analysis.
(1) Plants grew in mixed soil (nutritious garden soil: poplar zone soil: desert sands = l:1:1), had the most nodule proliferation and bore the most pods. The shapes of nodule were palm- or ginger-like; (2) Microstructure of the nodule revealed five different parts differentiated within the nodule: epidermis (E), cortex (C), vascular bundle (VB), infected cells (IC) and uninfected cells (UIC); (3) Genetic cluster analysis of the full length 16S rRNA gene sequence (1377 bp) indicated that the rhizobium isolated shared the highest identities with Sinorhizobium meliloti; (4) The rhizobium could grow between 4 and 60 degrees C (20 min), pH 6.0-12.0 and 0-2% NaCl. For the antibiotic sensitivity, the rhizobium could not grow normally in medium with 25 microg/mL Kanamycin, Streptomycin or Cephalothin, except for 100 microg/mL Ampicillin.
Good conditions of soil matrixes were important for nodulation of T. arcuata; A large quantity of cells in fascicular nodules were infected by rhizobia; 16S rRNA gene sequence of T. arcuata shared the highest identities with that of Sinorhizobium meliloti, and this strain was able to tolerate relatively higher temperature and alkalin.
Sorbitol is a critical photosynthate and storage substance in the Rosaceae family. Sorbitol transporters (SOTs) play a vital role in facilitating sorbitol allocation from source to sink organs and sugar accumulation in sink organs. While prior research has addressed gene duplications within the SOT gene family in Rosaceae, the precise origin and evolutionary dynamics of these duplications remain unclear, largely due to the complicated interplay of whole genome duplications and tandem duplications. Here, we investigated the synteny relationships among all identified Polyol/Monosaccharide Transporter (PLT) genes in 61 angiosperm genomes and SOT genes in representative genomes within the Rosaceae family. By integrating phylogenetic analyses, we elucidated the lineage‐specific expansion and syntenic conservation of PLTs and SOTs across diverse plant lineages. We found that Rosaceae SOTs, as PLT family members, originated from a pair of tandemly duplicated PLT genes within Class III‐A. Furthermore, our investigation highlights the role of lineage‐specific and synergistic duplications in Amygdaloideae in contributing to the expansion of SOTs in Rosaceae plants. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the genomic origins, duplication events, and subsequent divergence of SOT gene family members. Such insights lay a crucial foundation for comprehensive functional characterizations in future studies.
