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Evaluation of post-seizure behavioral changes including Approach-Response (A), Touch-Response (B), Pick-up (C), and Finger-Snap (D) tests. Values are presented as means ± SEM. *** P < 0.001 (vs. Control), # p < 0.05 (vs. PLC), ## p < 0.01 (vs. PLC), ### p < 0.001 (vs. PLC), + p < 0.05 (vs. PLC + clove oil (IP) group), + + p < 0.01 (vs. PLC + clove oil (IP) group), + + + p < 0.001 (vs. PLC + clove oil (IP) group), $ p < 0.05 (vs. PLC + clove oil (IN) group)
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Background
Epilepsy induces behavioral effects and histological changes in the hippocampus. Eugenol, the main component of clove essential oil, has modulatory effects on seizure. We aimed to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) and intranasal (IN) clove essential oil on cognitive and histological changes during the chronic phase of tempor...
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Citations
... Recent studies indicated the importance of exercise and clove oil supplementation in reversing memory deficits, apoptosis, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in the hippocampus region of the AD brain [15]. It also modulated the seizures and alleviated neuronal death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus [16]. ...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes a gradual loss of normal motor and cognitive function. The complex AD pathophysiology involves various factors such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, disturbed neurotransmis-sion, and apoptosis. The available drugs suffer from a range of side effects and are not able to cover different aspects of the disease. Therefore, finding a safer therapeutic approach that can affect multiple targets at a time is highly desirable. In the present study, the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of an important culinary spice, Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) extract, and major bioactive compounds were studied in hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines as a model. The extracts were subjected to GC-MS to identify important bioactive components. The extracts and key bio-actives reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored mi-tochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and provided neuroprotection from H2O2-induced oxida-tive stress in cell-based assays due to the antioxidant action. They also reduced lipid peroxidation significantly and restored GSH content. Clove extracts have also displayed anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, anti-glycation potential, and Aβ aggregation/fibrilization inhibition. The multitar-get neuroprotective approach displayed by Clove makes it a potential candidate for AD drug development .
Epilepsy is one of the most common, severe, chronic, potentially life-shortening neurological disorders, characterized by a persisting predisposition to generate seizures. It affects more than 60 million individuals globally, which is one of the major burdens in seizure-related mortality, comorbidities, disabilities, and cost. Different treatment options have been used for the management of epilepsy. More than 30 drugs have been approved by the US FDA against epilepsy. However, one-quarter of epileptic individuals still show resistance to the current medications. About 90% of individuals in low and middle-income countries do not have access to the current medication. In these countries, plant extracts have been used to treat various diseases, including epilepsy. These medicinal plants have high therapeutic value and contain valuable phytochemicals with diverse biomedical applications. Epilepsy is a multifactorial disease, and therefore, multitarget approaches such as plant extracts or extracted phytochemicals are needed, which can target multiple pathways. Numerous plant extracts and phytochemicals have been shown to treat epilepsy in various animal models by targeting various receptors, enzymes, and metabolic pathways. These extracts and phytochemicals could be used for the treatment of epilepsy in humans in the future; however, further research is needed to study the exact mechanism of action, toxicity, and dosage to reduce their side effects. In this narrative review, we comprehensively summarized the extracts of various plant species and purified phytochemicals isolated from plants, their targets and mechanism of action, and dosage used in various animal models against epilepsy.
Essential oils and aromatherapy have traditionally been used for the treatment of anxiety and depression with few
side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of essential oils from six herbal prescriptions known to be
effective in treating anxiety and depression in Korean medicine. The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory
effects of six essential oils, including Gamisachil-tang (GMSCT), Guibi-tang (GBT), Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang (SYM),
Danchisoyosan (DCSYS), Sihosogansan (SHSGS), and Soyosan (SYS), were examined in PC12 and BV2 cells. In
corticosterone (CORT)-stimulated PC12 cells, all six essential oils ameliorated the CORT-induced decrease in cell
viability at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. GMSCT, GBT, and SHSGS recovered CORT-induced cytotoxicity at
concentrations of 1 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 cells, GBT (10 μg/ml) decreased
interleukin (IL)-1β production, whereas SHSGS (1 μg/ml) inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. In the
MK-801-induced anxiety in zebrafish, electroencephalogram (EEG) assessment indicated that GMSCT and SHSGS
induced recovery in the delta and beta power densities and reduced theta/beta and delta/beta ratios. DCSYS and SYS
decreased theta power density and theta/beta ratio, whereas GBT and SYM showed no effects on EEG signals. In the
tail suspension test (TST) in mice, GBT, DCSYS, SHSGS, and SYS exhibited antidepressant-like effects by decreasing
immobility time. These results suggest that the essential oils from the six herbal prescriptions, except SYM, may have
beneficial effects on anxiety and/or depression. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the molecular
signaling pathways that mediate the effects of these essential oils on anxiety and depression.
